UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: History Paper 1 (Section- B) | History Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Section - B

Q5: Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : (10x5=50)
(a) Discuss the various proponents of Indian feudalism.
Ans: 
Introduction:
The concept of Indian feudalism has been a subject of historical debate. Various scholars have put forth arguments in support of this theory, citing evidence from different periods in Indian history.

Key Proponents:

1. R.S. Sharma:

• Land Grants and Feudalism: Sharma argued that the extensive land grants (land given by rulers to nobles in return for loyalty and military service) during the Gupta period were indicative of a feudal structure.
• Social and Economic Stratification: He pointed to the emergence of a stratified society with distinct classes, resembling feudal relations.

2. D.D. Kosambi:

• Role of Land Ownership: Kosambi emphasized the significance of landownership and the exploitation of peasants by landlords in post-Gupta India.
• Caste System and Feudalism: He saw parallels between the caste system and feudal relations, positing that both were systems of exploitation.

3. Irfan Habib:

• Imperial Cholas and Feudalism: Habib argued that the Chola dynasty exhibited features of a feudal state, with landed nobility (velalars) receiving land grants in return for military service.
• Debate on Feudalism in Early India: He engaged in debates with other historians, defending the notion of Indian feudalism.

Conclusion: 
The proponents of Indian feudalism have put forth compelling arguments based on various historical periods and regions. While the existence of a full-fledged feudal system in India is still a subject of debate, their contributions have enriched our understanding of the socio-economic structures in different eras.

(b) Examine the defects in Alberuni’s assessment of the Indian society.
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Alberuni, an Arab scholar who visited India in the 11th century, provided invaluable insights into Indian society and culture. However, there were certain limitations and defects in his assessment.
Key Defects:
1. Religious Bias:

• Alberuni, being a devout Muslim, viewed Indian religious practices through an Islamic lens. This led to a certain level of cultural relativism and misunderstandings.

2. Linguistic and Communication Barriers:

• Alberuni faced challenges in accurately comprehending and translating Indian texts, which led to potential misinterpretations.

3. Limited Geographic Exposure:

• His observations were largely confined to regions of Northern India. This limited perspective may not have provided a comprehensive view of the entire subcontinent.

4. Influence of Preconceived Notions:

• Alberuni’s pre-existing notions about the superiority of Islamic culture may have influenced his assessments of Indian society.

Conclusion: 
While Alberuni's work is invaluable for its detailed account of Indian society, it is important to recognize the limitations and potential biases in his assessment. Modern historians often contextualize his writings with other sources to form a more holistic understanding of ancient India.

(c) Discuss the importance of Sufic literature as an important source of history.
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Sufic literature, primarily the writings of Sufi saints and mystics, offers unique insights into the spiritual, social, and cultural dimensions of medieval India. It serves as a valuable source of historical information.

Key Points:

• Spiritual and Social Commentary: Sufi literature contains reflections on the spiritual experiences, beliefs, and practices of Sufi mystics. This provides a window into the religious climate of the time.
• Cultural and Linguistic Insights: Sufi poetry often employs local languages and dialects, offering a glimpse into linguistic diversity and cultural exchanges in medieval India.
• Accounts of Sufi Orders and Movements: Sufi writings document the establishment and activities of various Sufi orders, shedding light on their influence on local communities.
• Role in Social Reforms: Sufis played a significant role in social and cultural reforms, advocating for inclusivity, tolerance, and humanitarian values. Their writings reflect these ideals.
• Historical Events and Personalities: Sufi literature sometimes contains references to contemporary historical events, rulers, and societal conditions, providing valuable context for historians.

Conclusion: 
Sufic literature serves as a rich source for understanding the spiritual, social, and cultural dynamics of medieval India. It offers a unique perspective, complementing other historical records and providing valuable insights into the multifaceted history of the subcontinent.

(d) What factors do you attribute for the decline of the Delhi Sultanate?
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The Delhi Sultanate, which ruled parts of India from the 13th to the 16th century, faced a decline due to various internal and external factors.

Key Factors:

• Weak Succession and Political Instability: Succession disputes, weak rulers, and a lack of centralized authority led to political instability, making the Sultanate vulnerable to external invasions.

