UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2018: PSIR Paper 2 (Section- B) | PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Q.5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (10x5=50 Marks)
(a) Do you agree with the view that the Indian Foreign Policy is increasingly being shaped by the Neoliberal outlook ? Elaborate.  (10 Marks)

Introduction
Indian foreign policy refers to the strategies and principles adopted by the Indian government to safeguard its national interests and promote its diplomatic relations with other countries. Neoliberalism, on the other hand, is an economic ideology that emphasizes free trade, deregulation, and privatization. In recent years, there has been a growing debate about whether the Indian foreign policy is increasingly being shaped by a neoliberal outlook. This essay will argue that while there are certain elements of neoliberalism in India's foreign policy, it is not entirely driven by neoliberal principles.

1. Economic diplomacy: India's foreign policy has increasingly focused on economic diplomacy, which aligns with neoliberal principles of promoting free trade and investment. The "Look East" policy, initiated by the Indian government in the 1990s, aimed at strengthening economic ties with Southeast Asian countries and promoting regional integration. The signing of free trade agreements (FTAs) with various countries is another example of India's neoliberal approach to foreign policy. For instance, India signed an FTA with ASEAN in 2009 to enhance economic cooperation and reduce trade barriers.

2. Market-oriented reforms: India's shift towards market-oriented reforms, such as liberalization and privatization, has influenced its foreign policy decisions. For example, the decision to open up its economy to foreign direct investment (FDI) and reduce trade barriers can be seen as a reflection of neoliberal principles. India's participation in global economic institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) also aligns with a neoliberal outlook.

3. Emphasis on soft power: India's foreign policy has increasingly focused on projecting its soft power, which includes culture, education, and tourism. Soft power diplomacy is often associated with neoliberal principles as it promotes people-to-people contacts and cultural exchanges. India's promotion of yoga, Ayurveda, and Bollywood abroad can be seen as an example of using soft power to enhance its influence and attract foreign investments.

4. Strategic partnerships: While economic considerations play a significant role in India's foreign policy, it is also driven by strategic considerations. India has developed strategic partnerships with countries like the United States, Japan, and Israel, which are not solely based on neoliberal principles but also on shared security concerns and geopolitical interests. The growing defense cooperation between India and the US, including defense deals and joint military exercises, demonstrates the strategic dimension of India's foreign policy.

5. Regional cooperation: India's foreign policy also places importance on regional cooperation, particularly in South Asia. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) are examples of India's efforts to promote regional integration and cooperation. While these initiatives have economic aspects, they also focus on addressing political and security challenges in the region, indicating a more comprehensive approach to foreign policy.

Conclusion
In conclusion, while there are certain elements of neoliberalism in India's foreign policy, it is not entirely shaped by a neoliberal outlook. India's foreign policy is a complex mix of economic, strategic, and regional considerations. While economic diplomacy and market-oriented reforms have influenced India's foreign policy decisions, strategic partnerships and regional cooperation also play a significant role. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to view Indian foreign policy solely through a neoliberal lens.

(b) "India is often said to have a rich strategic culture." Discuss. (10 Marks)

Introduction
India, with its ancient civilization and diverse history, is often regarded as having a rich strategic culture. This strategic culture encompasses various aspects, including military and diplomatic strategies, historical experiences, and cultural values. Throughout its history, India has demonstrated a unique approach to strategic thinking, which has had a significant influence on its foreign and domestic policies. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why India is considered to have a rich strategic culture, examining examples from its historical context and contemporary practices.

1. Ancient military strategies: India has a long history of military strategies that date back to ancient times. The treatise called the Arthashastra, written by the ancient scholar Kautilya (also known as Chanakya), provides insights into military tactics, including espionage, diplomacy, and asymmetric warfare. This text showcases India's early strategic thinking and its understanding of the importance of intelligence gathering and covert operations.

2. Cultural values influencing strategic thinking: India's strategic culture is deeply rooted in its cultural values, such as non-violence (ahimsa), tolerance, and the pursuit of peaceful coexistence. These values have had a significant impact on India's approach to conflict resolution and diplomacy. For example, India's adherence to non-alignment during the Cold War era was a reflection of its commitment to maintaining neutrality and its belief in peaceful coexistence.

3. Historical experiences shaping strategic culture: India's historical experiences, including colonization and the struggle for independence, have played a crucial role in shaping its strategic culture. The Indian independence movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, adopted non-violent resistance as a strategy against British rule. This experience has influenced India's approach to conflicts, emphasizing diplomacy and peaceful means to achieve its objectives.

Contemporary Practices:

1. Nuclear deterrence: India's acquisition of nuclear weapons and its nuclear doctrine reflect its strategic culture. India has adopted a policy of credible minimum deterrence, which aims to deter potential adversaries while maintaining a defensive posture. This approach is rooted in India's historical experiences, such as the Chinese invasion in 1962 and the ongoing territorial disputes with Pakistan.

2. Diplomatic engagements: India has consistently emphasized diplomatic engagements as a tool for achieving its strategic objectives. It actively participates in regional and international forums, such as the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, and BRICS. Through these engagements, India promotes its interests, builds alliances, and seeks peaceful resolutions to conflicts.

3. Counterterrorism efforts: India's strategic culture is evident in its approach to counterterrorism. The country faces significant security challenges from both domestic and cross-border terrorism. India has adopted a multi-pronged approach, combining military operations, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic efforts to combat terrorism. Its emphasis on intelligence gathering and covert operations can be traced back to its ancient military strategies.

Conclusion
India's rich strategic culture is a product of its historical experiences, cultural values, and contemporary practices. Its ancient military strategies, cultural values of non-violence and peaceful coexistence, and historical experiences of colonization and independence movement have all influenced its approach to strategic thinking. In contemporary times, India's nuclear doctrine, diplomatic engagements, and counterterrorism efforts reflect its strategic culture. India's strategic culture is constantly evolving, adapting to new challenges and opportunities. As a rising global power, India's strategic culture will continue to shape its foreign and domestic policies, contributing to its influence in the international arena.

(c) Evaluate India's stand on the recent Rohingya refugee issue. (10 Marks)

Introduction
The Rohingya refugee issue has been a matter of significant concern globally, with millions of Rohingya Muslims facing persecution and displacement in Myanmar. India, as a neighboring country and a major player in the region, has had to take a stand on this issue. This essay aims to evaluate India's stand on the recent Rohingya refugee issue, analyzing the factors that have influenced its position.

