UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2022: PSIR Paper 1 (Section- B) | PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

SECTION ‘B’

Answer the following in about 150 words each :     (10 x 5 = 50 Marks)

a) Analyse the workers' movement in India in the pre-Independence period.

The workers' movement in India during the pre-Independence period played a significant role in shaping the political, social, and economic landscape of the country. 

1. Emergence of the workers' movement:
The workers' movement in India emerged in the late 19th century in response to the exploitative working conditions under British colonial rule. The growth of industries, railways, and plantations led to the emergence of a working class, which faced long working hours, low wages, and poor working conditions.

2. Early attempts at organizing:
The first workers' organizations in India were formed in the 1890s, such as the Bombay Mill Hands Association (1890) and the Madras Labour Union (1918). These organizations were mainly focused on addressing the immediate concerns of the workers, such as wage disputes and working conditions.

3. Influence of the Indian National Movement:
The workers' movement in India was deeply influenced by the Indian National Movement led by the Indian National Congress (INC). Many prominent INC leaders, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Subhas Chandra Bose, actively supported the workers' struggle. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in 1920 as the first central trade union organization, with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president.

4. Role of the Left:
The Left, particularly the Communist Party of India (CPI), played a significant role in shaping the workers' movement. The Left's political ideology and organizational capabilities helped the movement gain momentum and fight for workers' rights. The formation of the All India Kisan Sabha in 1936 was another milestone in bringing the workers and peasants together under a common platform.

5. Major strikes and struggles:
The pre-Independence period witnessed several major strikes and struggles by the workers, such as the Bombay textile strike (1928), the Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929), the Bengal jute workers' strike (1937), and the railway workers' strike (1946). These struggles demonstrated the growing militancy and unity of the working class in India.

6. Impact on the Indian National Movement:
The workers' movement contributed significantly to the Indian National Movement by mobilizing the masses and creating a broader base for the freedom struggle. It also helped in shaping the political and economic agenda of the INC, which included demands for workers' rights, social justice, and equitable distribution of resources.

In conclusion, the workers' movement in India during the pre-Independence period played a crucial role in shaping the political and social landscape of the country. It brought the issues of the working class to the forefront and contributed significantly to the Indian National Movement. The struggles and achievements of the workers' movement laid the foundation for the post-Independence labor rights and welfare policies in India.

b) The Preamble of the Indian Constitution reflects itself as a 'social contract'. Elucidate.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution reflects itself as a 'social contract' because it outlines the fundamental principles and values upon which the Constitution is based, and serves as a foundation for the relationship between the citizens and the state. A social contract is an agreement, either explicit or implicit, among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. In the Indian context, the Preamble sets forth a social contract that defines the basic structure and goals of the Indian state, and outlines the rights and duties of its citizens.

The Preamble states that India is a "sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic."
These adjectives reflect the key components of the social contract between the state and its citizens:

1. Sovereignty: The Preamble asserts India's independence and its authority to govern itself. This implies that the Indian state has the ultimate authority over its territory and citizens, and is not subject to any external control.

2. Socialism: The Preamble establishes India's commitment to social justice and economic equity. This means that the state will work towards reducing income disparities, providing equal opportunities to all citizens, and promoting the welfare of the weaker sections of society.

3. Secularism: The Preamble emphasizes that India is a secular state, which means that the state does not discriminate against any religion and treats all religions equally. This reflects the principle of religious tolerance and harmony, which is essential for a diverse and pluralistic society like India.

4. Democracy: The Preamble declares India as a democracy, which means that the government is elected by the people and is accountable to them. This implies that the citizens have the right to participate in the decision-making process and have a say in the functioning of the state.

5. Republic: The Preamble states that India is a republic, which means that the head of the state is an elected representative and not a hereditary monarch. This reflects the principle of political equality among all citizens, regardless of their social or economic status.

In addition to these principles, the Preamble also sets forth the objectives of the Constitution, which include justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. These objectives further outline the social contract between the state and its citizens:

1. Justice: The Preamble seeks to establish social, economic, and political justice. This implies that the state will work towards ensuring fairness and impartiality in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among its citizens.

2. Liberty: The Preamble guarantees individual liberties, such as freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship. This implies that the state will protect the rights and freedoms of its citizens and ensure that they can live without fear or coercion.

3. Equality: The Preamble aims to promote equality of status and opportunity among all citizens. This implies that the state will work towards eliminating discrimination and ensuring equal treatment for everyone, regardless of their caste, creed, gender, or economic status.

