Weekly Current Affairs (8th to 14th September 2024) | Current Affairs: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - CLAT PDF Download

Study Reveals Potential Collision Risk for Asteroid Apophis

Asteroid 99942 Apophis:

• 99942 Apophis is a large asteroid that comes close to Earth.
• It measures about 1,210 feet (or 370 meters) across and was found in 2004.
• Due to its size and its path near Earth, it is known as the "God of Chaos."
• On April 13, 2029, Apophis will fly by Earth at a distance of around 31,000 kilometers, which is relatively close for an asteroid.
• Initially, when Apophis was discovered, there was concern about a possible collision with Earth.
• Early estimates suggested a 2.7% chance of impact, but further studies showed the risk was much lower.

New Research Findings:

• A recent study by Canadian astronomer Paul Wiegert has raised new concerns about Apophis.
• Wiegert discovered that while Apophis is currently on a safe path, a collision with a small object in space could change its trajectory.
• If Apophis were to hit an object as small as 0.6 meters (2 feet), it could slightly alter its path.
• A larger impact with something around 3.4 meters (11 feet) could potentially lead to Apophis colliding with Earth.

Probability of Impact:

• Despite this new concern, the chances of Apophis being struck by another object and then hitting Earth remain very low.
• The probability of such an event is about 1 in 100 million (10^-8).
• The odds of Apophis actually colliding with Earth are less than 1 in 2 billion.
• Wiegert also mentioned that Apophis has not been closely monitored since May 2021 because it is hard to observe from Earth.
• Scientists won’t be able to see it clearly again until 2027.
• Even though the risk of a collision is very small, it is important for scientists to keep watching Apophis closely.
• Ongoing research and observation are crucial to ensure preparedness for any potential new risks.

About 99942 Apophis:

• Apophis orbits the Sun approximately every 324 days.
• It is part of a group known as Apollo-type asteroids, which can come close to Earth.
• Some scientists believe Apophis might have a smaller companion asteroid, making it a "binary" asteroid.
• The name "Apophis" is derived from the Egyptian god of chaos, reflecting the initial fears associated with its discovery.

SpaceX Aims to Launch Uncrewed Starships to Mars in Two Years

Indian Navy Acquires 500 Sonobuoys

Indian Navy Enhances Anti-Submarine Warfare Capabilities

• The Indian Navy is boosting its anti-submarine warfare (ASW) abilities by acquiring 500 sonobuoys for $52.8 million (around Rs 436 crore).
• These sonobuoys will be utilized with the Sikorsky MH-60R helicopters.
• This purchase coincided with discussions held by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in Washington, where the US greenlit a potential military sale to India.

Importance of the Purchase:

• This acquisition is crucial for India to counteract the increasing naval activities of China in the Indian Ocean, particularly the rising number of Chinese submarines.
• To monitor these submarines effectively and respond when necessary, the Indian Navy needs to enhance its detection and tracking capabilities underwater.

What are Sonobuoys?

• Sonobuoys are devices deployed in the ocean to detect submarines.
• India has requested three types of sonobuoys, each serving different purposes:

AN/SSQ-53G Sonobuoy:

• Technology: Utilizes a system called DIFAR (Directional Frequency Analysis and Recording).
• Function: Passively listens for underwater sounds without emitting signals, making it stealthy.
• Depth: Operates at depths of up to 300 meters.
• Additional Features: Allows electronic setting adjustments for flexibility.

AN/SSQ-62F Sonobuoy:

• Technology: Uses DICASS (Directional, Coherent, Active Sonar System).
• Function: Emits sound waves and listens for echoes to locate objects, including submarines.
• Depth: Functions at depths of up to 460 meters.
• Additional Features: Equipped with GPS for precise location tracking.

AN/SSQ-36 Sonobuoy:

• Function: Measures temperature and sound speed in water, enhancing the accuracy of other sonobuoys.

With these new sonobuoys, the Indian Navy will have improved tools for detecting and tracking submarines.

The combination of passive and active sonar systems, along with GPS and environmental data collection, will facilitate monitoring underwater threats, particularly from submarines.

Strengthening US-India Relations:

• This purchase is also part of a growing strategic partnership between India and the US, especially concerning the Indo-Pacific region.
• Both nations are collaborating to ensure maritime security in response to regional challenges.

About Sikorsky MH-60R Helicopters:

• The Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk, commonly known as Romeo, is a naval helicopter designed for both anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare.
• It features advanced sonar systems, such as the AN/AQS-22, and can reach speeds of 160 knots with a range of 250 nautical miles.
• This helicopter is recognized for its stability and versatility, making it suitable for detecting and engaging submarines.

Tamil Nadu Sanctions ₹500 Crore For Irrigation Tank Rejuvenation

54th  GST Council Meeting

The meeting was held in New Delhi and was led by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. The main focus was on changing tax rates for important items, such as health insurance, cancer drugs, and snacks.

