UPSC Mains General Studies (Paper 3) - Mock Test 5 [Solutions] | UPSC Mains Mock Test Series 2025 PDF Download

Q1. Comment on the statement: “India’s startup ecosystem is a cornerstone of its economic growth.” (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

Answer:
Introduction
India’s startup ecosystem, the third-largest globally, has emerged as a vital driver of economic growth, fostering innovation, job creation, and technological advancement. With over 1.57 lakh DPIIT-recognized startups and 100+ unicorns, it significantly contributes to India’s GDP and global competitiveness.

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Key contributions of India’s startup ecosystem to economic growth:

• Job Creation: Startups have generated over 17.28 lakh jobs, particularly in IT, healthcare, and agritech, boosting employment in Tier II and III cities.
• Innovation and Technology: DeepTech startups leveraging AI, IoT, and blockchain address critical challenges in healthcare, agriculture, and logistics, enhancing productivity.
• Economic Diversification: Startups in fintech, edtech, and cleantech diversify the economy, reducing reliance on traditional sectors. Example: Zomato’s global success.
• Attracting Investments: Government initiatives like Startup India and Fund of Funds have attracted $8 billion in private investments, fostering growth.

Challenges include funding constraints and regulatory complexities, necessitating sustained policy support.

Conclusion
India’s startup ecosystem drives economic growth through innovation, employment, and global competitiveness. Strengthening funding and simplifying regulations can further solidify its role as an economic cornerstone.

Q2. What is the role of the PM-KUSUM scheme in promoting renewable energy in agriculture? Discuss its challenges. (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
The PM-KUSUM scheme, launched in 2019, aims to promote solar energy in agriculture, enhancing energy security, farmer income, and environmental sustainability. With a target of 34,800 MW solar capacity by 2026, it supports India’s renewable energy goals.

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Role of PM-KUSUM in promoting renewable energy:

• Solar Power Plants: Component-A facilitates 10,000 MW of decentralized solar plants on farmers’ land, generating income.
• Solar Pumps: Component-B and C promote 35 lakh solar pumps, reducing diesel dependency and carbon emissions.
• Financial Support: Subsidies up to 60% and inclusion in AIF and PSL guidelines enhance affordability.

Challenges:

• Implementation Gaps: Only 30% of targets achieved due to centralized models and misaligned pump sizes.
• Financial Barriers: High upfront costs deter small farmers despite subsidies.
• Low Awareness: Limited awareness in rural areas hampers adoption.

Conclusion
PM-KUSUM is pivotal for sustainable agriculture but requires decentralized implementation, tailored financing, and awareness campaigns to overcome challenges and meet 2026 targets.

Q3. Critically examine the statement: “India’s urban planning needs a paradigm shift to address environmental challenges.” (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
India’s rapid urbanization, with 36% of its population in cities, exacerbates environmental challenges like air pollution, waste, and resource depletion. The statement underscores the need for a paradigm shift in urban planning to ensure sustainability.

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Need for a paradigm shift:

• Sustainable Infrastructure: Current plans prioritize growth over eco-friendly designs. Green buildings and low-carbon transport are essential. Example: Delhi’s metro expansion.
• Waste Management: Inefficient waste management contributes to pollution. Circular economy principles, like recycling C&D waste, are underutilized.
• Green Spaces: Urban sprawl reduces green cover, worsening heat islands. Cities need more parks and afforestation.

Challenges:

• Policy Fragmentation: Lack of integrated urban policies hinders sustainability.
• Resource Constraints: Limited funding and expertise slow green initiatives.
• Public Awareness: Low awareness impedes adoption of sustainable practices.

Conclusion
India’s urban planning must embrace sustainability, integrating green technologies, circular economy principles, and public participation to address environmental challenges effectively.

Q4. Explain the concept of blockchain technology. How can it enhance transparency in India’s public procurement system? (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
Blockchain technology is a decentralized, secure digital ledger that records transactions across a network, ensuring transparency and immutability. It holds potential to revolutionize India’s public procurement system, plagued by inefficiencies and corruption.

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Concept of blockchain technology:

• Decentralized Ledger: Transactions are stored on a distributed network, reducing reliance on a single authority.
• Immutability: Once recorded, data cannot be altered, ensuring integrity.
• Transparency: All stakeholders access the same data, fostering trust.

