UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Sociology Paper 2 (Section- B) | Sociology Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Section - B

Q5: Write short answers , with a sociological perspective, on the following questions in about 150 words each:   (10x5=50)
(a) Citing some case studies, expand the concept of ‘Development-induced Displacement’.    (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Development-induced displacement occurs when people are forced to leave their homes and lands due to development projects such as dams, mining, and infrastructure development. This has significant social, economic, and environmental implications.
Case Studies:
1. Narmada Valley Dam Project, India:

• The construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River displaced thousands of families from their ancestral lands.
• The project led to protests and activism by the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement), highlighting the plight of the affected communities.

2. Three Gorges Dam, China:

• The construction of the Three Gorges Dam resulted in the displacement of around 1.3 million people, forcing them to relocate to other areas.
• This massive project raised concerns about the social, environmental, and cultural consequences of displacement.

3. Belo Monte Dam, Brazil:

• The Belo Monte Dam project in the Amazon Basin led to the forced displacement of indigenous communities and local residents.
• Protests and legal battles ensued, focusing on the impact of the dam on the environment and indigenous rights.

Conclusion: 
Development-induced displacement has far-reaching consequences, often causing the loss of livelihoods, cultural dislocation, and environmental degradation. The affected communities often mobilize to demand fair compensation, rehabilitation, and environmental protection, highlighting the need for more inclusive and sustainable development practices.

(b) Examine the concept of ‘Cultural Pluralism’ in the context of India’s Unity in Diversity.    (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Cultural pluralism is the coexistence of various cultural groups within a single society, each maintaining their distinct identities, practices, and beliefs. India is a prime example of a nation that celebrates cultural pluralism within its broader identity of "Unity in Diversity."
Explanation:

• Diverse Cultural Traditions: India is home to a multitude of religions, languages, cuisines, clothing styles, and festivals. For example, Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Jainism coexist alongside numerous regional traditions.
• Constitutional Recognition: The Indian Constitution recognizes and protects the cultural and religious rights of all citizens. It promotes secularism and allows individuals to practice their faith freely.
• Cultural Festivals: Festivals like Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Holi, and Pongal are celebrated with fervor across the nation, transcending religious boundaries.
• Regional Variations: Each state in India has its unique cultural practices, languages, and traditions. For instance, the culture of Kerala in South India differs significantly from that of Punjab in the North.
• Cultural Institutions: India has various cultural institutions like the National Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, and the Sahitya Akademi, which promote and preserve diverse cultural expressions.

Conclusion: 
India’s cultural pluralism is a testament to the nation’s ability to embrace diversity and foster a sense of unity among its people. This coexistence of cultures enriches the social fabric, making India a vibrant and dynamic society.

(c) Highlight the salient features of the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020.    (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a comprehensive framework aimed at reforming the education system in India. It envisions a learner-centric, flexible, and inclusive education system.

Salient Features:

• Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE): NEP emphasizes the importance of ECCE, targeting children in the 3-6 age group. This aims to provide a strong foundation for lifelong learning.

• Multidisciplinary Education: The policy promotes a multidisciplinary approach, allowing students to choose a combination of subjects across streams (arts, science, commerce) for holistic learning.

• Vocational Education: NEP focuses on integrating vocational education from the secondary level onwards, aiming to equip students with practical skills and job readiness.

• Flexible Curricular Structure: The policy advocates for a flexible curriculum, allowing students to choose subjects based on their interests and abilities.

• Assessment Reforms: NEP proposes a shift from rote memorization to holistic assessment, focusing on critical thinking, problem-solving, and application-based learning.

• Teacher Training and Professional Development: Emphasis is placed on continuous professional development of teachers, including training in innovative teaching methodologies.

• Digital Education: The policy recognizes the importance of technology in education and aims to promote the use of digital resources for effective learning.

Conclusion: 
The NEP 2020 aims to revamp the education system in India to meet the demands of the 21st century. By focusing on flexibility, inclusivity, and skill development, it endeavors to empower students for a rapidly changing global landscape.