4. Fraternity: The Preamble emphasizes the importance of fraternity, which means a sense of brotherhood and unity among all citizens. This implies that the state will promote social harmony and work towards fostering a sense of national solidarity.

In conclusion, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution embodies the essence of a social contract between the state and its citizens. It outlines the fundamental principles and values that guide the functioning of the Indian state, and sets forth the objectives that the state is committed to achieving. By doing so, it establishes a framework for the relationship between the citizens and the state, and serves as a foundation for the rights and duties of the citizens in a democratic, secular, and socialist republic like India.

c) Legislative Council is a house without any effective powers. Comment.

The Legislative Council, also known as the Vidhan Parishad, is the upper house in the bicameral legislature of some Indian states. It is true that the Legislative Council has limited powers compared to the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), which is the lower house. However, it is essential to consider the primary function of the Legislative Council, which is to act as a revising chamber and provide a check on the decisions made by the Legislative Assembly.

While it is correct to say that the Legislative Council does not have substantial powers, it still has some essential roles and functions that cannot be disregarded.
Some of these functions are discussed below:

1. Legislative Functions: The Legislative Council has the power to scrutinize, amend, or reject any bill passed by the Legislative Assembly. However, it is important to note that the Legislative Assembly has the power to override the Council's decisions. In case of a disagreement between the two houses, the bill is usually sent for a joint session, where the collective decision of both houses prevails. This process ensures that the Legislative Council acts as a check on any hasty or ill-thought-out legislation passed by the Assembly.

2. Deliberative Functions: The Council provides a platform for experienced and knowledgeable individuals to debate and discuss legislative proposals. It allows for a more thorough examination of bills, ensuring that the legislation is well-considered and in the best interest of the public.

3. Representative Functions: The Council also represents various interests, such as teachers, graduates, and local government bodies, which would otherwise not have a voice in the legislative process. This ensures that the interests of various sections of society are taken into consideration while formulating legislation.

4. Expertise: The Council often includes members with significant experience and expertise in various fields, such as law, education, and social work. These members can provide valuable insights and suggestions during the legislative process, leading to better and more effective legislation.

Despite the limited powers of the Legislative Council, it plays a crucial role in ensuring that the legislative process remains democratic and balanced. The Council provides an additional layer of scrutiny, expertise, and representation, ensuring that the decisions taken by the Legislative Assembly are well-considered and in the best interests of the people. Therefore, while it may not have substantial powers, the Legislative Council's presence and functions are still essential in the Indian political system.

d) How far is the National Commission for Backward Classes an empowered body? Assess its role in the context of rising demand for backwardness among dominant communities.

The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) is a constitutional body set up under Article 338B of the Indian Constitution to safeguard the social, economic, and educational interests of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It has been empowered to consider inclusions and exclusions of castes and communities from the central list of OBCs and monitor the implementation of various welfare schemes and reservation policies for them. However, the extent of its empowerment and effectiveness can be assessed by examining its role in the context of rising demands for backwardness among dominant communities.

1. Limited Authority: While NCBC has the authority to recommend the inclusion or exclusion of castes in the OBC list, the final decision lies with the central government. This limits the commission's ability to independently address the demands of dominant communities seeking OBC status, like the Jats, Marathas, and Patidars, who have been protesting for reservations in recent years.

2. Conflicting State and Central Lists: The central list of OBCs maintained by the NCBC often differs from the state lists, leading to confusion and delays in implementing reservation policies. The lack of uniformity in the lists also makes it difficult for the commission to address demands for backwardness among dominant communities, as it cannot enforce its recommendations on state governments.

3. Political Interference: The NCBC has often been accused of being influenced by political considerations, which undermines its credibility and effectiveness in addressing the demands of dominant communities. For instance, the inclusion of Jats in the OBC list in some states in 2014 was seen as a politically motivated decision, which was eventually quashed by the Supreme Court.

4. Limited Scope of Work: The primary mandate of the NCBC is to ensure the implementation of reservation policies for OBCs in education and public employment. However, the demands of dominant communities often go beyond reservations, such as seeking economic benefits, political representation, and cultural recognition. The NCBC's limited scope of work prevents it from addressing these broader issues, thereby limiting its ability to address the rising demand for backwardness among dominant communities.