Enhancing transparency in public procurement:

• Traceable Transactions: Blockchain ensures auditable records of bids and contracts, reducing fraud. Example: GeM portal integration.
• Real-Time Monitoring: Smart contracts automate and track procurement processes, minimizing delays and manipulation.
• Reduced Corruption: Decentralized records deter malpractices by ensuring accountability.

Challenges include high implementation costs and the need for digital literacy among stakeholders.

Conclusion
Blockchain can enhance transparency in India’s public procurement by ensuring traceable, immutable records. Overcoming cost and skill barriers is crucial for its adoption.

Q5. What are the key features of India’s National Clean Air Programme? How does it address urban air pollution? (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), launched in 2019, aims to improve air quality in 132 non-attainment cities in India, targeting a 20-30% reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 levels by 2024, extended to 2026. It addresses the severe urban air pollution crisis.

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Key features of NCAP:

• City-Specific Plans: Tailored air quality management plans for 132 cities, focusing on local pollution sources.
• Monitoring Network: Expansion of air quality monitoring stations for real-time data.
• Sectoral Interventions: Policies targeting transport, industry, and biomass burning to reduce emissions.

Addressing urban air pollution:

• Promoting Clean Energy: Encourages renewable energy and LPG use to curb emissions.
• Vehicular Emission Control: Strengthened standards and EV promotion reduce transport-related pollution.
• Airshed Management: Regional coordination addresses transboundary PM2.5 pollution.

Challenges include funding shortages and inter-state coordination gaps.

Conclusion
NCAP’s targeted approach effectively tackles urban air pollution, but sustained funding and regional collaboration are vital for achieving its goals.

Q6. What are the causes of wetland degradation in India? Suggest measures to conserve them. (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

Answer:
Introduction
Wetlands, vital ecosystems supporting biodiversity and human livelihoods, are rapidly degrading in India due to anthropogenic and natural factors. They provide ecological services like water purification, flood control, and habitat for species. However, their degradation threatens environmental stability and socio-economic benefits.

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Causes of Wetland Degradation:

• Urbanization and Land Use Change: Rapid urban expansion and infrastructure development encroach upon wetlands, e.g., East Kolkata Wetlands shrinking due to real estate growth.
• Pollution: Industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage pollute wetlands, degrading water quality, as seen in Bellandur Lake, Bengaluru.
• Encroachment and Illegal Activities: Illegal constructions and over-extraction of resources, like fish and reeds, harm wetland ecosystems.
• Climate Change: Altered rainfall patterns and rising temperatures affect wetland hydrology and biodiversity.

Measures to Conserve Wetlands:

• Legal Protection: Strengthen enforcement of the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, to prevent encroachments.
• Restoration Programs: Undertake restoration projects, like Chilika Lake’s revival, to rejuvenate degraded wetlands.
• Community Involvement: Engage local communities in conservation through awareness and livelihood programs, e.g., Kolleru Lake’s community-driven efforts.
• Pollution Control: Implement stricter regulations on industrial and agricultural waste discharge to protect wetland water quality.

Conclusion
Wetland degradation in India is a pressing concern requiring urgent action. By addressing root causes through robust policies, restoration efforts, and community participation, India can conserve these ecosystems, ensuring ecological balance and sustainable development.

Q7. Comment on the statement: “India’s cybersecurity policies are critical for its digital transformation.” (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
India’s digital transformation, driven by initiatives like Digital India, hinges on robust cybersecurity policies to safeguard data, infrastructure, and public trust. As digital adoption grows, so do cyber threats, making these policies pivotal for sustainable progress.

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Significance of Cybersecurity Policies:

• Protecting Digital Infrastructure: Policies like the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013, aim to secure critical infrastructure, e.g., banking systems, against cyberattacks.
• Ensuring Data Privacy: The Personal Data Protection Bill seeks to protect citizens’ data, fostering trust in digital platforms like UPI.
• Countering Cyber Threats: Rising incidents of ransomware and phishing necessitate proactive measures, such as CERT-In’s rapid response mechanisms.
• Promoting Digital Economy: Secure digital ecosystems encourage e-commerce and fintech growth, contributing to India’s $5 trillion economy goal.