(d) Analyse the sociological interconnections between Social Media and Mass Mobilization in India.    (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Social media has become a powerful tool for mobilizing masses, influencing public opinion, and organizing social movements in India. This interconnection has both positive and negative sociological implications.
Sociological Interconnections:

• Amplification of Voices: Social media platforms amplify marginalized voices and provide a platform for individuals and groups to express their concerns and demands.

• Rapid Information Dissemination: Information spreads quickly on social media, enabling rapid mobilization of people for various causes, be it social, political, or environmental.

• Virtual Communities: Social media creates virtual communities where like-minded individuals can come together, share ideas, and collectively work towards a common goal.

• Youth Mobilization: Social media is particularly influential in mobilizing the youth, who are avid users of these platforms. Movements like the anti-corruption movement led by Anna Hazare gained significant momentum through social media.

• Hashtag Activism: Hashtags serve as symbols of solidarity and are used to raise awareness about various issues. For instance, movements like #MeToo and #FarmersProtest gained traction through social media.

• Echo Chambers and Polarization: Social media can also lead to the formation of echo chambers, where individuals are exposed only to information that aligns with their beliefs, potentially leading to polarization.

Conclusion: 
The interplay between social media and mass mobilization in India showcases the evolving dynamics of civil society engagement. While it enables broader participation and inclusivity, it also raises concerns about the potential for misinformation and polarization.

(e) Discuss the nature of regional variations in sex ratio in India, stating reasons there of.    (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Sex ratio refers to the ratio of males to females in a population. In India, there are significant regional variations in sex ratios, influenced by socio-cultural, economic, and demographic factors.
Explanation:

• Northwest India: States like Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Rajasthan have historically exhibited skewed sex ratios due to a preference for male children, leading to practices like female feticide and infanticide.

• Southern States: States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have relatively favorable sex ratios due to higher levels of education, gender equality, and social development.

• Northeast India: Some states in the Northeast exhibit natural variations in sex ratios due to ethnic and demographic factors. For example, Manipur and Nagaland have higher female populations.

• Urban-Rural Divide: Urban areas generally have more balanced sex ratios compared to rural areas. This is attributed to better access to education, healthcare, and awareness.

• Economic Development: States with higher levels of economic development tend to have more balanced sex ratios. For example, states like Maharashtra and Karnataka have relatively better sex ratios.

• Government Interventions: Government policies and interventions, such as the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign, aim to address the issue of skewed sex ratios and promote the value of the girl child.

Conclusion:
Understanding the nature of regional variations in sex ratio is crucial for formulating targeted policies and interventions to address gender imbalances. It highlights the need for a multi-dimensional approach, including socio-cultural, economic, and educational reforms, to achieve gender equality in India.

Q6:
(a) How do you account for the increasing significance of religion in public and personal spheres in the context of secularization thesis in India ? Explain.     (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The secularization thesis posits that as societies modernize, religion will play a diminishing role in public and personal spheres. However, in India, religion continues to hold significant importance in both realms. Several factors contribute to this phenomenon.
Factors Leading to Increasing Significance of Religion:

• Pluralistic Society: India is a diverse country with various religions, languages, and cultures. Religion often serves as a marker of identity, influencing personal beliefs and public practices.

• Political Instrumentalization: Politicians in India frequently use religious identity and sentiments to mobilize support. This is evident in the form of religious-based political parties and campaigns.

• Role of Faith in Daily Life: For many Indians, religion is an integral part of their daily lives. It shapes practices, rituals, and moral values, influencing personal decisions and behaviors.

• Social Welfare Activities by Religious Institutions: Religious organizations often engage in charitable activities, providing education, healthcare, and relief efforts. This reinforces the significance of religion in society.

• Resilience of Traditional Beliefs: Despite modernization, traditional beliefs and practices continue to hold sway in many parts of India, contributing to the persistence of religious significance.

• Rise of Religious Movements and Leaders: Movements led by religious leaders, such as the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, have had a profound impact on Indian society, highlighting the centrality of religion in public discourse.