• Economic Challenges: The Sultanate faced economic strain due to excessive taxation, inefficient revenue collection, and the drain of wealth through military expeditions.

• Invasion and External Threats: Continuous invasions by Mongols, Timurids, and later, the Mughals, weakened the Sultanate's control over its territories.

• Social Unrest and Rebellion: Famine, revolts by local nobility, and peasant uprisings contributed to internal strife and weakened the Sultanate's authority.

• Regional Disintegration: The Sultanate faced challenges in maintaining control over various regions, leading to the emergence of independent regional kingdoms.

Conclusion: 
The decline of the Delhi Sultanate was a complex process influenced by a combination of internal weaknesses and external pressures. These factors ultimately contributed to the fragmentation and eventual downfall of the Sultanate.

(e) The motive of Alauddin Khalji’s agrarian policy was to curb the powers of the intermediaries. Examine the measures which he adopted to achieve his objective.
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Alauddin Khalji, a ruler of the Khalji dynasty in Delhi (1296–1316 CE), implemented significant agrarian reforms with the aim of strengthening the central authority and curbing the powers of intermediaries.

Key Measures:

• Land Revenue Reforms: Alauddin introduced a system known as 'Dagh' where a branding system was used to ascertain the state's share of agricultural produce. This helped in curbing tax evasion.

• Market Control and Price Regulation: He instituted a system of controlled markets (known as 'Shahana-i-Mandi') to regulate the prices of essential commodities. This reduced the influence of local intermediaries.

• Military Reforms and Iqta System: Alauddin strengthened the army, ensuring direct control over the military. He also reduced the power of military governors (iqtadars) who were acting as intermediaries.

• Wealth Tax (Kharaj): A wealth tax was introduced on landowners, ensuring a continuous source of revenue for the state.

• Monitoring and Surveillance: Alauddin implemented a system of spies (diwan-i-mustakhraj) to monitor and report any attempts at tax evasion or rebellion.

Conclusion: 
Alauddin Khalji's agrarian policy aimed to centralize power by reducing the influence of intermediaries and strengthening the authority of the central state. His measures in land revenue, market regulation, military reforms, and taxation played a crucial role in achieving this objective.

Q6:
(a) Discuss the role of Nur Jahan in the Mughal court politics during the reign of Jahangir.     (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: Nur Jahan, born as Mehr-un-Nissa, was the wife of Emperor Jahangir and one of the most influential women in Mughal history. Her astuteness and political acumen had a significant impact on the Mughal court during Jahangir's reign.
Key Points:
1. Political Influence:

• Administrative Decision-making: Nur Jahan actively participated in state affairs and influenced important administrative decisions.
• Appointment of Officials: She played a crucial role in the appointment of key officials, favoring those loyal to her.

2. Economic Policies:

• Promotion of Trade: Nur Jahan encouraged trade and commerce, fostering economic prosperity within the empire.
• Patronage of Arts and Crafts: She supported various artistic endeavors, including the famous Noor Jahan Coins.

3. Military Strategies:

• Role in Military Campaigns: She played a significant role in the planning and execution of military campaigns, particularly during the revolt of Jahangir's son, Khusrau.

4. Cultural Patronage:

• Promotion of Arts and Literature: Nur Jahan was a great patron of the arts and contributed to the flourishing of Mughal culture.
• Construction of Architectural Marvels: She commissioned several architectural projects, including the tomb of her father, Itimad-ud-Daula.

5. Impact on Imperial Image:

• Portrayal of Jahangir: Her influence also extended to how Jahangir was depicted, emphasizing her role in his success.

Conclusion: Nur Jahan's remarkable influence in Mughal court politics was a testament to her intelligence and political shrewdness. Her tenure saw a flourishing of arts and culture, as well as significant contributions to the political and economic landscape of the Mughal Empire.

(b) Why did Balban prefer ‘consolidation’ over ‘expansion’ of the Delhi Sultanate?      (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Ghiyasuddin Balban, a prominent ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century, believed in prioritizing the consolidation of existing territories over further expansion.