Challenges in Implementation:

• Capacity Gaps: Limited cybersecurity expertise and infrastructure hinder effective policy execution.
• Evolving Threats: Rapidly changing cyber threats outpace policy updates, requiring dynamic frameworks.

Conclusion
India’s cybersecurity policies are the backbone of its digital transformation, ensuring security and trust in the digital ecosystem. Strengthening implementation and adapting to emerging threats are crucial for sustained progress.

Q8. Comment on the challenges in the implementation of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 in India. (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, aims to ensure safe and wholesome food for consumers in India. Administered by the FSSAI, it sets standards for food safety but faces significant implementation challenges, impacting its efficacy.
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Challenges in Implementation:

• Inadequate Infrastructure: Limited testing laboratories and trained personnel hinder effective monitoring, especially in rural areas.
• Weak Enforcement: Inconsistent inspections and leniency towards non-compliance, particularly among small vendors, weaken regulatory impact.
• Lack of Awareness: Many food business operators, especially in the unorganized sector, are unaware of FSSAI standards, leading to violations.
• Adulteration and Mislabeling: Widespread food adulteration and misleading labels persist, as seen in cases of contaminated milk and spices.
• Coordination Issues: Poor coordination between central and state authorities delays enforcement and policy execution.

Suggested Diagram: Flowchart of FSSAI enforcement process highlighting bottlenecks.

Conclusion
The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, is critical for public health but faces systemic challenges. Strengthening infrastructure, enforcement, and awareness is essential to ensure food safety across India.

Q9. What is the role of the Central Armed Police Forces in addressing internal security challenges in India? (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

Answer:
Introduction
The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), comprising units like CRPF, BSF, and ITBP, are pivotal in addressing India’s internal security challenges, ranging from insurgency to border protection and disaster response.

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Role of CAPF in Internal Security:

• Counter-Insurgency Operations: CRPF plays a key role in combating Naxalism in states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, neutralizing threats and restoring order.
• Border Security: BSF and ITBP secure India’s borders with Pakistan and China, preventing infiltration and smuggling, e.g., BSF’s role in Punjab.
• Public Order Maintenance: CAPF assists state police during communal riots and elections, ensuring law and order, as seen in sensitive areas like Jammu and Kashmir.
• Disaster Response: Forces like NDRF, a CAPF unit, provide critical relief during natural calamities, such as floods and earthquakes.
• VIP Security: NSG and other units protect high-risk individuals, enhancing national security.

Conclusion
CAPF’s multifaceted role strengthens India’s internal security framework. Enhanced training and coordination with state forces can further bolster their effectiveness in safeguarding the nation.

Q10. What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems encountered in this area. (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
Digitalization is transforming the Indian economy, driven by initiatives like Digital India, fostering inclusive growth and efficiency. However, challenges impede its full realization, requiring targeted interventions.

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Status of Digitalization:

• Digital Infrastructure: Expansion of 4G/5G networks and schemes like BharatNet have enhanced connectivity, with over 1.2 billion mobile users.
• Digital Economy: UPI transactions have surged, contributing to a booming fintech sector, with platforms like Paytm leading innovation.
• E-Governance: Services like Aadhaar and e-KYC streamline public service delivery, improving transparency.

Problems Encountered:

• Digital Divide: Rural areas lag in internet access and digital literacy, limiting inclusive growth.
• Cybersecurity Threats: Rising cyberattacks, like ransomware, threaten digital trust and infrastructure.
• Regulatory Gaps: Inconsistent policies and data privacy concerns hinder digital adoption.
• Skill Shortages: Lack of skilled professionals limits the scalability of digital initiatives.

Conclusion
India’s digitalization journey is promising but faces significant hurdles. Bridging the digital divide, enhancing cybersecurity, and addressing skill gaps are critical for a robust digital economy.

Q11. Evaluate the statement: “India’s National Manufacturing Policy is essential for achieving its $5 trillion economy goal.” (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
India’s ambition to become a $5 trillion economy by 2027 necessitates robust contributions from all sectors, particularly manufacturing, which currently accounts for 17% of GDP. The National Manufacturing Policy (NMP) of 2011 aims to increase this share to 25% by fostering industrial growth, job creation, and global competitiveness. Evaluating its role is critical to understanding its contribution to this economic goal.