Conclusion:
While India is officially a secular nation, the increasing significance of religion in public and personal spheres challenges the traditional secularization thesis. It reflects the complex interplay between modernization and religious identity in the Indian context.

(b) In the face of rising global climatic concerns, how do you contextualize the relevance of Chipko Movement and its Gandhian tone ? Answer analytically.     (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The Chipko Movement was an environmental conservation movement that emerged in the 1970s in the Uttarakhand region of India. Its relevance persists in the face of escalating global climate concerns due to its grassroots nature and Gandhian principles.

Analytical Contextualization:

• Grassroots Activism: The Chipko Movement was driven by local communities, primarily women, who engaged in non-violent tree-hugging to protect their forests. This grassroots approach resonates with Gandhian principles of peaceful resistance and self-reliance.

• Economic Sustainability: The movement emphasized the sustainable use of forest resources, aligning with Mahatma Gandhi's vision of self-sufficiency and responsible resource utilization.

• Ecological Awareness: The Chipko Movement raised awareness about the interconnectedness of human communities and the environment. This echoes Gandhi's belief in the importance of harmonizing with nature.

• Influence on Subsequent Movements: The Chipko Movement served as a precursor to other environmental movements globally and in India, emphasizing the enduring relevance of its principles in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.

• Community Empowerment: The movement empowered local communities to take charge of their natural resources, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility, which aligns with Gandhian ideals of self-governance.

Conclusion: 
The Chipko Movement's Gandhian ethos of non-violent resistance and community-led conservation remains relevant in the current global climate crisis. It serves as a powerful example of how grassroots movements can catalyze change and inspire sustainable practices.

(c) What actionable measures would you suggest to curb the recurrent child labour menace in India ?     (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Child labour remains a pressing issue in India despite legislative efforts. Addressing this menace requires a multi-dimensional approach involving legal, social, and economic interventions.

Actionable Measures:

• Strengthening Legislative Framework: Enforce and strengthen existing laws such as the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, to ensure strict penalties for offenders and provide adequate protection for child victims.

• Enhancing Access to Quality Education: Improve access to free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, as mandated by the Right to Education Act, 2009. This includes providing infrastructure, trained teachers, and scholarships for marginalized communities.

• Targeted Poverty Alleviation Programs: Implement poverty alleviation programs and social safety nets to address the economic vulnerabilities that push families to engage their children in labor.

• Skill Development and Vocational Training: Provide skill development and vocational training programs for adolescents to equip them with employable skills, enabling them to transition into the formal job market.

• Awareness and Sensitization Campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns targeting communities, parents, and employers to educate them about the detrimental effects of child labour and the importance of education.

• Effective Monitoring and Enforcement: Strengthen enforcement mechanisms by increasing the capacity of labor inspectors, conducting regular inspections, and leveraging technology for real-time reporting of child labour cases.

Conclusion: 
Combating child labour necessitates a concerted effort from government agencies, civil society, and communities. By implementing a holistic approach that addresses socio-economic, educational, and legal aspects, India can work towards eradicating this persistent issue.

Q7:
(a) Do you think that the decades of Dalit political mobilizations and movements have helped in strengthening India’s democracy ? Substantiate your arguments with facts.     (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction:
Dalit political mobilizations have played a crucial role in India's democracy, advocating for the rights and representation of marginalized communities. This has had significant implications for the democratic fabric of the nation.

Substantiation:

• Empowerment and Representation: Dalit political movements have led to increased representation of Dalits in various political spheres. For example, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) in Uttar Pradesh and the Republican Party of India (RPI) at the national level have championed Dalit causes.

• Policy Reforms: Dalit movements have pressured the government to implement policies and legislation aimed at uplifting the marginalized, such as reservations in education and employment.

• Awareness and Consciousness: Dalit mobilizations have raised awareness about the historical discrimination and social injustices faced by Dalits, leading to a more informed and conscientious citizenry.

• Accountability and Social Justice: The active participation of Dalits in politics has led to greater accountability in addressing issues of social justice and inclusion.