Historical Context: To understand India's stand on the Rohingya refugee issue, it is crucial to consider the historical context of India's relationship with Myanmar. India and Myanmar share a long-standing historical, cultural, and economic relationship, which has been reinforced by geographic proximity. Over the years, India has maintained diplomatic ties with Myanmar, which has often influenced its stance on sensitive matters such as the Rohingya crisis.

India's Official Stand: India's official stand on the Rohingya refugee issue has been aligned with the Myanmar government's position. The Indian government has maintained that the issue is an internal matter for Myanmar to resolve and that it would respect Myanmar's sovereignty. This position was reiterated by India's External Affairs Minister in various international forums, including the United Nations. India has also expressed its commitment to providing humanitarian assistance to the affected people within Myanmar's borders.

Factors Influencing India's Stand:

1. National Security Concerns: India's stand on the Rohingya issue has been influenced by its national security concerns. The Indian government has expressed apprehensions about the potential infiltration of Rohingya refugees by terrorist organizations. Given the porous nature of India's borders, there is a fear that extremist elements could exploit the situation and pose a security threat. This concern has shaped India's cautious approach towards accepting Rohingya refugees.

Example: In 2017, the Indian government told the Supreme Court that Rohingya refugees in India could pose a national security threat as they may have links with extremist groups.

2. Domestic Political Considerations: India's stance on the Rohingya issue has also been influenced by domestic political considerations. The Indian government has faced criticism from certain sections of society regarding its handling of illegal immigrants and refugees. In this context, allowing Rohingya refugees into the country could be perceived as a threat to national security and a burden on resources, which could have political repercussions.

Example: In 2018, the ruling party in India, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), argued that Rohingya refugees were a potential security threat and called for their deportation.

3. Geostrategic Interests: India's geopolitical interests in the region have also played a role in shaping its stand on the Rohingya issue. India has been pursuing a "Look East" policy, seeking closer ties with Southeast Asian nations to counterbalance China's influence in the region. In this context, India may not want to jeopardize its relationship with Myanmar, which is seen as an important partner in its regional strategy.

Example: India has been involved in several development projects in Myanmar, including the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, which aims to connect India's northeastern states with Myanmar's Sittwe port.

4. Humanitarian Assistance within Borders: While India has been cautious about accepting Rohingya refugees, it has expressed its commitment to providing humanitarian assistance to the affected people within Myanmar's borders. India has contributed to relief efforts through financial aid and medical assistance. This approach reflects India's concern for the welfare of the Rohingya people while respecting Myanmar's sovereignty.

Example: In 2020, India provided financial assistance of $2 million to Myanmar for the development of Rakhine state, where the majority of Rohingya refugees are located.

Conclusion
India's stand on the recent Rohingya refugee issue is influenced by a combination of factors, including national security concerns, domestic political considerations, geostrategic interests, and its commitment to providing humanitarian assistance within Myanmar's borders. While India has aligned its official position with Myanmar's government, it has also taken steps to support the Rohingya people through humanitarian aid. The complexity of the situation requires a balanced approach that balances regional interests, national security, and the welfare of the affected population. As the Rohingya crisis continues to unfold, India's stance may evolve, guided by these factors and the changing dynamics of the region.

(d) "India's current foreign policy Marks significant qualitative shifts from that of the previous regimes." Discuss. (10 Marks)

Introduction
India's foreign policy has undergone significant changes in recent years, marking a departure from the approach followed by previous regimes. These shifts can be seen in various aspects, including diplomatic relations, economic engagement, and strategic partnerships. This essay will examine the key qualitative changes in India's foreign policy, providing examples and analysis to support the argument.

Qualitative Shifts in Diplomatic Relations:

One of the most notable changes in India's foreign policy is the emphasis on expanding and strengthening diplomatic relations with various countries across the globe. Previous regimes often focused on maintaining a balance between major powers, such as the United States and Russia. However, the current government has adopted a more proactive approach, seeking to build strategic partnerships with key countries.

For instance, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has significantly improved its relations with the United States. The two countries have deepened their cooperation in various areas, including defense, counterterrorism, and trade. The signing of the Major Defense Partner designation in 2016 and the subsequent defense agreements have elevated the bilateral relationship to new heights. This shift in India's foreign policy indicates a departure from the cautious approach of previous governments and a willingness to align closely with the United States.

Another significant qualitative shift in India's diplomatic relations is the increased focus on the Indo-Pacific region. India has actively engaged with countries in the region to counter China's growing influence. This is evident in the formation of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), consisting of India, the United States, Japan, and Australia. The Quad aims to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific and enhance maritime security cooperation. This regional approach demonstrates India's willingness to take a more assertive stance in shaping the geopolitical dynamics of the Indo-Pacific.

Economic Engagement:

India's foreign policy has also witnessed substantial changes in terms of economic engagement with the world. Previous regimes primarily focused on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and promoting trade. While these objectives remain relevant, the current government has taken a more holistic approach, emphasizing economic diplomacy and diversification of trade partners.

One example of this shift is the "Act East" policy, which seeks to deepen economic and strategic ties with countries in Southeast Asia. India has actively pursued trade agreements with ASEAN countries and has increased its participation in regional forums such as the East Asia Summit. This approach not only opens up new avenues for economic cooperation but also positions India as a key player in the region.

Furthermore, the government has made efforts to diversify its trade partners beyond traditional markets. For instance, India's "Look West" policy aims to strengthen ties with countries in the Middle East and Africa. This diversification strategy is essential to reduce India's dependence on a few countries and promote balanced economic growth.

Strategic Partnerships:

India's foreign policy has also witnessed a significant shift in the emphasis on strategic partnerships. Previous regimes focused on maintaining non-alignment and equidistance from major powers. However, the current government has pursued closer ties with key partners to address emerging security challenges and leverage mutual interests.

One example is India's deepening engagement with Israel. Despite historical constraints, the government has actively pursued cooperation in defense, agriculture, and technology sectors. The growing partnership between the two countries is evident in the frequent high-level visits and joint military exercises. This strategic alliance with Israel marks a departure from the previous non-alignment policy and showcases India's evolving foreign policy priorities.