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Key aspects of the NMP and their relevance:

• Industrial Growth and Job Creation: The NMP promotes National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) to create industrial hubs, enhancing production and employment. For example, the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor has spurred manufacturing growth.
• Ease of Doing Business: Simplified regulations and single-window clearances reduce bureaucratic delays, attracting FDI. The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme has boosted sectors like electronics, contributing 7.3% GVA growth in 2022-23.
• Skill Development and Technology: Integration with Skill India ensures a skilled workforce, vital for modern manufacturing. Adoption of AI and IoT enhances productivity.
• Challenges in Implementation: Inconsistent policy execution, high import dependency, and inadequate R&D investment (0.7% of GDP) limit the sector’s potential.

Impact on $5 trillion goal:

• Economic Contribution: A 25% manufacturing share could add $1 trillion to GDP, aligning with the target.
• Global Competitiveness: Policies like ‘Make in India’ enhance export potential, reducing the current account deficit to 1% of GDP.

Conclusion
The NMP is pivotal for achieving India’s $5 trillion economy goal by driving industrial growth, employment, and innovation. However, addressing implementation gaps, boosting R&D, and ensuring sustainable practices are crucial for sustained impact.

Q12. Discuss the role of agricultural extension services in improving farm productivity. What are the challenges in their delivery? (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)
Answer:

Introduction
Agricultural extension services bridge the gap between research and farmers, promoting modern techniques to enhance farm productivity. In India, where agriculture employs 46.1% of the workforce but contributes only 17.7% to GDP, these services are vital for improving yields and farmer incomes.

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Role of extension services in improving productivity:

• Knowledge Dissemination: Extension services introduce high-yielding varieties (HYVs), precision farming, and organic practices. For instance, the ATMA model in Assam diversified production.
• Skill Development: Training on modern irrigation and pest management boosts efficiency. The Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) provide hands-on guidance.
• Market Linkages: Services like e-NAM connect farmers to markets, ensuring better price realization and encouraging productivity.

Challenges in delivery:

• Underfunding and Staffing: Low R&D investment (0.5% of agri-GDP) and shortage of extension workers limit outreach.
• Fragmented Approach: Lack of coordination between central and state agencies hampers effectiveness. For example, PMKSY faces implementation bottlenecks.
• Digital Divide: Limited access to e-Technology in rural areas restricts knowledge dissemination.
• Farmer Awareness: Illiteracy and resistance to new practices hinder adoption, especially among small farmers.

Conclusion
Agricultural extension services are critical for enhancing farm productivity through knowledge transfer and skill development. Strengthening funding, improving coordination, and leveraging digital platforms can address delivery challenges, ensuring sustainable agricultural growth and farmer prosperity.

Q13. What are the environmental and economic impacts of plastic pollution in India’s rivers? Suggest measures to mitigate it. (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

Answer:
​Introduction
Plastic pollution in India’s rivers, such as the Ganga and Yamuna, poses severe environmental and economic challenges. With India generating 26,000 tonnes of plastic waste daily, rivers are critical pathways for pollution, affecting ecosystems and livelihoods. Addressing this issue is vital for sustainable development.

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Environmental impacts:

• Ecosystem Degradation: Plastic waste clogs waterways, reducing oxygen levels and harming aquatic life. For example, microplastics in the Ganga threaten fish populations.
• Water Contamination: Leaching chemicals from plastics pollute water, affecting irrigation and drinking water quality.
• Biodiversity Loss: Plastic ingestion by marine species disrupts food chains, reducing biodiversity.

Economic impacts:

• Fisheries and Tourism: Polluted rivers reduce fish yields, impacting livelihoods of 14 million fishers. Tourism in river-based destinations declines due to aesthetic degradation.
• Cleanup Costs: Government expenditure on river cleanup, like the Namami Gange project, strains public finances.
• Agricultural Losses: Contaminated water reduces crop yields, affecting farmers’ incomes.

