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Vijayanagar-Bahmani Conflict and Krishnadeva Raya 

Vijayanagar-Bahmani 
 Conflict

  • It started on a large scale in 1367 A.D. during the reign of Bukka-I.
  • Clash of interests in three areas : (i) The Tungabhadra doab (ii) Krishna-Godavari delta (iii) and in the Marathwada country.
  • The Vijayanagar empire embarked a policy of expansion towards eastern sea coast under Harihara-II. 
  • It was responsible for the alliance of the Bahamani kingdom with Warangal and which was a major factor in the inability of Vijayanagar empire to overrun Tungabhadra doab.
  • The reign of Devaraya-I began with a renewed fight for the Tungabhadra doab.
  • He was able to inflict shattering defeat on Firuz Shah and annexed entire territory upto the mouth of the Krishna.
  • Devaraya-II was the greatest ruler of the Sangam dynasty.
  •  In order to strengthen his army, he inducted more Muslims in his army.
  • There was confusion in the Vijayanagar empire after the death of Devaraya-II
  • He had to face an invasion led by the Bahmani sultan Ahmad-I in the Raichur Doab, but the actual outcome of this battle is a matter of controversy.
  • However, the fact that the Bahmani sultan shifted his capital from Gaulbarga to Bidar, which was more secure, leads to an assumption that Devaraya gained some success.
  • After some time, the throne was usurped by the king’s minister, Saluva Narasimha.
  • Tuluva Krishnadeva Raya is considered as the greatest of all the Vijayanagar rulers, for his military as well as other achievements. (Informations

Points To Be Remembered

  • Kaivinaikuddi was the hired labour.
  • Like the Hoysalas, the ruler of Vijayanagar had a carefully organized military department called Kandachara udner the control of the dandanayaka.
  • A detailed land survey and assessment was conducted during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya.
  • The system of sharing of agricultural income between the landlord and tenant is varam.
  • Kuttagai was the lease system of cultivation.
  • Carpenters enjoyed a high status in Vijayanagar society.
  • Ship were built at Calicut.
  • Gold coins were largely in circulation.
  • The finest specimens of the painting of the Vijayanagar period have been found from Lepakshi.
  • Devaraya-II defeated the Sri Lankan troops and forced Sri Lanka to pay tribute to the Vijayanagar empire.
  • Vijayanagar state recognized prostitution.
  • Ornaments were the most popular items of luxury goods.
  • Stick play was known as Kolattam.
  • The kings of Vijayanagar were said to rule on behalf of Virupaksha, who was a Shaivite deity.

about Krishnadeva Raya will be given separately)

  • Krishnadeva Raya’s death was followed by struggle for succession among his realtions.
  • After the eventful reigns of Achyutadeva and Venkata, Sadasiva Raya ascended the throne.
  • But the real power, during the reign of all of them, lay in the hands of Rama Raya, who was a son-in-law of Krishnadeva Raya.
  • Rama Raya was able to play off the various Muslim powers against one another.
  • He entered into a commercial treaty with the Portuguese whereby the supply of horses to the Bijapur ruler was stopped.
  • In a series of wars he completely defeated the Bijapur ruler.
  • He then allied himself with the Bijapur ruler to inflict humiliating defeats on Golconda and Ahmadnagar.
  • However, ultimately his enemies combined to inflict a crushing defeat on Vijayanagar at Banihatti, near Talikota in 1565 A.D.
  • This battle is also known as the battle of Rakshashatangadi.

Points To Be Remembered

  • At the initiative of Vidhyaranya Sangama brothers return to the fold of Hinduism from Islam.
  • Gangadevi was the author of “Madhuravijayam” which deals with Kampana’s conquest of Madurai during the reign of Bukka-I
  • Yusuf Adil Shahi was killed by Krishnadeva Raya in the Battle of Kovilkonda.
  • Muhammad Adilshah built the Gol Gumbaj at Bijapur.
  • Mahmud Gawan was the Vakil as well as the wazir of Muhammad Shah-III, the Bahmani Sultan.
  • Some of the quarter Varahas of Deva Raya-II describe him as the ‘Gajabentkara’.
  • According to Domingo Paes, ‘Devadasis’ held a highly respectable position in the Vijayanagar society.
  • Military chiefs of Vijayanagar empire was called Nayaks.
  • Black pepper was widely exported from Vijayanagar empire.