5. Inadequate Representation: The NCBC comprises a chairperson, a vice-chairperson, and three other members, which may not be adequate to represent the diverse interests and demands of the numerous OBC communities in India. This is particularly relevant in the context of dominant communities seeking OBC status, as the commission may not have the necessary expertise or resources to adequately assess their demands.

In conclusion, while the National Commission for Backward Classes has been empowered to some extent to safeguard the interests of the OBCs, its role in addressing the rising demands for backwardness among dominant communities has been limited. To enhance its effectiveness, the NCBC needs to be given greater autonomy, its scope of work needs to be expanded, and its representation needs to be made more inclusive. Moreover, the central and state governments should work closely with the commission to ensure a uniform and effective implementation of reservation policies across the country.

e) High concentration of economic activities and consumption patterns in post-liberalisation period has led to the failure of environmental movements in India. Elucidate.

The post-liberalisation period in India, which began in the early 1990s, has been marked by rapid economic growth and a significant increase in industrial and infrastructural developments. This has led to a high concentration of economic activities, as well as a surge in consumption patterns among the Indian population. While these changes have had some positive effects on the country's economy, they have also led to an increase in environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources. Consequently, environmental movements in India have struggled to gain traction and achieve their objectives.

There are several reasons for the failure of environmental movements in India during the post-liberalisation period:

1. Prioritisation of economic growth: The primary focus of the Indian government in the post-liberalisation era has been on promoting economic growth and development. As a result, environmental concerns have often taken a backseat to economic objectives. This has led to a lack of strong environmental policies and regulations, which has further weakened the effectiveness of environmental movements.
Example: One such example is the Narmada Bachao Andolan, which aimed to stop the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River. Despite widespread protests, the project went ahead, as the government prioritised the potential economic benefits of the dam over the environmental and social costs.

2. Corporate influence: With the increasing role of private companies in the Indian economy, there has been a corresponding increase in their influence on policy-making. Many environmental movements have struggled to counter the power of corporate interests, which often prioritise profits over environmental sustainability.
Example: The protests against the Sterlite Copper Smelter Plant in Tamil Nadu highlighted the influence of corporate interests on environmental policies. Despite numerous concerns over pollution and health hazards, the plant continued to operate, and it took years of protests before it was finally shut down.

3. Consumerism and changing lifestyles: The post-liberalisation period has seen a rapid increase in consumerism among the Indian population, with a growing emphasis on material possessions and consumption. This has led to an increased demand for resources and energy, which has further exacerbated environmental problems. Environmental movements have struggled to change these consumption patterns and promote sustainable lifestyles.
Example: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) aimed to tackle the issue of waste management and sanitation in India. However, the increasing consumption of single-use plastics and other non-biodegradable materials has made it difficult for the initiative to achieve its goals.

4. Fragmented nature of environmental movements: Environmental movements in India have often been localised and issue-specific, which has made it difficult for them to build a unified front and garner widespread support. Furthermore, a lack of coordination between different environmental groups has limited their ability to influence policy-making and public opinion.
Example: The Chipko movement in Uttarakhand focused on the protection of forests, while the Save Western Ghats Movement aimed to preserve the biodiversity of the Western Ghats region. The lack of a unified platform for these movements has limited their impact.

5. Limited public awareness and support: Despite the growing environmental challenges, public awareness and support for environmental movements in India remains limited. Environmental issues often fail to gain traction in mainstream media, and there is a lack of emphasis on environmental education in the country.
Example: The Chennai water crisis in 2019 highlighted the lack of public awareness and support for sustainable water management practices. Despite the severity of the crisis, it took months for the issue to gain national attention and for action to be taken.

In conclusion, the high concentration of economic activities and consumption patterns in the post-liberalisation period has made it difficult for environmental movements in India to achieve their goals. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for greater collaboration between environmental groups, stronger environmental policies, and increased public awareness and support for environmental issues.