Conclusion
India's current foreign policy marks a significant departure from that of previous regimes. The qualitative shifts can be observed in various aspects, including diplomatic relations, economic engagement, and strategic partnerships. The proactive approach in building diplomatic relations with key countries, such as the United States, and the emphasis on the Indo-Pacific region demonstrates India's willingness to take a more assertive role in shaping the global order. Moreover, the focus on economic diplomacy and diversification of trade partners highlights the government's efforts to promote balanced economic growth. Finally, the pursuit of strategic partnerships, such as with Israel, showcases India's evolving foreign policy priorities. Overall, these qualitative shifts reflect India's changing geopolitical realities and its desire to play a more significant role in the global arena.

(e) Analyse the significance of India's Look East Policy in the light of concerns of the indigenous peoples of North-east India. (10 Marks)

Introduction
India's Look East Policy, initiated in the early 1990s, aimed to enhance economic, political, and cultural ties with the countries of Southeast Asia. This policy was seen as a shift in India's foreign policy towards its eastern neighbors, and it sought to deepen engagement with these countries for mutual benefit. However, the Look East Policy has raised concerns among the indigenous peoples of North-east India, who fear that it may lead to the marginalization of their rights and interests. This essay will analyze the significance of India's Look East Policy in the light of these concerns and examine the potential implications for the indigenous peoples of the North-east region.

Significance of India's Look East Policy: India's Look East Policy holds significant strategic, economic, and political importance for the country. It aims to strengthen India's ties with Southeast Asian nations, which are growing rapidly and offer immense economic potential. By forging closer connections with these countries, India can access new markets, attract investment, and enhance trade and economic cooperation. Furthermore, the Look East Policy helps India counterbalance China's increasing influence in the region and establish itself as a major player in Southeast Asia. This policy also promotes regional integration, connectivity, and people-to-people exchanges, which can lead to enhanced cultural understanding and diplomatic relations.

Concerns of the indigenous peoples of North-east India: Despite the potential benefits of the Look East Policy, there are valid concerns among the indigenous peoples of North-east India. The region is home to numerous ethnic communities, each with their distinct cultural identity, language, and history. These communities have long-standing grievances regarding their political and economic marginalization within India. They fear that the Look East Policy may exacerbate their existing problems and further marginalize their rights and interests.

1. Cultural Identity and Assimilation: One of the major concerns of the indigenous peoples is the potential erosion of their cultural identity through assimilation. The Look East Policy promotes cultural exchanges and interactions, which can lead to the adoption of foreign values and practices. This could undermine the unique cultural heritage of the indigenous communities and dilute their distinct identity. For example, increased exposure to foreign cultures may lead to the adoption of non-indigenous languages, customs, and traditions, thereby eroding the cultural fabric of the North-east region.

2. Land and Resource Grabbing: Another concern is the potential for land and resource grabbing in the name of development and economic cooperation. The Look East Policy aims to enhance connectivity and infrastructure development, which may require the acquisition of land and natural resources. This can lead to displacement of indigenous communities from their ancestral lands and result in loss of livelihoods and cultural disruption. For instance, the construction of highways or industrial projects may require the conversion of agricultural or forest lands, affecting the indigenous peoples who depend on these resources for their sustenance.

3. Economic Marginalization: The indigenous peoples of North-east India already face economic marginalization due to lack of infrastructure, limited access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. The Look East Policy, while aiming to boost economic growth and development in the region, may inadvertently exacerbate these inequalities. The influx of investments and industries may not benefit the local communities, as they may not have the necessary skills or resources to participate in the emerging economic opportunities. Moreover, the competition from foreign companies and products may further marginalize the local businesses and traditional industries, leading to economic disparities.

4. Examples and Implications: The concerns of the indigenous peoples of North-east India regarding the Look East Policy are not unfounded. Historical experiences from other parts of India, such as the displacement of tribal communities due to large-scale development projects, highlight the potential risks. For instance, the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat led to the displacement of thousands of Adivasi communities from their ancestral lands without adequate compensation or resettlement. Similar instances can occur in the North-east region if the concerns of the indigenous peoples are not addressed.

Conclusion
India's Look East Policy holds immense potential for enhancing economic, political, and cultural ties with Southeast Asian countries. However, it is crucial to address the concerns of the indigenous peoples of North-east India to ensure that the policy does not lead to their marginalization. Efforts should be made to protect and promote the cultural identity of the indigenous communities, ensure their participation in decision-making processes, and provide equitable benefits from the economic opportunities arising from the Look East Policy. Only through inclusive and sustainable development can India strike a balance between its foreign policy objectives and the rights and interests of its indigenous peoples.

Q.6. Answer the following questions.
(a) India's coalitional diplomacy within the WTO has earned it wide appreciation. What accounts for the success of India's coalitional diplomacy ? (20 Marks)

Introduction
India's coalitional diplomacy within the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been widely appreciated by the international community. The success of India's coalitional diplomacy can be attributed to several factors, including its strategic alliances with like-minded countries, its ability to effectively voice the concerns of developing nations, and its skillful negotiation tactics. This essay will delve into these factors and provide examples to support the argument.

1. Strategic Alliances: One of the key reasons for the success of India's coalitional diplomacy is its ability to form strategic alliances with other countries that share similar interests and concerns. These alliances enable India to pool its resources and collectively advocate for their shared positions within the WTO. For instance, India has formed strong alliances with countries like Brazil and South Africa, collectively known as the G-33, which focuses on agricultural issues. By aligning with these countries, India has been able to amplify its voice and exert greater influence within the WTO. This was evident in the Doha Round of negotiations, where the G-33 successfully pushed for the inclusion of special safeguard mechanisms to protect the livelihoods of small farmers in developing countries.

2. Voicing Developing Nations' Concerns: India's success in coalitional diplomacy can also be attributed to its ability to effectively voice the concerns of developing nations within the WTO. As one of the largest developing economies, India has been a staunch advocate for the interests of developing countries, particularly in areas such as agriculture, intellectual property rights, and access to affordable medicines. For example, India played a crucial role in pushing for a fairer and more balanced Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) during the Doha Round. India argued that stringent intellectual property protection would hinder access to affordable medicines for millions in developing countries, and successfully garnered support from other developing nations to reinforce their position. This highlights India's ability to represent and champion the concerns of developing nations on a global platform.