• Counterbalance to Caste-Based Politics: Dalit political movements have challenged the dominance of upper-caste politics and provided an alternative narrative centered on social justice and equality.

• Influence on Policy Discourse: Dalit leaders have been instrumental in shaping policy discussions and agendas, highlighting the need for inclusive and equitable development.

Conclusion: 
The decades of Dalit political mobilizations have significantly contributed to strengthening India's democracy by fostering greater representation, policy reforms, and a more inclusive political discourse. This has empowered marginalized communities and enriched the democratic process.

(b) What is ‘reverse migration’ ? Discuss its features, causes and consequences in India.     (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction:
Reverse migration refers to the movement of individuals or families from urban areas back to their rural places of origin. This phenomenon gained prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Features:

• Temporary in Nature: Reverse migration is often temporary, driven by specific circumstances like economic hardships, job losses, or health concerns.

• Primarily Informal Sector Workers: Many reverse migrants are employed in the informal sector, such as daily wage laborers, construction workers, and small traders.

• Rural-Urban Ties: Reverse migrants usually have strong ties to their rural communities, often maintaining dual residency or returning to familial support systems.

Causes:

• Economic Uncertainties: Job losses, reduced wages, and uncertainties during economic downturns, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, drive individuals back to their hometowns.

• Health Concerns: Health crises, such as the pandemic, prompt individuals to seek the safety and familiarity of their rural homes, away from densely populated urban areas.

Consequences:

• Strain on Rural Infrastructure: Reverse migration can strain rural infrastructure, as increased population may lead to demands for better healthcare, education, and sanitation facilities.

• Economic Revival in Rural Areas: In some cases, the return of skilled and semi-skilled laborers may contribute to localized economic revival, especially in sectors like agriculture and small-scale industries.

• Challenges of Reintegration: Reverse migrants may face challenges reintegrating into rural life, including adapting to different livelihoods and accessing basic amenities.

Conclusion: 
Reverse migration is a dynamic phenomenon influenced by economic, social, and health factors. Understanding its features, causes, and consequences is crucial for policymakers to address the needs of individuals returning to rural areas.

(c) Discuss the phenomenon of rural-urban continuum with suitable examples.      (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The rural-urban continuum is a concept that recognizes the fluidity and interdependence between rural and urban areas, blurring the traditional boundaries between them.
Phenomenon and Examples:

• Peri-Urban Areas: These areas lie on the outskirts of cities and exhibit characteristics of both rural and urban environments. For example, regions around Delhi's NCR (National Capital Region) have witnessed rapid urbanization while retaining agricultural activities.

• Rurbanization: Rurban areas represent a fusion of rural and urban elements, where planned development aims to enhance rural livelihoods while providing urban amenities. An example is the Rurban Mission launched by the Indian government.

• Agricultural Urbanism: Some urban areas have a strong connection to agriculture. For instance, cities like Pune and Bengaluru have urban farms and gardens within city limits.

• Transition Zones: Transition zones refer to areas experiencing gradual urbanization. For example, small towns on the periphery of rapidly growing cities in India serve as transition zones.

• Integrated Livelihoods: Many individuals maintain both rural and urban livelihoods, such as commuting to urban centers for work while retaining agricultural activities in their native villages.

Conclusion: 
The rural-urban continuum exemplifies the evolving nature of settlements and livelihoods in India. Recognizing this continuum is essential for effective planning and development strategies that acknowledge the interplay between rural and urban dynamics.

Q8:
(a) Explain the thematic linkages between ‘Patriarchy’ and ‘Honour killing’ in India, citing some recent cases.      (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction:
Patriarchy, a social system where men hold primary power and dominance, often intersects with honour killings, a violent practice aimed at enforcing perceived cultural or family honour. This connection is rooted in the control of women's autonomy and sexuality.

Thematic Linkages:

• Control over Women’s Autonomy: Patriarchy seeks to control women's choices, including marriage, education, and career. Honour killings are a brutal means of enforcing these norms, especially when women choose partners against family wishes.

