Weekly Current Affairs (1st to 7th March 2025) | Current Affairs: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - CLAT PDF Download

Aditya-L1 Captures the First-ever Image of Kernel

Why in News?

• India’s first dedicated space-based solar mission, Aditya-L1, has reached a significant milestone. On February 22, 2025, the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) onboard Aditya-L1 successfully captured the first-ever image of a solar flare 'kernel' in the lower solar atmosphere. This groundbreaking observation is crucial for enhancing our understanding of solar activity and its implications for Earth.

Key Takeaways

• Aditya-L1 is India's inaugural solar observatory mission.
• The mission was launched on September 2, 2023, and reached Lagrange Point 1 (L1) on January 6, 2024.
• The captured flare’s 'kernel' was observed in the near-ultraviolet wavelength, providing new insights into solar dynamics.

Additional Details

• Solar Flare Observations: On the observation date, Aditya-L1 detected an X6.3-class solar flare, yielding valuable data on temperature variations within the solar corona. This finding reaffirms the correlation between flare energy and temperature changes, supporting existing theories while introducing new insights.
• Implications for Space Weather: The observations from Aditya-L1 will enhance our understanding of solar flares and coronal mass ejections, which can impact Earth’s space environment. This information is vital for developing strategies to mitigate the effects of these phenomena on technology and infrastructure.
• Advancements in Solar Physics: The mission plays a significant role in advancing the field of solar physics by investigating the Sun’s magnetic fields and plasma dynamics. This research is not only essential for fundamental physics and astrophysics but also supports efforts towards sustainable fusion energy, given that the Sun operates as a natural fusion reactor.

Overall, the achievements of the Aditya-L1 mission mark a significant advancement in solar research, paving the way for a deeper understanding of solar behavior and its consequences for Earth.

2025 Income Tax Bill: Changes to GAAR Provisions

Why in News?

• The 2025 Income Tax Bill proposes significant modifications to the General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR). These changes are aimed at empowering tax authorities to issue reassessment notices even beyond existing time limits, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of measures against tax avoidance.

Key Takeaways

• The GAAR provisions allow tax authorities to reassess previously time-barred tax years.
• GAAR is designed to prevent tax avoidance through arrangements classified as impermissible.
• The invocation of GAAR will be overseen by a panel led by a High Court judge.

Additional Details

• What is GAAR? GAAR aims to thwart tax avoidance through arrangements considered impermissible. It gives tax authorities the authority to reclassify certain transactions as impermissible avoidance arrangements (IAAs), leading to the re-computation of income and tax liabilities.
• Proposed Changes in Reassessment Notices: Currently, reassessment notices must be issued within 5 years and 3 months when under-reported income exceeds ₹50 lakh. The new proposal allows reassessment notices for years beyond this limit, targeting arrangements that span multiple years.
• Safeguards Against Misuse: To prevent potential misuse, the amendment incorporates safeguards. Decisions made by the GAAR Panel will be recognized as valid indicators of income that may have escaped assessment.
• Implications for Tax Authorities: The proposed changes will enable tax authorities to reassess both prior and current tax years, providing greater flexibility when determining if an arrangement qualifies as an IAA.
• Example Scenario: If a matter is referred to the GAAR Panel on May 31, 2023, for the assessment year 2018-19, and the panel approves the invocation of GAAR for both 2018-19 and 2017-18, tax authorities can issue reassessment notices for 2017-18, even after the time limit has lapsed.

In summary, the proposed amendments to GAAR in the 2025 Income Tax Bill are designed to strengthen the capacity of tax authorities to combat tax avoidance effectively, while also ensuring procedural integrity through oversight mechanisms.

Dramatic Performances Act of 1876

Why in News?

• The Government of India has been actively working to abolish outdated colonial laws, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasizing the importance of removing legal constraints that inhibit personal freedoms. This includes the repeal of the Dramatic Performances Act of 1876, which previously allowed the British government to censor performances deemed scandalous or seditious. The repeal reflects a broader effort to modernize India's legal system.

Key Takeaways

• The Dramatic Performances Act was aimed at suppressing nationalist expressions during the British colonial era.
• It allowed authorities to ban performances that could incite disaffection towards the government.
• The Act faced legal challenges post-Independence, leading to its eventual repeal in 2018.