3. Negotiation Tactics: India's skillful negotiation tactics have also contributed to the success of its coalitional diplomacy within the WTO. India has mastered the art of negotiation by adopting a flexible approach and seeking common ground with other nations. This approach has allowed India to build consensus and find mutually beneficial solutions, even in the face of divergent interests. For instance, during the Bali Ministerial Conference in 2013, India played a pivotal role in salvaging the negotiations by proposing a compromise on public stockholding for food security purposes. By offering a middle ground that addressed the concerns of both developed and developing nations, India demonstrated its ability to bridge gaps and find win-win solutions. This negotiation tactic not only enhanced India's credibility within the WTO but also helped build trust among member countries.

Conclusion
India's coalitional diplomacy within the WTO has been highly successful due to its strategic alliances with like-minded nations, its effective representation of developing nations' concerns, and its skillful negotiation tactics. By forming alliances with countries such as Brazil and South Africa, India has been able to amplify its voice and exert greater influence within the WTO. Additionally, India's ability to effectively voice the concerns of developing nations has allowed it to champion their interests on a global platform. Finally, India's skillful negotiation tactics, characterized by a flexible approach and seeking common ground, have enabled it to build consensus and find mutually beneficial solutions. Overall, India's coalitional diplomacy within the WTO has earned it wide appreciation and has positioned the country as a key player in shaping global trade policies.

(b) "India's capacity building programmes under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) has earned much goodwill for it in Africa." Discuss. (15 Marks)

Introduction
India has been actively engaging with Africa through various capacity building programs under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC). These initiatives have been successful in earning goodwill for India in Africa. The ITEC programs have helped in strengthening bilateral ties, promoting skill development, and fostering mutual cooperation between India and African nations. This essay will discuss the capacity building programs under the ITEC and how they have contributed to India's goodwill in Africa.

1. Scholarships and Training Programs: India has been providing scholarships and training programs to African students and professionals under the ITEC. These programs cover a wide range of areas such as agriculture, healthcare, information technology, and public administration. By offering these opportunities, India is helping African individuals enhance their skills and knowledge, which in turn contributes to the development of their respective countries. For example, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) offers scholarships to African students to pursue higher education in India. This gesture not only strengthens educational ties but also creates goodwill among the African nations.

2. Technical Assistance and Expertise: India has been sharing its technical expertise with African countries through the ITEC programs. Indian experts are sent to African nations to provide training, guidance, and technical assistance in various fields. This includes sectors like agriculture, healthcare, renewable energy, and infrastructure development. By sharing its experiences and best practices, India helps African nations in their development efforts. For instance, India has been actively involved in capacity building in the healthcare sector, particularly in providing training to African doctors and nurses. This support has been crucial in strengthening healthcare systems and improving medical services in Africa.

3. Infrastructure Development: India has been actively engaged in infrastructure development projects in Africa. Under the ITEC programs, India provides technical assistance, project management skills, and financial support for infrastructure projects. These initiatives include the construction of roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. By contributing to the development of infrastructure, India not only helps in improving the living conditions of the African people but also fosters goodwill. For example, India has been involved in the construction of the Mahatma Gandhi Convention Centre in Niger, which serves as a symbol of friendship between the two countries.

4. Agricultural Cooperation: Agriculture is a crucial sector for many African countries, and India has been actively involved in capacity building in this field. Under the ITEC programs, India provides training, technology, and expertise to African farmers to enhance agricultural productivity and promote sustainable farming practices. This cooperation has helped in improving food security, reducing poverty, and boosting economic growth in African nations. For instance, India has been sharing its experience in dairy farming with African countries like Kenya and Ethiopia, helping them in developing their dairy industries.

5. Information Technology and Digital Initiatives: India's expertise in information technology has been instrumental in capacity building in Africa. Under the ITEC programs, India offers training and technical assistance in areas like software development, e-governance, and digital literacy. This cooperation has helped African nations in bridging the digital divide, promoting entrepreneurship, and improving access to information and services. For example, India has been actively involved in the Pan-African e-Network Project, which connects African countries with Indian educational and healthcare institutions through satellite and fiber-optic networks.

Conclusion
India's capacity building programs under the ITEC have played a significant role in earning goodwill for it in Africa. The scholarships, training programs, technical assistance, infrastructure development, agricultural cooperation, and information technology initiatives have contributed to strengthening bilateral ties and fostering mutual cooperation. These programs have not only helped in enhancing the skills and knowledge of African individuals but also supported the development efforts of African nations. India's commitment to sharing its expertise and resources has been well received in Africa, and it has established India as a trusted partner in the region. Moving forward, it is essential for India to continue its capacity building initiatives and further strengthen its engagement with Africa.

(c) "India's Research and Information System for Developing Countries" (RIS) is a major initiative in the area of South-South Cooperation. Discuss. (15 Marks)

Introduction
India's Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) is a pioneering institution that focuses on research and policy analysis in the field of South-South Cooperation. As a major initiative, RIS plays a crucial role in promoting economic cooperation, knowledge sharing, and technical assistance among developing countries. This essay examines the various aspects of RIS and its significance in fostering South-South Cooperation. It delves into the objectives, activities, and achievements of RIS, along with examples of its impact in different regions. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges faced by RIS and suggests potential strategies for its future growth.

Objectives of RIS: RIS was established in 1996 with the objective of providing a platform for research and analysis on issues related to developing countries. Its primary goal is to support policy formulation, capacity-building, and knowledge dissemination among the Global South. RIS aims to contribute to the economic development and social progress of developing countries by facilitating South-South Cooperation. Through its research, conferences, and publications, RIS seeks to enhance understanding and cooperation among nations, with a particular focus on issues such as trade, finance, climate change, sustainable development, and technology transfer.

Activities and Achievements of RIS: 

(i) RIS undertakes a wide range of activities to promote South-South Cooperation. It conducts research and analysis on various topics of importance to developing countries and publishes its findings in the form of reports, working papers, and policy briefs. These publications serve as valuable resources for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in the Global South. RIS also organizes conferences, workshops, and seminars to facilitate dialogue and exchange of ideas among stakeholders from different countries. These events provide a platform for experts to share their experiences and best practices, thus fostering cooperation and mutual learning.