Key Points:

• Centralization of Authority: Balban focused on strengthening the central authority and maintaining control over the existing territories to ensure stability and order.

• Suppression of Revolts: Balban faced numerous challenges from local revolts and uprisings. He believed in quelling internal dissent before embarking on external conquests.

• Military Reforms: He introduced a system of military reforms, emphasizing discipline and loyalty among the troops. This was essential for maintaining control over the existing territories.

• Recognition of Limits: Balban understood the limitations of the empire's resources and manpower. He believed that further expansion might overextend the empire and lead to its fragmentation.

• Legacy of Destruction: Balban witnessed the destruction caused by continuous invasions and internal revolts. He aimed to stabilize the empire rather than further exposing it to potential conflicts.

Conclusion: 
Balban's preference for consolidation over expansion was a strategic decision aimed at securing and stabilizing the existing territories of the Delhi Sultanate. His approach helped in establishing a strong foundation for the empire's stability and longevity.

(c) What features of European paintings were incorporated in the Mughal miniature painting?      (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Mughal miniature painting, a distinct art form that flourished during the Mughal period, incorporated certain features influenced by European painting techniques.

Key Features:

• Use of Perspective and Realism: Mughal miniatures began to adopt a more naturalistic portrayal of space, influenced by European techniques of perspective. This led to a greater sense of depth and dimensionality.

• Introduction of New Subjects: European influence brought new subjects into Mughal art, including European figures, clothing, and architectural elements. This expanded the range of themes depicted in miniature paintings.

• Portraiture and Individualism: The European influence encouraged a more individualistic approach to portraiture, where specific facial features and expressions were emphasized.

• Shading and Lighting Techniques: European techniques of shading and highlighting were incorporated into Mughal miniatures, enhancing the sense of three-dimensionality.

• Influence on Composition: European painting styles influenced the arrangement of figures and objects within the composition, leading to more dynamic and visually engaging scenes.

Conclusion: 
The incorporation of European painting techniques into Mughal miniature art represented a dynamic phase in the evolution of this distinctive form. It demonstrated the adaptability and openness of Mughal artists to new influences, resulting in a fusion of styles that enriched the artistic heritage of the Mughal Empire.

Q7:
(a) The Marathas posed a significant threat to the integrity of the Mughal Empire. Discuss.       (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The Marathas, a powerful regional power in western India, posed a substantial threat to the integrity of the Mughal Empire during the 17th and 18th centuries. Their rise significantly weakened Mughal authority in key regions.

Key Points:

1. Growth of Maratha Confederacy:

• Expansionist Policies: The Marathas aggressively expanded their territory, establishing a vast confederacy under leaders like Shivaji and later, the Peshwas.
• Chauth and Sardeshmukhi: They levied taxes like chauth and sardeshmukhi on Mughal territories, further eroding Mughal revenue.

2. Raids and Incursions:

• Guerrilla Warfare Tactics: The Marathas were adept at guerrilla warfare, making them a formidable force against the Mughals.
• Deccan Campaigns: Maratha leaders like Shivaji launched successful campaigns in the Deccan, challenging Mughal control.

3. Weakening Mughal Control:

• Loss of Revenue and Territory: The constant raids and tax collection by the Marathas significantly weakened Mughal control over key provinces.
• Challenges in Deccan: The Mughals faced persistent resistance in the Deccan, leading to a drain on resources.

4. Strategic Alliances:

• Alliances with Regional Powers: The Marathas formed alliances with other regional powers like the Rajputs, further complicating Mughal efforts to regain control.

5. Decline of Mughal Authority:

• Fragmentation of the Empire: The Mughal Empire became increasingly fragmented and decentralized, allowing regional powers like the Marathas to assert their influence.

Conclusion: 
The Marathas' aggressive expansion and their ability to challenge Mughal authority in key regions posed a significant threat to the integrity of the Mughal Empire. Their rise played a crucial role in the gradual decline of Mughal power.