Additional Details

• Background of the Act: Enacted in 1876, the Act was a tool for the British authorities to control artistic expression and limit free speech, suppressing any content that could stir nationalist sentiments.
• Provisions: It empowered magistrates to prohibit plays viewed as scandalous. Violators risked up to three months in prison and fines, showcasing the colonial government’s intent to stifle dissent.
• Legal Challenges: After independence, the Act was declared unconstitutional by the Allahabad High Court in 1956 for violating the right to freedom of speech, marking a significant step in dismantling colonial laws.
• Status Post-Independence: Despite being ruled unconstitutional in 1956, the Act remained until its formal repeal in 2018. Several states had already abolished similar laws prior to this repeal.
• Government Initiatives: Since 2014, the Modi government has prioritized repealing obsolete laws, successfully removing over 2,000 outdated laws, including the Dramatic Performances Act through the Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017.
• Colonial Laws Today: Many colonial laws still exist, with Article 372 of the Constitution allowing their persistence unless legally challenged. This raises concerns about the need for comprehensive legal reform in contemporary India.

In conclusion, the repeal of the Dramatic Performances Act of 1876 signifies a critical step toward eliminating oppressive colonial-era laws and promoting individual freedoms in India. The ongoing efforts to modernize the legal framework are essential for fostering a more democratic society.

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Nepal’s Rhino Census Faces Uncertainty

Why in News?

• The rhino census in Nepal, which occurs every five years, is currently facing significant challenges due to the cessation of funding from USAID. This funding cut has led to a financial crisis for the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, which depends on various partnerships to conduct the census. The most recent census occurred in 2021, revealing a population of 752 one-horned rhinos in Nepal.

Key Takeaways

• The rhino census is essential for effective wildlife management and conservation strategies.
• USAID's funding suspension jeopardizes the census and future wildlife surveys.
• The census preparations were scheduled to start in March 2025, with counting planned from March 18 to April 7.

Additional Details

• Importance of the Rhino Census: The census is vital for assessing the population and health of the one-horned rhino, providing necessary data for habitat management and anti-poaching efforts.
• Funding and Support: USAID was a primary contributor, providing funds for essential equipment like GPS devices and laptops. The estimated total cost for the census is approximately NRs 15 million, and without this financial assistance, the census may face postponement or cancellation.
• Impact of the Suspension: The withdrawal of USAID's support not only threatens the current rhino census but may also delay the tiger census planned for the following year.

The historical context shows that the rhino population in Nepal has experienced significant fluctuations. In 1950, the population was around 800, dropping to just 100 by 1965 due to poaching and habitat loss. However, concerted conservation efforts have resulted in a gradual recovery, with the latest census in 2021 indicating a population of 752 rhinos, highlighting the success of these initiatives.

To ensure the continuation of the census and ongoing conservation efforts for the one-horned rhino, the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation must seek alternative funding sources and establish new partnerships.

Cotton Industry Challenges in India

Why in News?

• Recently, the cotton industry in North India has encountered significant challenges due to the rise of pests such as whiteflies and pink bollworms. These pests have led to a drastic decline in both cotton yields and the area under cultivation. In Punjab, cotton cultivation has dropped from eight lakh hectares three decades ago to just one lakh hectares in 2024. This decline has severely affected the ginning industry, with the number of operational ginning units in Punjab decreasing from 422 in 2004 to a mere 22 today. Farmers are now advocating for the approval of Bollgard-3, a genetically modified cotton variety that offers pest resistance.

Key Takeaways

• The area under cotton cultivation in Punjab has sharply decreased from 8 lakh hectares to 1 lakh hectares in the past 30 years.
• Operational ginning units have plummeted from 422 to 22, severely affecting the ginning industry.
• Farmers are pressing for the introduction of Bollgard-3, a genetically modified variety that promises better pest resistance.

Additional Details

• Bollgard-3: This is a genetically modified cotton variety developed by Monsanto, featuring three Bt proteins—Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A. These proteins disrupt pest gut functions, leading to their death and aim to enhance cotton growth and yield.
• Previous versions, Bollgard-1 and Bollgard-2, were introduced in India in 2002 and 2006, respectively, but have proven ineffective against current pest threats.
• Although Bollgard-3 is not yet available, Bollgard-2 Roundup Ready Flex (BG-2RRF) is closer to regulatory approval, designed for herbicide tolerance to control weeds without harming the crop.
• Trials for BG-2RRF took place in 2012-13, but commercial use remains pending due to regulatory delays.
• Experts recommend adopting agronomic practices like proper seeding and drip fertigation to improve yields, but emphasize that without pest-resistant varieties, the future of cotton in Punjab is uncertain.