(ii) One of the notable achievements of RIS is its role in promoting regional integration in South Asia. Through its research and advocacy, RIS has contributed to the establishment of the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). By facilitating dialogue and consensus-building among member countries, RIS has played a pivotal role in enhancing economic cooperation and integration in the region. Similarly, RIS has been actively involved in promoting cooperation among African countries through initiatives like the India-Africa Forum Summit and the India-Africa Trade and Investment Partnership.

Examples of Impact in Different Regions:

(i) RIS has made a significant impact on various regions by fostering South-South Cooperation. In Southeast Asia, RIS has contributed to the establishment of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) and has been instrumental in enhancing economic ties between India and ASEAN member countries. Through its research and policy advocacy, RIS has helped identify areas of mutual interest and potential collaboration, leading to increased trade and investment flows between India and ASEAN.

(ii) In Latin America and the Caribbean, RIS has played a crucial role in promoting cooperation between India and the region. It has facilitated the exchange of knowledge and expertise in areas such as agriculture, renewable energy, and technology transfer. For instance, RIS has collaborated with countries like Brazil and Argentina on research projects related to biofuels and climate change. Through these initiatives, RIS has contributed to the development of sustainable and inclusive economic models in the region.

Challenges and Strategies for Future Growth:

(i) Despite its achievements, RIS faces several challenges in its mission to promote South-South Cooperation. One of the key challenges is the limited financial resources available to the institution. As a research and policy analysis institution, RIS relies on funding from government grants, international organizations, and other sources. To ensure its sustainability and expand its activities, RIS needs to diversify its funding sources and explore partnerships with private sector entities, philanthropic organizations, and academic institutions.

(ii) Another challenge for RIS is to keep up with the rapidly evolving global landscape and emerging issues. As new challenges and opportunities arise, RIS needs to adapt its research agenda and analytical frameworks to remain relevant. This requires continuous engagement with policymakers, experts, and stakeholders from different regions to identify emerging trends and prioritize research areas.

(iii) To overcome these challenges, RIS should adopt a multi-dimensional approach. Firstly, it should strengthen its research capacity by attracting and retaining top-notch researchers and experts. This can be achieved through competitive remuneration packages, research grants, and collaboration with international research institutions. Secondly, RIS should enhance its outreach and engagement efforts by leveraging digital platforms and social media to disseminate its research findings and foster dialogue among stakeholders. Lastly, RIS should forge strategic partnerships with like-minded institutions and organizations to leverage their expertise, resources, and networks. Collaborative research projects, joint publications, and capacity-building programs can be valuable avenues for such partnerships.

Conclusion
India's Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) is a significant initiative in the field of South-South Cooperation. Through its research, policy analysis, and capacity-building activities, RIS has made a tangible impact on promoting economic cooperation, knowledge sharing, and technical assistance among developing countries. Its achievements in fostering regional integration, enhancing economic ties, and facilitating collaboration in various regions are commendable. However, RIS needs to address the challenges it faces, such as limited financial resources and evolving global dynamics, to ensure its future growth and relevance. By adopting a multi-dimensional approach and forging strategic partnerships, RIS can continue to play a crucial role in promoting South-South Cooperation and contributing to the development and well-being of developing countries.

Q.7. Answer the following questions.
(a) Discuss the role of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) in promoting India's soft power abroad. (20 Marks)

Introduction
The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) plays a significant role in promoting India's soft power abroad. Established in 1950, the ICCR is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Its primary objective is to enhance cultural exchanges and foster relationships with other countries through cultural diplomacy. By promoting Indian arts, heritage, and cultural values, the ICCR aims to project a positive image of India and strengthen its influence globally. This essay will discuss the various ways in which the ICCR promotes India's soft power abroad, including cultural exchange programs, scholarships, festivals, and collaborations.

1. Cultural Exchange Programs: One of the key ways in which the ICCR promotes India's soft power abroad is through cultural exchange programs. The ICCR facilitates the exchange of artists, scholars, and performers between India and other countries, allowing them to showcase their talents and interact with diverse audiences. These programs help in fostering mutual understanding, building bridges of friendship, and promoting cultural diversity. For example, the ICCR's 'Festival of India' program has successfully showcased Indian performing arts, literature, and visual arts in countries like the United States, Russia, China, and Japan. Through these programs, India's rich cultural heritage is celebrated and appreciated, thus enhancing its soft power.

2. Scholarships: The ICCR also plays a crucial role in promoting India's soft power abroad by offering scholarships to international students to study in India. These scholarships enable students from various countries to pursue higher education in Indian universities and institutions. By providing this opportunity, the ICCR not only facilitates academic exchange but also exposes international students to India's diverse culture, traditions, and values. This exposure helps in creating goodwill and a positive perception of India among the students, who may become future leaders and ambassadors of India in their respective countries. For instance, the ICCR offers scholarships under the General Scholarship Scheme (GSS) and the Cultural Exchange Programme (CEP) to students from countries like Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and many African nations. These scholarships contribute to India's soft power by nurturing long-term relationships and promoting cultural understanding.

3. Festivals and Cultural Events: The ICCR organizes and supports various festivals and cultural events both in India and abroad, serving as a platform to promote India's soft power. These events provide a glimpse into India's diverse cultural heritage and artistic traditions. For example, the ICCR organizes the International Yoga Day celebrations in different countries, showcasing India's ancient practice of yoga and its benefits for physical and mental well-being. Similarly, the ICCR supports the organization of Indian film festivals, classical music concerts, dance performances, and art exhibitions across the globe. These events not only entertain and engage audiences but also contribute to India's soft power by familiarizing people with its rich cultural tapestry.

4. Collaborations and Partnerships: The ICCR actively seeks collaborations and partnerships with other countries, organizations, and institutions to promote India's soft power abroad. These collaborations can take various forms, such as cultural exchanges, joint research projects, and academic partnerships. For instance, the ICCR collaborates with foreign universities and cultural institutions to organize workshops, seminars, and conferences on Indian art, literature, philosophy, and heritage. These collaborations not only provide a platform for dialogue and exchange of ideas but also foster long-term relationships between India and other nations. By working together, India's soft power is further strengthened, as it becomes a hub for cultural and intellectual exchanges.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) plays a crucial role in promoting India's soft power abroad through its cultural exchange programs, scholarships, festivals, and collaborations. By facilitating cultural exchanges, the ICCR helps in fostering mutual understanding and building bridges of friendship between India and other countries. Through scholarships, international students get exposed to India's diverse culture, traditions, and values, thereby creating goodwill and a positive perception of India. Festivals and cultural events organized and supported by the ICCR provide a platform to showcase India's cultural heritage and artistic traditions. Lastly, collaborations and partnerships with other countries and organizations enhance India's soft power by creating opportunities for dialogue, research, and academic exchange. Overall, the ICCR's efforts contribute significantly to projecting a positive image of India and strengthening its influence globally.