(b) “Haidar Ali was born to build an empire, and Tipu Sultan to lose one.” Comment.       (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Haidar Ali and his son Tipu Sultan were prominent rulers of Mysore in the late 18th century. While Haidar Ali was known for building a powerful state, Tipu Sultan faced challenges in maintaining it.
Key Points:
1. Haidar Ali: Builder of an Empire

• Military Reforms: Haidar Ali modernized the Mysorean army, incorporating European tactics and technology.
• Expansionist Policies: He aggressively expanded Mysore's territory, challenging British and Maratha influence in South India.
• Administrative Reforms: Haidar introduced administrative reforms to strengthen governance in his empire.

2. Tipu Sultan: Challenges and Decline

• Conflicts with the British: Tipu Sultan faced significant challenges in his wars against the British East India Company, leading to the loss of territory.
• Alliance with the French: His alliance with the French during the Anglo-French wars further heightened tensions with the British.

3. Legacy and Assessment

• Builder of Modern Mysore: Haidar Ali laid the foundations of a powerful state, strengthening the military and administration.
• Challenges and Decline: Tipu Sultan faced formidable challenges, including conflicts with the British, which ultimately led to the downfall of the Mysorean Empire.

Conclusion: 
Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan played crucial roles in the history of Mysore. While Haidar Ali built a formidable empire, Tipu Sultan faced immense challenges in maintaining it, particularly in the face of British expansionism. Their legacies reflect the complexities and challenges of empire-building in 18th-century India.

(c) Analyze the rise of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh.      (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Ranjit Singh, the founder and leader of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, played a pivotal role in unifying the Sikh chieftains and establishing a formidable state in Northern India.
Key Points:
1. Consolidation of Power:

• End of Feudalism: Ranjit Singh successfully brought an end to the era of Sikh chieftains (misls) and established a centralized Sikh kingdom.
• Military Prowess: He built a powerful army by integrating various Sikh factions and modernizing the military with European techniques.

2. Territorial Expansion:

• Capture of Lahore: In 1799, Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, making it his capital and further expanding his territory.
• Annexation of Neighboring States: He annexed neighboring regions, including parts of Punjab, Kashmir, and parts of modern-day Pakistan.

3. Religious Tolerance and Administration:

• Religious Pluralism: Ranjit Singh was known for his religious tolerance, allowing freedom of worship for different communities in his empire.
• Effective Administration: He implemented administrative reforms, ensuring efficient governance and revenue collection.

4. Cultural Patronage:

• Promotion of Arts and Culture: Ranjit Singh was a patron of the arts, encouraging the production of fine arts and architectural projects.

5. Alliances with European Powers:

• Diplomatic Relations: He established diplomatic ties with European powers like France and Britain, maintaining a neutral stance in their conflicts.

Conclusion: 
Ranjit Singh's leadership and strategic acumen were instrumental in the rise of the Sikh Empire. His policies of consolidation, military expansion, religious tolerance, and administrative reforms laid the foundation for a powerful Sikh state in Northern India.

Q8:
(a) Mughal architecture was syncretic in character. Comment.       (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Mughal architecture is renowned for its unique blend of indigenous Indian, Persian, and Islamic elements. This syncretic character emerged under various Mughal emperors, showcasing a rich cultural fusion.
Key Points:
1. Blend of Architectural Styles:

• Persian Influence: Mughal architecture inherited elements from Persian architecture, including the use of domes, minarets, and intricate tile work.
• Indian Innovations: The Mughals integrated Indian architectural traditions, such as the use of red sandstone, chhatris (domed pavilions), and ornate carvings.

2. Influence of Islamic Architecture:

• Centralized Symmetry: Mughal structures often featured centralized layouts, influenced by Islamic architectural principles.
• Iwan and Courtyard Design: Elements like iwans (porticoes) and courtyards were incorporated, reflecting Islamic architectural practices.

3. Use of Local Materials:

• Red Sandstone and Marble: The Mughals favored red sandstone and white marble, which were readily available in the region. Examples include the Red Fort in Delhi and the Taj Mahal.

4. Integration of Decorative Arts:

• Intricate Carvings and Inlay Work: Mughal architecture is characterized by intricate carvings, geometric patterns, and floral motifs. The Taj Mahal is a prime example of this artistry.