The situation surrounding the cotton industry in India highlights the urgent need for advanced agricultural technologies. Global comparisons reveal that countries like Brazil are leveraging sophisticated technologies to advance their cotton production, with Brazil's Bollgard-5 variety yielding 2400 kg per hectare, compared to India's 450 kg. The economic implications are stark; Indian farmers have a profit margin of only 15%, while Brazilian farmers enjoy margins of 85%. This disparity underscores the necessity for India to embrace and adopt innovative agricultural solutions.

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U.S. Air Force Explores Harpoon Missile Integration

Why in News?

• The U.S. Air Force is currently re-evaluating its naval warfare strategy by investigating the integration of the Harpoon anti-ship missile onto F-16 aircraft. This initiative marks a significant evolution in operational capabilities, as showcased during a recent demonstration at Nellis Air Force Base, highlighting a rapid integration process that has the potential to redefine military readiness and effectiveness.

Key Takeaways

• The Harpoon missile is a subsonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by Boeing.
• First introduced in 1977, it is actively used by over 30 countries, including India.
• The missile is 4.5 meters long and weighs 526 kilograms.
• It can be launched from diverse platforms such as ships, submarines, and aircraft.

Additional Details

• Harpoon Missile Features: The Harpoon missile is capable of all-weather operations and can strike targets beyond the horizon. It has a range of 90 to 240 kilometers and can achieve speeds of up to Mach 0.85. The missile incorporates GPS-assisted inertial navigation, allowing it to perform both anti-ship and land-strike missions, and carries a 221-kilogram blast warhead, significantly increasing its lethality.
• Rapid Integration Process: The 53rd Test and Evaluation Group has demonstrated a new gateway system that enables the swift integration of the Harpoon missile with F-16 aircraft. This system allows for effective communication between the missile and the aircraft without requiring extensive modifications, indicating that integration timelines can be significantly shortened, facilitating quicker deployment of advanced weaponry.
• Implications for Naval Warfare: Historically, the U.S. Air Force has not utilized the Harpoon missile on F-16s, reserving this capability for Navy aircraft. This potential change could greatly enhance the Air Force's anti-surface capabilities, enabling F-16s to take on diversified operational roles and ultimately improving overall combat readiness.
• Future Developments: The successful integration of the Harpoon missile may lead to further projects involving various platforms and weapon systems. The ability to innovate beyond bureaucratic constraints is pivotal for the U.S. Armed Forces, allowing them to quickly adapt to evolving threats and maintain a strategic advantage.

In summary, the exploration of integrating the Harpoon missile with F-16 aircraft signifies a pivotal shift in the U.S. Air Force's operational strategy, enhancing its capabilities in naval warfare and ensuring greater military readiness in the face of modern threats.

Lake Tanganyika Basin

Why in News?

• The Lake Tanganyika Basin is currently facing significant threats to its biodiversity. In response, the nations of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia have launched a collaborative five-year project aimed at tackling these transboundary challenges. This initiative is backed by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), focusing on sustainable natural resource management and the conservation of biodiversity within the basin.

Key Takeaways

• The project promotes cooperation between four countries to safeguard critical conservation zones.
• It has a budget of USD 14.5 million and is implemented by UNOPS.

Additional Details

Project Objectives:The main goals include:

• Protecting core conservation zones in three designated areas.
• Promoting sustainable fisheries practices.
• Restoring degraded landscapes.

Biodiversity Crisis: Freshwater biodiversity is declining rapidly, with an estimated 84% reduction in freshwater species over the past century, affected by factors like nutrient pollution, plastic waste, overexploitation, and climate change.

Lake Tanganyika is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, supporting over 10 million people who depend on its resources. The increasing human population and resource consumption pose serious threats to its biodiversity, making the lake's health vital for local communities and global ecosystems alike.

The project builds upon the Convention on the Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika, established in 2003, laying a foundation for collaborative conservation efforts. This current initiative represents a significant step toward collective responsibility for ecosystem protection.

Future projections indicate that by 2050, the value of lake ecosystem services could decline by up to 20% due to ongoing environmental pressures, including nutrient pollution. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated action and substantial financial investment.

EU Mobilises €800 Billion for Defence and Ukraine

Why in News?