(b) Discuss the role of Indian diaspora in promoting Indo-US relations. (15 Marks)

Introduction
The Indian diaspora, with its vast numbers scattered across the globe, has played a significant role in promoting Indo-US relations. Indian immigrants and their descendants in the United States have made substantial contributions in various fields, ranging from technology and entrepreneurship to academia and politics. This essay will discuss the pivotal role of the Indian diaspora in fostering closer ties between India and the United States, exploring its impact on economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and diplomatic relations.

1. Economic Cooperation: The Indian diaspora has been instrumental in advancing economic cooperation between India and the United States. Indian-Americans have emerged as prominent figures in the field of technology and entrepreneurship, founding successful startups and leading major corporations in Silicon Valley. For instance, Satya Nadella, the CEO of Microsoft, and Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Google, are both Indian-Americans who have played a crucial role in shaping the technology industry and facilitating business ties between the two countries. These individuals have not only promoted trade and investment but have also fostered innovation and knowledge transfer, contributing to the growth of both economies.

Furthermore, Indian diaspora organizations such as the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Indian American Chamber of Commerce (IACC) have facilitated trade delegations, business summits, and networking events, promoting bilateral trade and investment. These platforms have created opportunities for Indian and American businesses to collaborate, leading to the establishment of joint ventures and the expansion of commercial ties. The Indian diaspora's expertise and networks in various sectors have been invaluable in bridging the gap between the two countries' economies and fostering mutually beneficial partnerships.

2. Cultural Exchange: The Indian diaspora has also played a crucial role in promoting cultural exchange between India and the United States. Indian-Americans have preserved and celebrated their cultural heritage, organizing festivals, cultural events, and community gatherings that showcase India's rich traditions. These events not only provide a platform for Indian-Americans to connect with their roots but also serve as a means to introduce Indian culture to a broader American audience.

One notable example is the annual Diwali celebrations at the White House, initiated by President George W. Bush and continued by subsequent administrations. These celebrations, attended by Indian-American community leaders and dignitaries, have helped raise awareness of Diwali and Indian culture among Americans. Additionally, Indian-American artists, musicians, and performers have made significant contributions to the American arts and entertainment industry, enriching the cultural fabric of the United States and fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of India's diverse heritage.

3. Diplomatic Relations: The Indian diaspora has been influential in strengthening diplomatic relations between India and the United States. Indian-Americans have actively engaged in American politics, holding positions of power and influence at various levels of government. For instance, Bobby Jindal, the former Governor of Louisiana, and Nikki Haley, the former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, are prominent Indian-American political figures who have played significant roles in shaping American policies towards India.
Moreover, Indian-American lawmakers in the United States Congress, such as Kamala Harris and Pramila Jayapal, have been vocal advocates for stronger Indo-US ties. These individuals have sponsored and supported legislation aimed at deepening cooperation in areas such as defense, energy, and education. Their efforts have not only strengthened the bilateral relationship but have also raised awareness of India's strategic importance and potential as a global partner.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Indian diaspora has played a pivotal role in promoting Indo-US relations through its contributions in the fields of economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and diplomacy. Indian-Americans have leveraged their expertise, networks, and influence to facilitate trade and investment, foster innovation, and bridge the gap between the two economies. They have also preserved and shared Indian culture, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation among Americans. Furthermore, the Indian diaspora's engagement in American politics has led to the formulation of policies that strengthen bilateral ties and recognize India's strategic significance. As the Indian diaspora continues to grow and thrive, its role in promoting Indo-US relations will only become more significant, paving the way for a stronger partnership between the two nations.

(c) Discuss the various impediments in India's way to a permanent seat in the Security Council. (15 Marks)

Introduction
India, as one of the fastest-growing economies and a significant global player, has long aspired to secure a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). However, there are several impediments that hinder India's path towards achieving this goal. These impediments can be broadly categorized into political, diplomatic, and regional factors. This essay will delve into each of these obstacles, providing examples and analysis to shed light on India's challenges in obtaining a permanent seat in the Security Council.

Political Impediments:

1. Veto Power Privileges: One of the major obstacles faced by India is the resistance from existing permanent members of the UNSC, particularly the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. These countries, known as the P5, hold veto power, which allows them to block any resolution, including those related to adding new permanent members. The P5 nations may be reluctant to relinquish their veto power privileges and share decision-making authority with India, as this could dilute their influence.

Example: In 2005, during the UN World Summit, several P5 members, including China and Russia, expressed reservations about expanding the Council's permanent membership. This reluctance exemplifies the political impediments India faces in acquiring a permanent seat.

Diplomatic Impediments:

1. Opposition from Neighboring Countries: India's bid for a permanent seat in the UNSC faces opposition from neighboring countries, particularly Pakistan and China. These nations have their own regional aspirations, and India's potential accession could threaten their influence in the region. Additionally, historical conflicts and territorial disputes further complicate the diplomatic relations between India and these countries.

Example: China, a veto-wielding permanent member, has consistently opposed India's bid for a permanent seat. It has cited concerns over India's growing influence in the region, particularly in South Asia, as a reason for its opposition.

2. Lack of Regional Consensus: Another diplomatic impediment is the lack of consensus among regional groupings. For India to secure a permanent seat, it requires the support of other countries within its regional group, such as the African Union, Arab League, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). However, achieving consensus among these diverse groups is challenging, as their priorities and interests may not align with India's aspirations.

Example: India's bid for the permanent seat has not received unanimous support from the African Union, as some member states have voiced concerns over potential competition for resources and influence.

Regional Impediments:

1. Competition from Other Aspiring Nations: India's pursuit of a permanent seat faces competition from other countries that also aspire to secure this status. This competition further complicates the process, as it requires reaching a consensus among multiple aspiring nations.