Mitigation measures:

• Policy Enforcement: Strengthen bans on single-use plastics and enforce Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
• Waste Management: Promote recycling and waste-to-energy plants to reduce plastic inflow.
• Public Awareness: Campaigns like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan can educate communities on proper disposal.
• Technological Interventions: Use drones and AI for monitoring and cleaning river systems.

Conclusion
Plastic pollution in India’s rivers threatens ecosystems and economic stability. Robust policy enforcement, innovative technologies, and community engagement are essential to mitigate its impacts, ensuring cleaner rivers and sustainable growth.

Q14. Comment on the emergence of the food processing industry in India as an engine of economic growth. How do you assess the impact of market reforms on the food processing industry? (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
The food processing industry in India, contributing 1.7% to GDP, is emerging as a key driver of economic growth. With rising demand for processed foods and exports reaching $46.44 billion in FY24, the sector holds immense potential. Market reforms have further catalyzed its growth, enhancing efficiency and competitiveness.

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Role as an economic growth engine:

• Employment Generation: The industry employs 1.9 million people, particularly in rural areas, uplifting small farmers through Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).
• Value Addition: Processing reduces post-harvest losses (Rs. 1.53 trillion annually) and enhances export potential, boosting farmer incomes.
• FDI and Infrastructure: Schemes like PMKSY support cold chain development, attracting FDI. For example, mega food parks have spurred regional growth.

Impact of market reforms:

• APMC Reforms: The 2020 Farm Bills liberalized markets, enabling direct farmer-processor linkages, improving price realization.
• Ease of Doing Business: Simplified regulations and GST have reduced compliance burdens, fostering industry growth.
• Challenges: Inconsistent policy implementation and inadequate infrastructure limit scalability. Small processing units face low adoption due to high costs.

Conclusion
The food processing industry is a vital engine for India’s economic growth, enhancing employment and exports. Market reforms have improved market access and efficiency, but addressing infrastructure gaps and policy inconsistencies is crucial for sustained growth and farmer welfare.

Q15. Analyze the impact of India’s National Quantum Mission on its technological innovation. What are the key challenges in its implementation? (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
Launched in 2023, India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM) aims to position India as a global leader in quantum technology by fostering innovation in computing, communication, and sensing. With a budget of Rs. 6,000 crore, it seeks to drive technological advancements, aligning with India’s goal of becoming a knowledge-based economy.

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Impact on technological innovation:

• Research and Development: NQM promotes R&D through four thematic hubs, fostering breakthroughs in quantum cryptography and computing. For example, advancements in quantum communication can enhance cybersecurity.
• Industry Collaboration: Partnerships with startups and academia, like the C2S initiative, train 85,000 engineers, boosting fabless chip design.
• Global Competitiveness: NQM aligns with global trends, positioning India to compete in the $588 billion semiconductor industry, critical for AI and IoT.

Challenges in implementation:

• Low R&D Investment: India’s R&D spend (0.7% of GDP) lags behind peers like China (2.4%), limiting innovation.
• Skilled Workforce Shortage: Quantum technology requires specialized expertise, but India faces a talent gap.
• Infrastructure Gaps: High costs of quantum computing infrastructure and limited domestic manufacturing pose barriers.
• Regulatory Uncertainty: Inconsistent policies and lack of global standards may deter FDI.

Conclusion
The NQM has the potential to revolutionize India’s technological landscape by driving innovation and competitiveness. Overcoming challenges through increased R&D investment, skill development, and stable policies is essential to realize its transformative impact.

Q16. What are the causes of recurring droughts in India? Discuss the role of the National Drought Management Policy in addressing them. (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
Recurring droughts in India, affecting over 68% of its land area, pose significant challenges to agriculture, water security, and livelihoods. These droughts result from a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, exacerbating socio-economic vulnerabilities. The National Drought Management Policy, introduced to mitigate these impacts, emphasizes proactive measures and resilience-building.

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Causes of recurring droughts in India:

• Monsoon Variability: Erratic and deficient rainfall, influenced by climate phenomena like El Niño, disrupts water availability. For instance, the 2015-16 drought affected 10 states due to monsoon failure.
• Climate Change: Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns intensify drought frequency and severity.
• Overexploitation of Water Resources: Excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation depletes aquifers, with 30% of India’s blocks classified as critical.
• Deforestation and Land Degradation: Loss of forest cover and soil erosion reduce water retention capacity, aggravating drought conditions.
• Poor Water Management: Inefficient irrigation practices and lack of water conservation exacerbate scarcity.