• On March 5, 2025, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced a significant initiative to mobilise approximately €800 billion for defence efforts across Europe. This plan follows the recent suspension of military assistance to Ukraine by the United States, indicating a shift in Washington's foreign policy priorities. The objective is to bolster Europe’s military capabilities and provide immediate support to Ukraine amid increasing tensions with Russia.

Key Takeaways

• The defence plan aims to enhance military readiness in Europe, especially after the U.S. aid suspension.
• The proposal will be reviewed at a summit scheduled for March 7, 2025.

Additional Details

• Key Components of the Plan:
  • Relaxation of fiscal rules to allow greater defence spending, potentially unlocking €650 billion for military use.
  • Establishment of a new loan facility amounting to €150 billion to support specific defence investments.
  • Permitting member states to redirect cohesion funds towards defence projects.
  • Creation of a savings and investments union to improve capital access for defence-related enterprises.
  • Expansion of the European Investment Bank’s mandate to include funding for military and police equipment, while excluding direct arms and ammunition funding.
• The implementation timeline remains uncertain, as member state approval is necessary, and immediate support for Ukraine is not guaranteed.
• Mixed reactions from European nations, with countries like Germany, Italy, and Greece supporting the plan, while some experts express concerns about its adequacy in fundamentally altering the security landscape.

As Europe faces the potential long-term reduction of U.S. support, the necessity to enhance military spending and capabilities is increasingly urgent. The upcoming summit in Brussels will be crucial in determining EU member states' consensus on these defence initiatives.

Indigenous Oxygen Generating System for LCA Tejas

Why in News?

• The Defence Bio-Engineering & Electro Medical Laboratory (DEBEL) has recently achieved a significant milestone in defense technology with the successful high-altitude trials of the Indigenous On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS)-based Integrated Life Support System (ILSS) for the Tejas aircraft. This trial, conducted on March 4, 2025, marks a crucial advancement in ensuring pilot safety and performance during high-altitude flights.

Key Takeaways

• The OBOGS provides a reliable method for generating oxygen onboard, eliminating the need for traditional liquid oxygen cylinders.
• The ILSS integrates multiple components, ensuring optimal functioning during high-G maneuvers.
• 90% indigenous content signifies India's commitment to self-reliance in aerospace technology.
• The system can be adapted for use in other aircraft, enhancing its utility across different platforms.

Additional Details

• OBOGS: This system utilizes 'zeolite molecular sieve' technology to effectively separate oxygen from air, enhancing efficiency and reducing logistical burdens.
• Features of ILSS: The ILSS includes components such as the Low-Pressure Breathing Regulator and Emergency Oxygen System, capable of generating 100% oxygen at altitudes up to 50,000 feet.
• The system underwent rigorous testing on the LCA-Prototype Vehicle-3, meeting strict aeromedical standards and demonstrating performance under various flight conditions.
• The collaboration between DEBEL, HAL, and the Indian Air Force (IAF) strengthens India’s defense capabilities and supports local industry.

The development of the OBOGS-based ILSS signifies a major leap forward in military aviation, reducing reliance on ground support for oxygen supply. This innovation not only enhances the operational readiness of aircraft but also improves safety for pilots during high-altitude missions.

Uttarakhand Ropeway Projects

Why in News?

• On March 6, 2025, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the construction of two significant ropeways in Uttarakhand, aimed at improving transportation for thousands of annual pilgrims. These projects are from Sonprayag to Kedarnath and from Govindghat to Hemkund Sahib Ji, focusing on efficient and eco-friendly travel solutions.

Key Takeaways

• The Kedarnath ropeway will span 12.9 km with an investment of Rs. 4,081.28 crore.
• The Hemkund Sahib Ji ropeway will cover 12.4 km at a cost of Rs. 2,730.13 crore.
• Both projects are designed to enhance pilgrimage experiences and promote tourism.
• They are expected to create significant employment opportunities and support local economies.

Additional Details

• Kedarnath Ropeway: This ropeway will utilize Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S) technology, allowing it to transport 1,800 passengers per hour in each direction, equating to a daily capacity of 18,000 passengers. It will drastically reduce travel time from 8-9 hours to approximately 36 minutes.
• Hemkund Sahib Ji Ropeway: This project will feature both Monocable Detachable Gondola (MDG) and Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S) technologies, facilitating the transport of 1,100 passengers per hour. It aims to ease access to the Gurudwara, which attracts 1.5 to 2 lakh visitors annually.
• Economic Benefits: The construction and operation of these ropeways are anticipated to create numerous job opportunities and positively affect sectors like hospitality, travel, and food services, fostering socio-economic growth in hilly regions.
• Environmental Considerations: These ropeways are designed to be eco-friendly, reducing the carbon footprint associated with traditional travel methods and promoting sustainable tourism practices.