Q.6. Answer the following:

a) Electoral behaviour of voters is governed more by the social and economic factors than the political factors. Explain.       (20 Marks)

Electoral behavior of voters is a complex phenomenon that involves various factors such as social, economic, and political factors. However, it is often argued that social and economic factors play a more significant role in shaping the electoral behavior of voters than political factors. 
Firstly, social factors such as caste, religion, and ethnicity play a crucial role in shaping the electoral behavior of voters in a diverse country like India. Political parties often resort to identity politics to mobilize voters based on their social identity. For example, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) has successfully mobilized Dalit voters in Uttar Pradesh based on their shared social identity. Similarly, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has been successful in consolidating Hindu votes in many regions based on religious identity. These examples show that social factors play a critical role in influencing the electoral choices of voters.
Secondly, economic factors such as employment, poverty, and development are also significant determinants of voters' electoral behavior. Voters often cast their votes based on their perception of a political party's ability to improve their economic conditions. For example, the Congress party's promise of providing a Minimum Income Guarantee Scheme (NYAY) during the 2019 Lok Sabha elections aimed at attracting voters based on economic factors. Similarly, the BJP's focus on development and economic growth in the 2014 elections was successful in appealing to a large number of voters, particularly the youth.
In contrast, political factors such as party ideology, leadership, and internal party dynamics play a relatively lesser role in influencing the electoral behavior of voters. While these factors are important, they often take a backseat in the face of social and economic factors, which have a more direct and immediate impact on the voters' lives. Moreover, political factors can also be shaped and influenced by social and economic factors.
For instance, political parties often adjust their ideologies and policies based on the social and economic demands of their voter base. The Janata Dal (United) in Bihar, led by Nitish Kumar, shifted its political alliances based on the social and economic aspirations of its voters. Similarly, the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) in Delhi has focused on issues such as education, public health, and water supply, which cater to the economic needs of the urban poor.
In conclusion, while political factors do play a role in determining electoral behavior, social and economic factors have a more significant impact on voters' choices. By addressing social and economic issues, political parties can forge a strong connection with the electorate, which ultimately influences their electoral behavior. Therefore, it is essential for political parties to pay attention to these factors and develop policies and strategies accordingly to succeed in the electoral arena.

b) The Doctrine of Basic Structure of the Constitution has enhanced the power of judicial review of the Supreme Court. Examine.       (15 Marks)

The Doctrine of Basic Structure is a constitutional principle that maintains that the basic framework and essential features of the constitution cannot be amended or altered by the Parliament. This doctrine was propounded by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark case of Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973). The Court held that although the Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution under Article 368, it cannot alter or destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
The Doctrine of Basic Structure has significantly enhanced the power of judicial review of the Supreme Court in the following ways:
1. Protection of fundamental rights: The doctrine ensures that the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution are not diluted or abrogated by constitutional amendments. This helps the Supreme Court to protect and preserve the basic rights of citizens, thus increasing its power of judicial review. For example, in the Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court struck down the 42nd Constitutional Amendment, which sought to curtail the power of judicial review by giving primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy over Fundamental Rights.
2. Preservation of the democratic framework: The doctrine enables the Supreme Court to review constitutional amendments that could potentially undermine the democratic system of governance in India. This empowers the Court to safeguard the democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution. For instance, in the S.R. Bommai case (1994), the Supreme Court expounded on the Basic Structure doctrine and held that secularism is one of its essential features.
3. Ensuring the independence of the judiciary: The doctrine reinforces the independence of the judiciary by preventing any amendment that could compromise the separation of powers. This empowers the Supreme Court to safeguard its autonomy and ensure its ability to act as a check on the executive and legislative branches of government. For example, in the L. Chandra Kumar case (1997), the Supreme Court struck down the provisions of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment that sought to curtail the power of judicial review by establishing administrative tribunals.
4. Prevention of arbitrary amendments: The doctrine acts as a deterrent against any attempt by the Parliament to arbitrarily amend the Constitution for short-term political gains. This empowers the Supreme Court to invalidate any such amendment that violates the spirit of the Basic Structure. For example, in the I.R. Coelho case (2007), the Supreme Court held that even constitutional amendments made under Article 31-B, which provides for the inclusion of certain laws in the Ninth Schedule, are subject to judicial review if they violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
5. Promoting constitutionalism and rule of law: The Basic Structure doctrine has strengthened the role of the Supreme Court in upholding constitutionalism and the rule of law in India. By ensuring that the Constitution remains the supreme law of the land, the doctrine has reinforced the Court's authority to review the constitutionality of laws passed by the Parliament and state legislatures.
In conclusion, the Doctrine of Basic Structure has significantly enhanced the power of judicial review of the Supreme Court by enabling it to act as the guardian of the Constitution. By preserving the essential features of the Constitution, the doctrine has ensured that the democratic framework, fundamental rights, and the rule of law remain intact in India, thereby strengthening the functioning of the country's constitutional democracy.

c) Discuss the composition and functions of the Inter-State Council. To what extent has this body been successful in achieving its objectives?       (15 Marks)

The Inter-State Council is a constitutional body established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution. It was set up in 1990, based on the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission, with the primary objective of promoting cooperation and coordination between the Union and the States and among the States. The composition and functions of the Inter-State Council are as follows:

Composition:

1. The Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson.

2. The Chief Ministers of all the States and Union Territories having Legislative Assemblies.

3. Administrators of Union Territories not having Legislative Assemblies.

4. Six Union Cabinet Ministers, including the Union Home Minister, nominated by the Prime Minister.

Functions:

1. Investigating and discussing subjects of common interest between the Center and the States, or between two or more States, to facilitate coordination of policies and actions.