• Preservation of Family Honour: Honour killings are often perpetrated to maintain the family's reputation and status in the community. Patriarchal norms dictate that a woman's actions can directly impact the family's honour.

• Notions of Virginity and Purity: Patriarchal values place a premium on female chastity. Honour killings are often triggered by suspicions of premarital or extramarital relationships, perceived as tarnishing the family's honour.

• Gendered Power Dynamics: Patriarchy reinforces the power imbalance between men and women, positioning men as the ultimate authority figures. Honour killings are an extreme manifestation of this power dynamic, with men asserting control over women's lives.

Recent Cases:

• Manoj-Babli Case (2007): Manoj and Babli, from different castes, eloped and got married against their families' wishes. They were brutally murdered in an honour killing orchestrated by their own families.

• Nitish Katara Case (2002): Nitish Katara, a Delhi-based businessman, was killed by the brothers of his girlfriend, Bharti Yadav, because they disapproved of their relationship.

Conclusion: 
The link between patriarchy and honour killings highlights the deep-seated gender inequalities in Indian society. Addressing this issue requires challenging patriarchal norms, promoting gender equality, and strengthening legal measures to protect individuals from such violence.

(b) Discuss the challenges faced by the cooperative movements in India. Suggest measures to strengthen the movement at the grass-roots level.      (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction:
Cooperative movements in India aim to empower communities through collective ownership and decision-making. However, they face several challenges that hinder their effectiveness.

Challenges:

• Lack of Professional Management: Many cooperatives suffer from inadequate management skills, leading to inefficiencies in operations and financial mismanagement.

• Political Interference: Politicization of cooperatives often leads to favoritism, corruption, and misallocation of resources, undermining their intended purpose.

• Inadequate Financial Resources: Limited access to credit and capital constrains the growth and sustainability of cooperatives, particularly in rural areas.

• Low Awareness and Education: Many members lack awareness of cooperative principles and practices, which can impede effective participation and decision-making.

Strengthening Measures:

• Capacity Building and Training: Provide training and skill development programs for members and leaders to enhance their management and operational capabilities.

• Decentralization of Decision-Making: Encourage local autonomy and decision-making to reduce political interference and promote transparency.

• Access to Financial Resources: Facilitate easier access to credit, grants, and subsidies to strengthen the financial base of cooperatives.

• Promotion of Technology: Integrate technology for efficient operations, record-keeping, and marketing, enhancing the competitiveness of cooperatives.

Conclusion: 
Strengthening cooperative movements at the grassroots level is essential for inclusive and sustainable economic development. By addressing these challenges and implementing empowering measures, cooperatives can play a more significant role in uplifting communities.

(c) What is ‘Ageing’ ? Discuss the major problems of aged people in India.     (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction:
Ageing refers to the process of growing older, often associated with physical, psychological, and social changes. In India, an ageing population poses unique challenges.

Major Problems of Aged People:

• Healthcare and Medical Expenses: Many elderly face healthcare issues, and high medical expenses can strain their financial resources. Lack of geriatric care facilities exacerbates this problem.

• Social Isolation and Loneliness: With changing family structures and urbanization, many elderly individuals experience social isolation, leading to loneliness and mental health issues.

• Economic Dependence: A significant portion of the elderly population relies on family members for financial support, which can be precarious if the family faces economic hardships.

• Abuse and Neglect: Instances of elder abuse, both physical and emotional, are reported. This includes neglect, financial exploitation, and mistreatment.

• Inadequate Social Security and Pension: Many elderly individuals, especially in the informal sector, lack adequate social security benefits and pensions, making them vulnerable to poverty.

Examples:

• The "HelpAge India" organization works towards addressing the needs of the elderly population in India, providing healthcare, advocacy, and support services.

• The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) in India includes the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, providing financial assistance to elderly individuals.

Conclusion: 
Addressing the challenges faced by the ageing population in India requires a multi-dimensional approach, including improved healthcare facilities, social support systems, and economic empowerment. Prioritizing the well-being of the elderly is crucial for building an inclusive and compassionate society.