5. Influence of Hindu Elements:

• Chhatris and Jharokhas: The Mughals incorporated features like chhatris (dome-shaped pavilions) and jharokhas (balconies) from Hindu architecture.

6. Legacy of Akbar's Architectural Style:

• Akbar's reign witnessed a distinctive blend of Persian, Indian, and Central Asian influences, seen in structures like Fatehpur Sikri.

Conclusion: 
Mughal architecture's syncretic character is a testament to the diverse cultural and artistic influences that converged during the Mughal Empire. This fusion of styles and techniques resulted in some of the most iconic architectural marvels in the world.

(b) The economy of India was not stagnant in the eighteenth century. Discuss.      (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Contrary to the misconception of economic stagnation, India in the 18th century witnessed significant economic activities and transformations across various sectors.

Key Points:

1. Agricultural Productivity:

• Crop Diversification: The period saw diversification in crops, including cash crops like cotton, indigo, and opium for export markets.
• Irrigation Techniques: Innovations in irrigation, like the construction of canals, boosted agricultural productivity.

2. Trade and Commerce:

• European Trading Companies: European powers, particularly the British and Dutch, established trading posts and controlled key ports, facilitating trade.
• Intra-Asian Trade: India played a central role in the vast network of intra-Asian trade, connecting regions from Southeast Asia to the Middle East.

3. Craftsmanship and Industries:

• Artisanal Production: India was renowned for its handicrafts, including textiles, pottery, jewelry, and metallurgy.
• Cottage Industries: Cottage industries thrived, with skilled artisans producing high-quality goods for both domestic consumption and export.

4. Urban Centers and Markets:

• Growth of Cities: Cities like Delhi, Agra, and Surat were vibrant urban centers with bustling markets and diverse economic activities.
• Bazaars and Commercial Hubs: Bazaars and markets were integral to the economic landscape, facilitating trade and commerce.

5. Banking and Financial Systems:

• Hundi System: The hundi system, a traditional Indian financial instrument, facilitated long-distance trade and credit transactions.
• Banking Houses: Wealthy merchants and banking houses played a crucial role in financing trade and business ventures.

Conclusion: 
The 18th century in India was characterized by a dynamic and multifaceted economy, with thriving agriculture, trade, craftsmanship, and urban centers. This period laid the groundwork for the economic transformations that would continue into the colonial era.

(c) Discuss the nature of the Mughal State under Akbar.      (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, played a pivotal role in shaping the nature of the Mughal state. His reign (1556-1605) is often hailed as a period of administrative and political innovation.

Key Points:

1. Centralization and Administrative Reforms:

• Divine Right of Kingship: Akbar consolidated power, emphasizing the divine nature of his rule and centralizing authority in the hands of the emperor.
• Mansabdari System: He introduced the mansabdari system, where officials were appointed based on their military ranks (mansabs), ensuring loyalty and efficiency in the administration.

2. Religious Policies:

• Religious Tolerance: Akbar promoted religious tolerance and sought to create a syncretic religious environment through initiatives like the Din-i-Ilahi.
• Abolition of Jizya: He abolished the jizya (tax on non-Muslims), further demonstrating his commitment to religious pluralism.

3. Land Revenue Reforms:

• Todar Mal's Bandobast: Akbar implemented a systematic revenue assessment and collection system known as the Zabt system, which aimed to increase efficiency and revenue collection.

4. Military Reforms:

• Incorporation of Rajputs: Akbar sought to integrate the Rajputs into his administration, marrying Rajput princesses and incorporating Rajput warriors into his army.
• Introduction of Firearms: He modernized the Mughal army by introducing firearms and artillery, enhancing its military capabilities.

5. Cultural and Intellectual Flourishing:

• Patronage of Arts and Culture: Akbar was a patron of the arts, fostering a rich cultural environment that included Mughal miniature painting and architecture.

Conclusion: 
Akbar's rule marked a period of remarkable innovation in Mughal governance. His policies of centralization, religious tolerance, land revenue reforms, and military modernization laid the foundation for a strong and prosperous Mughal state. His legacy as a visionary ruler continues to be celebrated in Indian history.