Major Decisions Made:

• Group of Ministers (GoM): A special group has been set up to review GST rates on health insurance, cancer medicines, and savoury snacks (known as namkeens).

GST Cut on Cancer Drugs:

The council suggested reducing the GST from 12% to 5%on certain cancer treatments. This includes costly drugs like:

• Trastuzumab Deruxtecan
• Osimertinib
• Durvalumab

Impact on Cancer Treatment:

• The proposed GST cut is expected to make cancer treatments more affordable. Cancer cases are increasing in India, and this change aims to lessen the financial burden on patients.

Current prices of key cancer drugs are:

• Trastuzumab Deruxtecan: ₹22,300 per vial
• Osimertinib: ₹204,000 for 10 tablets
• Durvalumab: ₹157,000 per vial

Potential Reductions on Other Goods:

• Savoury Snacks (Namkeens): The council is considering lowering GST on these snacks from 18% to 12%, with non-fried options possibly taxed at 5%.
• Research Services: Services provided by government bodies, universities, and colleges for research might be exempt from GST.

Increases in GST for Certain Items:

• Car and Motorcycle Seats: The GST on these items could increase from 18% to 28%.
• Helicopter Charters: GST for helicopter charters will remain at 18%, but passenger transport via helicopters will continue to be taxed at 5%.

Changes in Taxpayer Responsibilities:

• Reverse Charge Mechanism: Updates have been proposed for the application of taxes on commercial property rentals and metal scrap transactions, where the buyer may be responsible for paying the tax.
• Interest Waiver: Taxpayers with pending tax demands from previous years may qualify for a waiver if they pay by March 31, 2025.

Future Plans:

• GoM Report on Insurance: The GoM will present its findings on GST rates for life and health insurance by October 2024.
• New Invoice System: A new Invoice Management System (IMS) will be launched to simplify invoicing and minimize errors in input tax credits. A pilot project for B2C (business-to-consumer) e-invoicing will also be started to enhance transparency in retail transactions.

This meeting signifies important adjustments in India's GST policy. By reducing taxes on crucial cancer drugs and other necessary items, the council aims to lighten the financial load on consumers. However, certain goods like car seats may see a rise in taxes, balancing the tax relief in other areas.

Vietnam, Philippines Strengthen Defense Ties

• Vietnam and the Philippines have decided to strengthen their cooperation on defense and maritime security.
• This agreement was made during a visit by Vietnam's Defense Minister, Phan Van Giang, to the Philippines.
• The goal of this cooperation is to tackle rising tensions with China, especially regarding territorial disputes in the South China Sea.

Key Agreements

• The defense ministers signed letters of intent to enhance their skills in areas such as maritime security and responding to natural disasters.
• They aim to finalize a formal security agreement by the end of the year.
• This indicates their commitment to resolving conflicts peacefully and adhering to international laws.

Significance of the Announcement

• Experts think this agreement is mainly symbolic and won't lead to immediate changes in military strength.
• If other Southeast Asian nations in ASEAN unite, this partnership could become stronger over time, especially against China's maritime influence.

The South China Sea Dispute

• China's Claims: China claims nearly the entire South China Sea, which is crucial for global trade and rich in natural resources.
• Countries Disagreeing: Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Taiwan contest China's claims.
• Court Decision: An international court ruled in 2016 that China's claims are invalid, but China rejected this ruling.

Rising Tensions Between the Philippines and China

• Recently, the Philippines and China have experienced several confrontations, including collisions between their coast guard ships.
• Despite efforts to improve communication and manage these disputes, tensions remain high.
• China has been attempting to divide ASEAN nations, which complicates their cooperation on issues like the South China Sea.
• Some experts suggest that smaller groups of countries, such as Vietnam and the Philippines, might work together more effectively than the entire ASEAN group.

Vietnam’s Careful Approach

• Vietnam has a long history of territorial disputes with China but has aimed to act carefully since 2011 to avoid escalating tensions.
• While Vietnam is currently in a stronger position than the Philippines regarding its dealings with China, it remains cautious about possible conflicts.
• The agreements between Vietnam and the Philippines show both countries recognize the need to collaborate in facing external challenges, particularly from China.
• Although the immediate impact may not be significant, this cooperation could help enhance regional stability and security over time.

Union Minister Launches Rangeen Machhli  App for Ornamental Fisheries

A new mobile application called “Rangeen Machhli” was launched by Union Minister Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh in Bhubaneswar. This app supports India's expanding ornamental fisheries sector, which is part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). This scheme aims to boost fish farming and aquaculture in the country.

Purpose of the App
The app is created for those interested in ornamental fish, including:

• Hobbyists who keep fish as pets
• Owners of aquarium shops
• Fish farmers

It offers valuable information and resources to help manage and improve their activities.