 

Points to be remembered

  • Kalipendra was the founder of the Gajapati dynasty of Orissa.
  • Under the‘Nayakar system’ Nayakas or Palegars were granted `Amaram’ in lieu of salaries in return for their services to the state.
  • Kaikkolas were an influential community of weavers living around temple precincts.
  • The community of acrobats was called dombaras.
  • Venkata II-shifted his headquarters to Chandragiri.
  • During this period Calicut was the most important post on the Malabar coast.
  • The besabaga or the sale of human beings was not unknown.
  • The tottiyans or kambalattas were originally shepherds and became petty Paraigars in the south.
  • Reddis were responsible for the material prosperity of the land.
  • This battle is generally considered to mark the end of the great age of Vijayanagar.
  • After the battle, the kingdom lingered on for almost one hundred years under the Aravidu dynasty.

Krishnadeva Raya

  • “He is the most learned and perfect king that could possibly be....He is a great ruler and a man of great justice”—Domingo Paes.
  • He defeated the rebellious chief of Ummattur, the Gajapati king Prataprudra of Orissa, the Adil Shahi sultan Yusuf Adil and his son Ismail Adil and so on.
  • By his successive conquests, the whole of the Raichur doab passed into the hands of Vijayanagar.
  • He successfully invaded Gulbarga and Bidar and restored the puppet Bahamani sultan to the throne.
  • To commemorate this act of restoration of the Bahamani monarchy, he assumed the title of Kavanarajya Sthopanacharya.
  • He concluded a series of treatise with the Portuguese.
  • His relations with the Portuguese were governed by two factors:

(i) Common enmity with Bijapur and (ii) the supply of imported horses by the Portuguese to Vijayanagar.

  • His political ideas are contained in his Telegu work Amuktamalayada.
  •  As a great patron of literature, he was known as Abhinava Bhoja.
  • For Telegu it was an age of great poets and eight of them known as Ashta Diggajas adorned the court of Krishnadeva Raya. 
  • Among these poets Peddana was personally honoured by the emperor for his proficiency in Sanskrit and Telegu.
  • He is honoured as Andhra Pitamaha.
  • He founded a town Nagalpur near Vijayanagar.
The document Vijayanagar-Bahmani Conflict & Krishnadevaraya: The Vijayanagar Empire | History for UPSC CSE is a part of the UPSC Course History for UPSC CSE.
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FAQs on Vijayanagar-Bahmani Conflict & Krishnadevaraya: The Vijayanagar Empire - History for UPSC CSE

1. What was the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict?
Ans. The Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict refers to the series of wars and conflicts that took place between the Vijayanagar Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate in medieval India. These two powerful kingdoms in the Deccan region fought several battles for control over territories and resources.
2. Who was Krishnadeva Raya and what role did he play in the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict?
Ans. Krishnadeva Raya was a prominent ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire during the 16th century. He played a crucial role in the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict by leading the Vijayanagar forces to numerous victories against the Bahmani Sultanate. Krishnadeva Raya's military strategies and leadership skills were instrumental in expanding the empire's boundaries and asserting its dominance over the Deccan region.
3. What were the main reasons for the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict?
Ans. The main reasons for the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict were primarily territorial disputes and the struggle for dominance in the Deccan region. Both empires sought to control important trade routes, fertile agricultural lands, and valuable resources. Additionally, religious differences, as Vijayanagar was a Hindu empire and Bahmani was a Muslim sultanate, further fueled the conflict.
4. How did the Vijayanagar Empire emerge victorious in the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict?
Ans. The Vijayanagar Empire emerged victorious in the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict due to several factors. Firstly, Krishnadeva Raya's military prowess and strategic planning played a significant role in securing victories against the Bahmani forces. Additionally, the Vijayanagar Empire had a strong economy, which enabled them to maintain a powerful army and sustain their military campaigns. Furthermore, alliances with other regional powers and support from local rulers also contributed to their success.
5. What were the consequences of the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict?
Ans. The consequences of the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict were significant. The Vijayanagar Empire's victory led to the expansion of their territories and the establishment of their dominance in the Deccan region. It also marked a decline for the Bahmani Sultanate, which eventually fragmented into several smaller states. The conflict had lasting effects on the political landscape of South India and influenced subsequent power dynamics in the region.
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