Role of National Drought Management Policy:

• Proactive Mitigation: The policy promotes drought preparedness through early warning systems and contingency planning.
• Water Conservation: It emphasizes watershed management and rainwater harvesting to enhance water security.
• Agricultural Resilience: Promotion of drought-resistant crops and micro-irrigation techniques supports farmers. For example, drip irrigation in Maharashtra reduced water use by 40%.
• Community Engagement: The policy encourages community-driven water management and awareness programs.
• Institutional Coordination: It fosters collaboration between central and state agencies for effective drought response.

Conclusion
Recurring droughts in India stem from climatic variability, human-induced environmental degradation, and poor resource management. The National Drought Management Policy plays a pivotal role by promoting proactive strategies, sustainable water use, and community resilience. Strengthening its implementation through technology adoption and inter-sectoral coordination can further mitigate drought impacts, ensuring food and water security.

Q17. Critically examine India’s approach to countering cyberterrorism. How can it be strengthened? (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
Cyberterrorism, involving the use of digital platforms to disrupt critical infrastructure or spread fear, poses a growing threat to India’s national security. India’s approach to countering cyberterrorism includes legal, institutional, and technological measures, but gaps remain in implementation and coordination.

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India’s approach to countering cyberterrorism:

• Legal Framework: The Information Technology Act, 2000, and National Cyber Security Policy, 2013, provide a legal basis to combat cyber threats.
• Institutional Mechanisms: Agencies like CERT-In and NCIIPC protect critical infrastructure and respond to cyber incidents.
• International Cooperation: India collaborates with global forums like the UN and BRICS to address cross-border cyberterrorism.
• Capacity Building: Initiatives like Cyber Surakshit Bharat train professionals to enhance cybersecurity expertise.
• Challenges: Inadequate cybersecurity infrastructure, lack of skilled personnel, and slow response to evolving threats limit effectiveness.

Measures to strengthen India’s approach:

• Enhanced Cybersecurity Infrastructure: Investing in advanced threat detection systems and AI-driven cybersecurity tools can improve resilience.
• Skilled Workforce Development: Expanding training programs and integrating cybersecurity in education can address the skill gap. For example, Israel’s cybersecurity training model could be emulated.
• Public-Private Partnership: Collaboration with tech companies can bolster innovation and resource-sharing.
• Real-Time Threat Intelligence: Establishing a centralized cyber threat intelligence platform can enable faster response.
• Public Awareness: Campaigns to educate citizens on cyber hygiene can reduce vulnerabilities like phishing attacks.

Conclusion
India’s multi-pronged approach to countering cyberterrorism is robust but hampered by resource constraints and coordination gaps. Strengthening infrastructure, workforce capacity, and public-private collaboration, alongside global partnerships, can fortify India’s cybersecurity framework, ensuring a secure digital ecosystem.

Q18. Discuss the significance of India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission in achieving energy security. What are the technological challenges? (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM), launched in 2023, aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and use, targeting 5 million tonnes by 2030. By leveraging renewable energy, the mission seeks to enhance energy security and support India’s net-zero goals.

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Significance of NGHM in achieving energy security:

• Reduced Fossil Fuel Dependence: Green hydrogen, produced via electrolysis using renewable energy, reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels, which account for 85% of India’s energy needs.
• Decarbonization of Sectors: It enables decarbonization of hard-to-abate sectors like steel and transport, enhancing energy sustainability.
• Energy Storage: Hydrogen can store surplus renewable energy, addressing intermittency issues of solar and wind power.
• Economic Growth: The mission fosters green jobs and attracts investments, with an estimated ₹8 lakh crore market by 2030.
• Global Leadership: NGHM positions India as a leader in clean energy, strengthening energy diplomacy.

Technological challenges:

• High Production Costs: Electrolysis requires expensive electrolyzers, making green hydrogen costlier than grey hydrogen.
• Energy-Intensive Process: Producing hydrogen demands significant renewable energy, straining existing infrastructure.
• Storage and Transport: Hydrogen’s low density and high flammability pose challenges for safe storage and transportation.
• Limited Infrastructure: Scaling up production requires extensive refueling and distribution networks.
• Technology Maturity: Indigenous electrolyzer technology is still developing, necessitating R&D investment.