2. Making recommendations on any subject to secure better coordination of policy and action.

3. Deliberating upon matters referred to it by the President of India in the interest of better coordination between the States and the Union.

4. Advising on the settlement of inter-state disputes, including recommendations for the constitution of tribunals.

The success of the Inter-State Council in achieving its objectives can be assessed from the following aspects:

1. Frequency of Meetings: The Inter-State Council has not been very successful in terms of regular meetings, as it has met only 12 times since its inception in 1990. This indicates a lack of commitment from the political leadership in utilizing the platform effectively.

2. Implementation of Recommendations: The Council has made several important recommendations over the years, such as the need for greater devolution of powers to States, the establishment of a permanent Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal, and the setting up of a National Security Council. However, many of these recommendations have either not been implemented or have been implemented only partially.

3. Resolving Inter-State Disputes: The Council has been somewhat successful in resolving inter-state disputes, such as the Cauvery Water Dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. However, it has not been able to resolve several other disputes, such as those related to river water sharing or territorial claims.

4. Promoting Cooperative Federalism: The Inter-State Council has played a role in fostering a spirit of cooperative federalism in India by providing a platform for dialogue and negotiation between the States and the Union. However, this role has been limited, as the Council has not been able to create a strong institutional mechanism for effective cooperation and coordination between the different levels of government.

In conclusion, while the Inter-State Council has made some progress in achieving its objectives, it has not been entirely successful, primarily due to the lack of regular meetings, inadequate implementation of its recommendations, and the absence of a strong institutional mechanism for promoting cooperative federalism. For the Council to be more effective in fulfilling its objectives, it is essential to ensure greater commitment from the political leadership, more robust follow-up mechanisms for implementing its recommendations, and the strengthening of its institutional framework.

Q.7. Answer the following:

a) Examine the unique features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. Do you think this Amendment would contribute in achieving the goal of empowerment of marginalised sections of the society?       (20 Marks)

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, is a significant milestone in the history of democratic decentralization in India. It mandates the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), or local self-governments, in rural areas to ensure grassroots level democracy and empowerment of marginalized sections of society. The unique features of this amendment have the potential to contribute significantly to the goal of empowerment of marginalized sections. Some of these features are as follows:

1. Constitutional status: The 73rd amendment provides constitutional status to PRIs. This ensures that state governments cannot arbitrarily dissolve or undermine these institutions, thus providing stability and continuity to the functioning of PRIs.

2. Regular elections: The amendment mandates regular elections every five years for PRIs. This ensures that people have a regular say in the governance of their local areas and can hold their elected representatives accountable.

3. Reservation of seats: The amendment provides for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women in PRIs. This ensures representation and participation of marginalized sections of society in local governance. For example, at least one-third of seats in PRIs are reserved for women, ensuring their increased participation in decision-making at the grassroots level.

4. Devolution of powers and responsibilities: The amendment mandates the devolution of powers and responsibilities to PRIs for the preparation and implementation of plans for economic development and social justice. This ensures that local governments can address the specific needs and aspirations of their constituents, including marginalized sections.

5. Establishment of State Finance Commissions: The amendment provides for the establishment of State Finance Commissions in each state to ensure adequate financial resources for PRIs. This ensures that these institutions have the necessary funds to carry out their functions effectively, including addressing the needs of marginalized sections.

6. Establishment of District Planning Committees: The amendment mandates the establishment of District Planning Committees to consolidate and harmonize plans developed by PRIs. This ensures that planning for development is done in an integrated and coordinated manner, taking into account the needs of marginalized sections.