Example: Brazil, Germany, and Japan are among the countries that also seek permanent seats in the UNSC. The presence of multiple contenders hampers India's chances of securing the desired seat, as it necessitates negotiations and compromises among these nations.

2. Perception of India's Role in Conflict Resolution: Some countries may question India's track record in conflict resolution and peacekeeping efforts, which could undermine its credibility as a potential permanent member. India's involvement in regional conflicts, such as Kashmir, has drawn criticism from various quarters, raising doubts about its ability to effectively contribute to maintaining global peace and security.

Example: Pakistan has consistently highlighted alleged human rights abuses in the Indian-administered region of Kashmir, which has led to international scrutiny and concerns about India's approach to conflict resolution.

Conclusion
India's pursuit of a permanent seat in the UNSC is not without its impediments. Political obstacles, including the reluctance of existing permanent members to dilute their influence, pose significant challenges. Diplomatic hurdles, such as opposition from neighboring countries and the lack of regional consensus, further complicate India's path. Moreover, competition from other aspiring nations and concerns regarding India's conflict resolution track record also hinder its chances. Overcoming these impediments will require strategic diplomacy, building consensus among diverse regional groups, and addressing concerns raised by other nations. As India continues to grow as a global power, it is imperative for the international community to consider its credentials and contributions, paving the way for a more inclusive and representative United Nations Security Council.

Q.8. Answer the following questions.
(a) Do you think that India's capacity building role in Afghanistan has shrunk the strategic space for Pakistan there ? Discuss. (20 Marks)

Introduction
India and Pakistan have always had a complex relationship, with Afghanistan being a key factor in their strategic calculations. India's engagement in Afghanistan has primarily focused on capacity building and development projects. On the other hand, Pakistan has historically viewed Afghanistan as its backyard and has used it as a strategic depth against India. This essay will discuss whether India's capacity building role in Afghanistan has shrunk the strategic space for Pakistan, examining various aspects such as infrastructure development, educational initiatives, and cultural exchanges. Additionally, it will shed light on the implications of this dynamic for regional stability.

1. Infrastructure Development: India has been actively involved in infrastructure development projects in Afghanistan, aiming to enhance connectivity and bolster the country's economic growth. For instance, the construction of the Delaram-Zaranj Highway, which connects Afghanistan to Iran, has not only facilitated trade but also reduced Afghanistan's dependence on Pakistan for transit. This has in turn shrunk Pakistan's strategic space in Afghanistan, limiting its ability to exert control over key trade routes and leverage them in its favor. Moreover, India's investment in the Chabahar Port in Iran provides an alternate route for Afghanistan's trade, bypassing Pakistan entirely. This further reduces Pakistan's influence and strategic significance in the region.

2. Educational Initiatives: India has also played a significant role in education and capacity building in Afghanistan. Thousands of Afghan students have received scholarships to study in Indian universities, enabling them to acquire knowledge and skills that can contribute to the development of their country. By offering these opportunities, India has not only empowered Afghan youth but also weakened Pakistan's influence in shaping the Afghan narrative. As these students return to Afghanistan, they bring with them a positive perception of India, diminishing Pakistan's ability to shape public opinion in its favor.

3. Cultural Exchanges: Cultural exchanges have been another avenue through which India has expanded its influence in Afghanistan. Bollywood movies and Indian television shows have gained immense popularity among Afghan audiences, shaping their perceptions and preferences. This cultural influence has made Afghanistan more receptive to Indian ideas and values, thereby reducing the space for Pakistan's cultural influence. Moreover, the presence of Indian cultural centers and the celebration of Indian festivals in Afghanistan have strengthened people-to-people ties between the two countries, fostering goodwill and trust. This, in turn, has diminished Pakistan's ability to exploit cultural affinities to its advantage.

4. Security Cooperation: India has also been involved in security cooperation with Afghanistan, providing training and equipment to Afghan security forces. This has not only contributed to Afghanistan's ability to fight against terrorism but has also reduced its dependence on Pakistan for security assistance. By enhancing Afghanistan's security capabilities, India has indirectly constrained Pakistan's strategic space as it can no longer manipulate security dynamics to its advantage. This has significant implications for regional stability, as a secure and stable Afghanistan is in India's interest and aligns with its broader foreign policy objectives.

Conclusion
In conclusion, India's capacity building role in Afghanistan has indeed shrunk the strategic space for Pakistan in various ways. Infrastructure development, educational initiatives, cultural exchanges, and security cooperation have all contributed to reducing Pakistan's influence and leverage in Afghanistan. This has implications for regional stability, as it challenges Pakistan's historical perception of Afghanistan as its strategic backyard. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that Pakistan continues to maintain significant influence in Afghanistan, particularly through its ties with certain factions and its role in facilitating peace negotiations. Therefore, while India's capacity building efforts have certainly impacted Pakistan's strategic space, Pakistan's role in Afghanistan cannot be completely discounted. The evolving dynamics in the region will continue to shape the strategic calculations of all stakeholders involved.

(b) Critically assess the evolving convergence of India and China in the areas of trade and environment. (15 Marks)

Introduction
The convergence between India and China in the areas of trade and environment has gained significant attention in recent years. India and China, being the two most populous countries in the world, have enormous economic potential and play a crucial role in shaping global trade and environmental policies. This essay will critically assess the evolving convergence between India and China in trade and environment, considering various factors such as bilateral trade relations, environmental cooperation, and the impact on sustainable development. It will also analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by this convergence.

1. Convergence in Trade: India and China have witnessed a significant increase in bilateral trade over the past few decades. Both countries have emerged as major players in the global economy, with China being the world's largest exporter and India being one of the fastest-growing economies. The convergence in trade between the two countries is driven by various factors, including a complementary economic structure and the desire to tap into each other's markets.
One of the key areas of convergence in trade is the manufacturing sector. China has established itself as the "factory of the world," with its expertise in low-cost manufacturing and infrastructure development. On the other hand, India has a strong service sector, particularly in information technology and software development. This complementarity has led to increased trade in manufactured goods and services between the two countries. For example, Chinese companies have invested in Indian software firms, while Indian companies have set up manufacturing units in China to take advantage of lower production costs.
Another area of convergence in trade is the growing demand for consumer goods in both countries. With an expanding middle class and rising disposable incomes, India and China have become attractive markets for multinational corporations. This has led to increased trade in consumer goods such as electronics, automobiles, and luxury goods. For instance, Chinese smartphone companies like Xiaomi and Oppo have gained a significant market share in India, while Indian companies like Tata Motors have entered the Chinese market with their automobiles.