In summary, the development of the Kedarnath and Hemkund Sahib Ji ropeways represents a major advancement in pilgrimage transportation, enhancing accessibility, boosting tourism, and promoting economic growth while being mindful of environmental impacts.

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Climate Change Threatens Global Crop Production and Diversity

Why in News?

• Recent studies underscore the alarming effects of climate change on agriculture worldwide. With global temperatures projected to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius, crop production, especially in low latitude regions, faces significant threats. The analysis published in Nature Food, involving institutions from Finland, Germany, and Switzerland, focuses on 30 major crops and various warming scenarios.

Key Takeaways

• If global warming exceeds 1.5 degrees Celsius, up to 50% of crop production in low latitude regions may be at risk.
• Under a 2 degrees Celsius scenario, 10-31% of current agricultural areas could become unsuitable for farming.
• This risk escalates to 20-48% under a 3 degrees Celsius scenario.

Additional Details

• Climatic Niches: Researchers defined the ‘climatic niche’ of each crop based on existing climate conditions. They employed the Safe Climatic Space (SCS) concept, which assesses major crop production areas using three parameters: annual precipitation, bio temperature, and aridity. Moving beyond the SCS means that existing farming practices may no longer be viable.
• Regional Risks: The study identifies several regions at heightened risk. In the Middle East and North Africa, nearly 50% of cropland is already vulnerable under 1.5 degrees Celsius, potentially rising to 69% under a 3 degrees Celsius scenario. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa could also see 60% of their cropland at risk, while the Northern Hemisphere, particularly North America and Europe, shows lower risks with 80% and 77% of cropland remaining secure, respectively.
• Decline in Crop Diversity: The research predicts a significant decline in crop diversity, especially in equatorial regions. For instance, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia could experience a loss of over 70% of their crop diversity if temperatures exceed 2 degrees Celsius. By 2100, it is projected that 30% of global food crop production may be subjected to climates unsuitable for major crops.
• Food Security Challenges: Reduced arable land for staple crops such as wheat, rice, maize, and soybean poses serious threats to food security. The study emphasizes that simple agricultural adaptations will not suffice to mitigate adverse effects in low-latitude regions, highlighting the urgent need for effective climate governance and innovative adaptation strategies, especially in low-income countries.

The findings of this study reveal the critical intersection between climate change and agricultural viability, underscoring the necessity for global awareness and proactive measures to safeguard food production systems in the face of rising temperatures.

Supreme Court to Hear GM Mustard Approval Challenges

Why in News?

• The Supreme Court of India is preparing to review challenges against the commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) mustard. This hearing is scheduled for April 15, 2025, and follows a split verdict concerning the Centre's 2022 approval for the environmental release of GM mustard. The court has directed all involved parties to submit their written arguments without delay.

Key Takeaways

• The Supreme Court will hear challenges related to GM mustard cultivation on April 15, 2025.
• A split verdict was issued regarding the Centre's approval for GM mustard's environmental release in 2022.
• The court has mandated prompt submission of written arguments from all parties.

Additional Details

• Genetically Modified Crops: These are plants whose genetic material has been altered to achieve desired traits such as improved yield, disease resistance, and enhanced nutritional value. In India, Bt cotton is the only GM crop previously approved for commercial cultivation.
• GM Mustard: The first indigenously developed GM mustard, known as Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 (DMH-11), results from crossing the Indian mustard variety 'Varuna' with East European 'Early Heera-2'. It incorporates two genes from the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, allowing for significant yield improvements of about 28% over the national average.
• Role of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): This committee, governed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, assesses the environmental impacts of GM organisms, reviews release proposals, and oversees field trials. It consists of 24 members and meets monthly to evaluate applications.
• Concerns surrounding GM crops have prompted public advocacy for a moratorium on their release until a thorough bio-safety protocol is established, emphasizing the need for transparency and independent risk assessments.

The Supreme Court's involvement highlights the ongoing debates surrounding GM crops in India, reflecting both scientific advancements and public apprehensions regarding food safety and environmental integrity.