Conclusion
The NGHM is pivotal for India’s energy security, reducing import dependency and promoting sustainability. Overcoming technological challenges through R&D, cost reduction, and infrastructure development is critical. Strategic investments and global collaborations can ensure the mission’s success, paving the way for a clean energy future.

Q19. What are the socio-economic impacts of rapid industrialization in India? Suggest measures for sustainable industrial growth. (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
Rapid industrialization in India has driven economic growth and urbanization but has also triggered significant socio-economic challenges. Balancing industrial progress with sustainability is crucial for inclusive development.

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Socio-economic impacts of rapid industrialization:

• Economic Growth: Industrialization contributes to GDP growth, with manufacturing accounting for 17% of India’s GDP in 2024.
• Job Creation: It generates employment, particularly in urban centers, but often creates low-skill, informal jobs.
• Urbanization and Migration: Industrial hubs attract rural migrants, leading to urban overcrowding and slum proliferation. For example, Mumbai’s slum population exceeds 50%.
• Environmental Degradation: Pollution from industries affects air and water quality, impacting public health. Delhi’s air quality crisis is a case in point.
• Social Inequality: Uneven industrial benefits exacerbate income disparities, marginalizing rural and tribal communities.

Measures for sustainable industrial growth:

• Green Technologies: Adopting cleaner production methods, like zero-emission technologies, can reduce environmental impact.
• Circular Economy: Promoting recycling and waste management ensures resource efficiency.
• Skill Development: Training programs aligned with industry needs can create high-skill jobs, reducing informality.
• Inclusive Policies: Ensuring benefits reach marginalized groups through targeted schemes like PMEGP.
• Regulatory Enforcement: Strict enforcement of environmental norms, like CPCB guidelines, can curb pollution.

Suggested Diagram: A flowchart depicting the socio-economic impacts of industrialization and measures for sustainability.

Conclusion
Rapid industrialization fuels India’s economic progress but poses challenges like environmental degradation and inequality. Sustainable industrial growth requires green technologies, inclusive policies, and robust regulations to ensure equitable benefits and environmental stewardship, fostering long-term socio-economic resilience.

Q20. Discuss the role of community-based disaster preparedness in reducing the impact of cyclones in India’s coastal regions. (Answer in 250 words) (15 marks)

​Answer:
Introduction
India’s 7,500-km coastline is highly vulnerable to cyclones, with states like Odisha and Andhra Pradesh frequently affected. Community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) plays a critical role in minimizing cyclone impacts by empowering local communities to respond effectively.

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Role of community-based disaster preparedness:

• Early Warning Systems: Communities trained in interpreting warnings from IMD ensure timely evacuations, as seen in Odisha’s success during Cyclone Phailin (2013).
• Local Response Mechanisms: Community task forces, trained in first aid and rescue, enable rapid response before external aid arrives.
• Infrastructure Resilience: Community-led construction of cyclone shelters and elevated homes reduces vulnerability. For instance, Tamil Nadu’s coastal villages have built over 200 shelters.
• Awareness and Education: CBDP programs educate communities on evacuation protocols and risk reduction, enhancing preparedness.
• Livelihood Protection: Community-driven initiatives like mangrove restoration protect coastal ecosystems, mitigating cyclone damage and preserving livelihoods.

Challenges and enhancements:

• Resource Constraints: Limited funding and training hamper scalability. Increased government support can address this.
• Inclusive Participation: Ensuring women and marginalized groups are involved strengthens community resilience.
• Technology Integration: Leveraging mobile apps for real-time alerts can enhance preparedness.
• Inter-Community Collaboration: Knowledge-sharing between coastal communities can replicate best practices.

Suggested Diagram: A map highlighting cyclone-prone coastal regions and community preparedness measures.

Conclusion
Community-based disaster preparedness is vital for reducing cyclone impacts in India’s coastal regions by fostering resilience and local empowerment. Strengthening CBDP through resources, inclusivity, and technology can enhance its effectiveness, ensuring safer and more resilient coastal communities.