2. Convergence in Environment: The convergence between India and China in environmental matters is a relatively recent development. Both countries are grappling with similar environmental challenges, including air pollution, water scarcity, and climate change. Recognizing the need for cooperation, India and China have taken steps to address these issues through bilateral and multilateral initiatives.
One area of convergence in the environment is the shift towards renewable energy. Both India and China are heavily dependent on coal for their energy needs, which has resulted in significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. However, both countries have made substantial progress in promoting renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. China has become the world's largest producer of solar panels, while India has set ambitious targets for renewable energy capacity. This convergence in renewable energy can lead to technology sharing and collaboration between the two countries.
Another area of convergence in the environment is the conservation of natural resources. Both India and China are large consumers of natural resources, including water, minerals, and forests. Unsustainable consumption patterns have led to environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity. Recognizing the importance of resource conservation, both countries have taken steps to protect their natural resources. For example, China has implemented reforestation programs to combat desertification, while India has launched initiatives to conserve water and promote sustainable agriculture.

3. Challenges and Opportunities: While there are areas of convergence between India and China in trade and environment, there are also significant challenges that need to be addressed. One of the major challenges is the trade imbalance between the two countries. China enjoys a significant trade surplus with India, which has raised concerns about the impact on India's domestic industries. To address this, both countries need to work towards a more balanced and equitable trade relationship.
Another challenge is the competition for resources and markets. As both countries strive for economic growth, there is a risk of resource depletion and environmental degradation. This competition can also lead to trade disputes and protectionist measures. To avoid these conflicts, India and China need to promote sustainable development practices and establish mechanisms for resolving trade disputes.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the evolving convergence between India and China in the areas of trade and environment presents both challenges and opportunities. The increasing bilateral trade has been driven by complementarity in the manufacturing sector and the growing demand for consumer goods. On the environmental front, both countries have recognized the need for cooperation in addressing shared challenges. However, challenges such as trade imbalances and competition for resources need to be addressed to ensure a sustainable and mutually beneficial convergence. By working together, India and China can not only strengthen their economic ties but also contribute to global trade and environmental sustainability.

(c) Do you agree that the growing assertiveness of China is leading to multilayered Indo-Japan relations ? Comment. (15 Marks)

Introduction
The assertiveness of China in recent years has been a subject of concern for many countries, including India and Japan. Both countries have witnessed China's growing influence in the region and have responded by strengthening their ties. This has resulted in the development of multilayered Indo-Japan relations which encompass various aspects such as economic cooperation, security cooperation, and diplomatic engagement. In this essay, we will discuss the impact of China's assertiveness on Indo-Japan relations and analyze the various layers of this relationship.

1. China's Assertiveness and its Impact on Indo-Japan Relations: China's assertiveness in the region, particularly in the South China Sea and the East China Sea, has raised concerns for both India and Japan. China's increasing military presence and aggressive territorial claims have led to a sense of insecurity among its neighboring countries. In response to China's actions, India and Japan have deepened their strategic partnership and sought to strengthen their defense cooperation. This growing assertiveness of China has become a driving force behind the multilayered Indo-Japan relations.

2. Economic Cooperation: One of the key aspects of the Indo-Japan relationship is economic cooperation. Both countries have recognized the need to enhance their economic ties in order to counter China's growing dominance in the region. Japan has been a major investor in India, with several Japanese companies setting up manufacturing plants and contributing to India's infrastructure development. Similarly, India has also invested in various sectors in Japan, including technology and automotive industries. This economic cooperation not only benefits both countries but also serves as a strategic counterbalance to China's economic influence.

3. Security Cooperation: The growing assertiveness of China has also led to increased security cooperation between India and Japan. Both countries share concerns over China's aggressive actions and have been working towards enhancing their maritime security cooperation. The Malabar naval exercises, which involve the navies of India, Japan, and the United States, have become an important platform for trilateral cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. These exercises aim to strengthen the security architecture in the region and promote peace and stability. The security cooperation between India and Japan not only helps in countering China's assertiveness but also contributes to the overall regional security.

4. Diplomatic Engagement: Another important aspect of the multilayered Indo-Japan relations is diplomatic engagement. Both India and Japan have been actively engaging with other countries in the region to build partnerships and alliances. This is evident from the various trilateral and quadrilateral forums that have been established in recent years. For example, the Quad, which consists of India, Japan, the United States, and Australia, aims to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific region. This diplomatic engagement helps in countering China's assertiveness by presenting a united front and advocating for a rules-based international order.

Examples:

(i) In 2017, India and Japan signed a landmark civil nuclear agreement, which allows Japan to export nuclear technology and equipment to India. This agreement not only strengthens the bilateral ties between the two countries but also sends a clear signal to China about their shared concerns regarding nuclear proliferation.

(ii) The Doklam standoff between India and China in 2017 further highlighted the need for closer cooperation between India and Japan. During the standoff, Japan expressed its support for India and called for peaceful resolution of the dispute. This solidarity between the two countries showcased their common concerns over China's assertiveness and their commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the region.

(iii) In recent years, both India and Japan have been actively engaging with countries in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam and the Philippines, to promote regional cooperation and build a network of like-minded countries. This engagement is aimed at countering China's influence in the region and ensuring a balance of power.

Conclusion
The growing assertiveness of China has indeed led to the development of multilayered Indo-Japan relations. Both countries have recognized the need to strengthen their cooperation in various areas, including economic, security, and diplomatic spheres, in order to counter China's influence in the region. The economic cooperation between India and Japan serves as a strategic counterbalance to China's economic dominance, while the security cooperation aims to enhance maritime security and promote peace and stability. Additionally, the diplomatic engagement between the two countries, along with other like-minded nations, helps in presenting a united front against China's assertiveness and advocating for a rules-based international order. It is evident that China's actions have played a significant role in shaping the multilayered Indo-Japan relations and will continue to do so in the future.