In conclusion, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment has the potential to significantly contribute to the empowerment of marginalized sections of society by ensuring their representation, participation, and decision-making power in local governance. However, the realization of this potential depends on the effective implementation of the provisions of the amendment at the ground level. Challenges such as lack of awareness, capacity-building, and political interference need to be addressed to ensure that PRIs can truly become vehicles of empowerment for marginalized sections of society.

b) The Speaker represents the freedom and dignity of the House. Examine.       (15 Marks)

The Speaker of the House is an essential figure in any parliamentary democracy, playing a crucial role in maintaining the sanctity, dignity, and freedom of the House. In the Indian context, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, holds a unique position of authority and respect.
The Speaker's role can be examined in the following ways:

1. Impartiality: The Speaker is expected to be impartial and fair in conducting the business of the House. Once elected, the Speaker has to dissociate themselves from their political party and maintain neutrality in their decisions. This impartiality ensures that all members of the House, irrespective of their party affiliations, are treated fairly and equally. This upholds the dignity of the House and allows for a diverse range of voices to be heard.

2. Custodian of the House: The Speaker is responsible for safeguarding the rights and privileges of the members of the House. They ensure that the members can exercise their right to speak, question, and debate without any fear or favor. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining decorum and order in the House, which upholds the dignity of the institution.

3. Referee and Guide: The Speaker has the authority to interpret the rules of procedure and the Constitution in case of any dispute or ambiguity. They act as a referee during debates, ensuring that the discussions remain within the boundaries of the established rules. This guidance ensures that the House functions smoothly and efficiently, reflecting the freedom and dignity of the institution.

4. Deciding on Matters of Privilege: The Speaker has the authority to decide on matters of privilege raised by members. Matters of privilege are those that impact the rights and immunities of the House or its members. By making fair and just decisions on such matters, the Speaker ensures that the rights of the members and the dignity of the House are protected.

5. Casting Vote: In case of a tie on any matter, the Speaker has the authority to cast a vote in favor of or against the issue. This power of the Speaker upholds the principle of impartiality and ensures that the House remains the ultimate decision-making authority in a parliamentary democracy.

Some examples from the Indian context that highlight the role of the Speaker in upholding the freedom and dignity of the House include:

(i) In 2015, Sumitra Mahajan, the then Speaker of the Lok Sabha, suspended 25 members of the opposition for causing disruptions in the House. This decision was taken to maintain order and decorum in the House and uphold its dignity.
(ii)  In 2008, during the vote of confidence on the Indo-US nuclear deal, the then Speaker Somnath Chatterjee refused to step down from his position despite pressure from his party, the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He maintained that as the Speaker, his primary responsibility was to the House and its members, not his political party.
(iii) In 1993, the then Speaker Shivraj Patil upheld the freedom and dignity of the House by allowing a motion of no-confidence against the government to be discussed and voted upon, despite the government's objections.

These examples illustrate the critical role played by the Speaker in upholding the freedom and dignity of the House. The Speaker acts as a custodian of the rights and privileges of the members and ensures that the House functions efficiently and impartially. In doing so, they contribute to the strength and vibrancy of the parliamentary democracy.

c) Discuss the policy initiatives of the Fourteenth Finance Commission aimed towards promoting and strengthening agricultural development in India.       (15 Marks)

The Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC) of India, constituted in 2013 under the chairmanship of Dr. Y.V. Reddy, aimed at promoting and strengthening agricultural development in India through various policy initiatives. These initiatives focused on addressing key challenges in the agricultural sector, such as low productivity, poor infrastructure, inadequate access to credit, and vulnerability to climate change. The FFC recommended several measures to improve agricultural growth and enhance the welfare of the farming community. Some of the key policy initiatives are as follows:
1. Enhancing investment in agriculture: The FFC emphasized the need to increase public investment in agriculture, focusing on areas such as irrigation, research and development, agricultural extension, and marketing infrastructure. This would help in improving productivity, promoting crop diversification, and ensuring better remunerative prices for farmers.
2. Strengthening agricultural credit: Recognizing the importance of credit in agriculture, the FFC recommended measures to improve access to institutional credit, especially for small and marginal farmers. This included enhancing the coverage of Kisan Credit Cards, promoting joint liability groups, and providing interest subvention to ensure affordable credit to farmers.
3. Promoting risk management in agriculture: The FFC acknowledged the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to various risks, such as price fluctuations, production uncertainties, and climate change. It recommended the adoption of a comprehensive risk management strategy, including crop insurance, weather-based insurance, and futures trading in agricultural commodities.
4. Improving agricultural marketing: The FFC called for reforms in agricultural marketing to ensure better price realization for farmers. This included the creation of a National Agriculture Market (eNAM) to facilitate online trading of agricultural commodities, promoting contract farming, and setting up of market infrastructure such as cold storage, warehouses, and regulated markets.
5. Addressing regional disparities in agricultural development: The FFC recognized the need to address regional imbalances in agricultural development and recommended measures such as area-specific interventions, special packages for rain-fed areas, and targeted support for resource-poor states.
6. Centrally Sponsored Schemes: The FFC suggested rationalization of centrally sponsored schemes in agriculture to ensure better targeting, convergence, and effectiveness. It recommended the adoption of a flexible approach, allowing states to adapt and modify schemes based on their specific needs and priorities.
7. Strengthening agricultural research and extension: The FFC emphasized the importance of research and technology in agricultural development and recommended measures to strengthen the agricultural research system, including increased funding, promoting public-private partnerships, and enhancing the capacity of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs).
8. Climate change and agriculture: Recognizing the impact of climate change on agriculture, the FFC recommended the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices, such as conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, and water-use efficiency. It also called for the development of climate-resilient crop varieties and the establishment of climate change research centers to study the impact of climate change on agriculture.
9. Focus on allied sectors: The FFC underscored the importance of allied sectors such as horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries, and agroforestry in providing income support to farmers and promoting diversification. It recommended measures to enhance the productivity and profitability of these sectors through research, extension, and market support.
Overall, the policy initiatives of the Fourteenth Finance Commission aimed at promoting and strengthening agricultural development in India focused on addressing the key challenges and fostering a conducive environment for sustainable growth in the sector. The recommendations, if effectively implemented, can significantly contribute to enhancing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and improving the welfare of the farming community in India. 

Q.8. Answer the following:

a) Ethnicity is the underlying cause which poses a great challenge in the resolution of the problems in the North-East region of India. Comment.       (20 Marks)

Ethnicity indeed poses a significant challenge in resolving the problems in the North-East region of India. The North-East region is home to numerous ethnic groups, each with its unique language, culture, and traditions. This diverse ethnic composition often leads to conflicts and demands for autonomy, thus creating hurdles in the resolution of problems in the region.
Some of the factors that explain this situation are:

1. History of migration and settlement: The North-East region has witnessed several waves of migration over centuries, leading to a complex mix of ethnic groups. For instance, the Assamese, the Nagas, the Mizos, and the Bodos, among others, have co-existed in the region. This historical background often leads to competing claims and contestations among various ethnic groups.

2. Identity politics: Ethnicity has been used as a political tool by various political parties and organizations to mobilize people and demand greater autonomy or separate statehood. For example, the demand for a separate state of Bodoland is based on the ethnic identity of Bodo people. Such identity politics often leads to conflicts between different ethnic communities.

3. Insurgency and militancy: Ethnic tensions have also resulted in the rise of insurgent and militant groups in the region, further complicating the resolution of problems. Several groups, such as the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), have taken up arms to fight for their respective ethnic causes, leading to violence and instability.

4. Lack of integration and development: The North-East region has remained relatively underdeveloped compared to the rest of the country, partly due to its challenging geography and lack of infrastructure. This has led to a sense of alienation among the ethnic groups, who feel neglected by the central government, further fueling ethnic tensions.

5. Inter-state and international borders: The North-East region shares borders with several states within India as well as with other countries like China, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. This has led to issues related to cross-border migration, territorial disputes, and smuggling, which further exacerbate the ethnic tensions in the region.

To address these challenges, the government has taken various initiatives, such as signing peace accords and granting autonomy to different ethnic groups. For example, the Bodo Accord (2020) was signed between the government, the All Bodo Students' Union (ABSU), and the factions of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), aiming to provide political and economic benefits to the Bodo people. However, such efforts have met with limited success in resolving the ethnic conflicts in the region.