Key Features of the App

• Multilingual Information: The app provides details about popular ornamental fish in eight Indian languages, making it accessible to a wide audience.
• Find Aquarium Shops Tool: This feature allows users to locate local aquarium shops using an updated directory, which also helps support local businesses.
• Educational Modules: The app includes sections on “Basics of Aquarium Care” and “Ornamental Aquaculture”, catering to both beginners and experienced users.

What the App Offers

• Fish Care Guidance: Detailed instructions on how to care for fish, including tips on breeding and maintenance.
• Types of Aquariums: Information about various types of aquariums and how to set them up.
• Water Management: Advice on key topics like filtration, lighting, and feeding.

Importance of Ornamental Fisheries

• The government sees significant potential in the ornamental fisheries sector. It is expected to create job opportunities and boost the economy. The app also encourages more people to take up the aquarium hobby, which is gaining popularity in India. The “Rangeen Machhli” app is available for download from the Google Play Store.

North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Programme

North Korea is increasing its nuclear weapons program, claiming it needs these weapons for self-defense against perceived threats, particularly from the United States and its allies. The government also presents its military progress as a source of national pride, emphasizing that nuclear weapons represent the country’s power and significance.

Reasons for Developing Nuclear Weapons:

• Historic Conflicts: North Korea often cites the Korean War (1950-1953) and ongoing military tensions with the United States as reasons for its nuclear focus. The continuous presence of U.S. troops in South Korea and joint military exercises support this claim.
• National Prestige: The leadership of North Korea views possessing nuclear weapons as a way to enhance its image at home and internationally. They believe that being a nuclear power strengthens their authority and legitimacy within the country.

Current Estimates of Nuclear Arsenals:

• North Korea has not officially disclosed the total number of nuclear weapons it has. However, experts believe the nation might have enough materials to create between 80 and 90 nuclear warheads, and this could rise to 166 by 2030.

Nuclear Weapons Development Process:

• Collecting Materials: North Korea operates uranium mines and enriches uranium to produce the fuel needed for nuclear bombs.
• Key Facilities: Locations like the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center are vital. This center has reactors and facilities for reprocessing plutonium, another material used in nuclear weapons.
• Weapon Assembly: After collecting the materials, North Korea has factories for assembling the nuclear devices.

Testing Procedures:

• North Korea has conducted all its nuclear tests at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site in the northeast.
• From 2006 to 2017, North Korea completed six nuclear tests, claiming to have developed thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs.
• In 2018, the regime announced a moratorium on nuclear testing, but there are now indications they might resume testing.

International Response:

• The United Nations Security Council has imposed several sanctions on North Korea to deter its nuclear development. However, attempts to impose new sanctions have been blocked by Russia and China.
• Critics argue that North Korea’s focus on nuclear weapons diverts resources that could improve the country's economy and help address the severe poverty faced by many of its citizens.

DRDO Conducts Successful Trials of Indian Light Tank Zorawar

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India has recently shared that the Zorawar light tank has successfully passed its tests. This tank is specially made for high-altitude regions, which is an important step in India's aim for self-reliance in defense technology.

What is the Zorawar Light Tank?

• The Zorawar light tank is being created to function well in challenging terrains, particularly in high places where swift movement and flexibility are essential.
• It is designed by the Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE) along with Larsen & Toubro Limited, a major company in India.

Development and Objectives

• Initial tests were done to assess how the tank performs in difficult conditions, like deserts.
• During firing tests, the Zorawar demonstrated its ability to hit targets accurately, showing it is effective for future military use.
• The development process involved many Indian businesses, including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which emphasizes India's goal to boost its own defense production and reduce reliance on imports.

Official Remarks

• India’s Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, described this testing as a crucial step toward increasing India's self-reliance in defense.
• This initiative comes during a period when India is working to strengthen its military capabilities in response to regional security issues.

Future Plans

• In 2021, the Indian Army requested to purchase 350 light tanks weighing less than 25 tonnes.
• These tanks aim to enhance the Army’s flexibility and capability in tough terrains, especially at high altitudes.
• The ongoing India-China standoff in Eastern Ladakh has raised the demand for light tanks.
• Initially, the Army did not see a need for these vehicles, but as military tensions increased, especially during conflicts in the Kailash range, it became clear that light tanks are essential for operations in high-altitude areas.

Who was Zorawar Singh?

• Zorawar Singh, the tank's namesake, was a renowned Dogra general in the early 19th century.
• He is famous for his military campaigns in Ladakh and Tibet.
• Born in 1786, he is celebrated for his military strategy and success in challenging conditions.
• He passed away in 1841 during a campaign in Tibet, representing the tough circumstances he faced throughout his military career.