In conclusion, ethnicity is indeed a major factor that poses a significant challenge in resolving the problems in the North-East region of India. A comprehensive and inclusive approach, addressing the historical, political, socio-economic, and cultural aspects of the various ethnic groups, is necessary to bring about lasting peace and development in the region.

b) The making of the Indian Constitution is described as an attempt towards 'social revolution'. Comment.       (15 Marks)

The making of the Indian Constitution can be described as an attempt towards 'social revolution' because it aimed to bring about a fundamental transformation in Indian society's social, economic, and political structures. The architects of the Constitution envisioned a new social order based on the principles of justice, equality, and fraternity. 
Several provisions in the Constitution reflect this vision of social revolution:
1. Abolition of Untouchability: The Constitution abolished untouchability under Article 17, which was a significant step towards dismantling the age-old caste system and promoting social equality. This provision made it a punishable offense to practice untouchability in any form.
2. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights to all citizens, which were aimed at promoting social justice and ensuring all citizens' dignity. Some of these rights, such as the right to equality (Article 14-18) and the right to freedom of religion (Article 25-28), were designed to address deep-rooted social inequalities and promote social harmony.
3. Reservation Policies: The Constitution provides for reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) under Articles 15(4) and 16(4). This affirmative action policy aimed to uplift the historically marginalized sections of society and provide them with better opportunities for socio-economic development.
4. Directive Principles of State Policy: The Constitution contains several Directive Principles of State Policy, which are guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic justice. Some of these principles, such as Article 39 (A) and Article 46, specifically focus on the welfare of the weaker sections of society, including SCs, STs, and OBCs.
5. Uniform Civil Code: Article 44 of the Constitution directs the state to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens, which would replace the existing personal laws based on religion and caste. While this provision has not yet been implemented, it reflects the Constitution's commitment to promoting social integration and secularism.
6. Special provisions for linguistic and religious minorities: The Constitution provides various safeguards to protect the cultural and educational rights of linguistic and religious minorities under Articles 29 and 30. These provisions aimed to promote social harmony and inclusiveness in a diverse and pluralistic society.
7. Panchayati Raj Institutions: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1992 introduced Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) at the local level, which aimed to promote decentralization and grass-root level democracy. These institutions provided for reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and women, ensuring their representation and participation in the democratic process.
In conclusion, the Indian Constitution reflects the vision of social revolution by aiming to transform the social, economic, and political structures that perpetuated inequality and discrimination. Although the realization of this vision has been slow and uneven, the Constitution continues to serve as a guiding framework for India's pursuit of social justice and equality. 

c) How far is it correct that the regional parties have strengthened Indian democracy and federal system? Substantiate your answer with suitable examples.       (15 Marks)

It is widely believed that the emergence and growth of regional parties have played a significant role in strengthening Indian democracy and the federal system.
This argument can be substantiated with the following points:

1. Representation of diverse interests: India is a country with immense diversity in terms of culture, language, religion, and ethnicity. Regional parties, by their very nature, cater to the specific interests and aspirations of the people in their respective regions. This ensures that the concerns of various sections of society are adequately represented in the democratic decision-making process, thereby strengthening the democratic fabric of the country. For instance, parties like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) in Tamil Nadu, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh, and the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) in Punjab have played a crucial role in articulating the regional aspirations of their states.

2. Decentralization of power: The rise of regional parties has led to the decentralization of political power in India. This has helped in preventing the concentration of power in the hands of a few national parties and has allowed for a more equitable distribution of power among various political actors. This decentralization has also led to a more effective implementation of policies and programs at the state level. For instance, the emergence of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) in Delhi has allowed for better governance and delivery of public services in the city-state.

3. Checks and balances: The presence of strong regional parties has ensured that the central government is kept in check and is not able to impose its will on the states arbitrarily. This is particularly important in a federal system like India, where the relationship between the central and state governments is based on the principle of shared sovereignty. For instance, the Trinamool Congress (TMC) in West Bengal has consistently opposed central government policies that it believes infringe upon the rights of the state.

4. Coalition politics: The rise of regional parties has led to the era of coalition governments at the national level. While coalition politics can sometimes lead to instability, it also ensures that no single party has a monopoly on power and that various political actors have a say in the decision-making process. This is in line with the spirit of a federal system, where power is meant to be shared between different levels of government. The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments led by the Indian National Congress (INC) and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) governments led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have both relied on the support of regional parties to form and sustain their governments.

5. Healthy competition: The presence of strong regional parties has also led to a healthy competition between states for resources and development projects. This has, in turn, led to better governance and improved development outcomes in many states. For example, the competition between the states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu in terms of attracting investment and promoting industrial development has been instrumental in driving the economic growth of these states.

In conclusion, the growth of regional parties has indeed strengthened Indian democracy and the federal system by ensuring better representation of diverse interests, decentralization of power, providing checks and balances, promoting coalition politics, and fostering healthy competition among states. However, it is also important to ensure that the rise of regional parties does not lead to excessive parochialism and regionalism, which can undermine the unity and integrity of the nation.