Page 1
Animal Husbandry
Introduction
? The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.
? It includes breeding of livestock (cows, buffaloes, pigs, etc.), poultry farming,
and fisheries.
Farm Management
? Dairy Farm Management
? Milk yield is dependent upon the quality of breed selected. Quality
encompasses yielding potential and disease resistance.
? Care of cattle - Proper accommodation, adequate water, feeding in a
scientific manner (quality of fodder), hygiene, visits by a veterinary
doctor
? All these processes nowadays have become mechanised and proper
record keeping is followed.
? Dairy Farm Management
? Poultry includes meat from birds such as chicken, ducks, and turkey.
? The main emphasis in poultry farming is selection of a diseasefree
and healthy breed.
? Safe farm conditions, proper feed, water, and hygiene are also
necessary.
Animal Breeding
? Breed - A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters
such as general appearance, features, size, etc.
? Aims of breeding:
? To increase yield of animals
? To improve desirable qualities in produce
? Breeding is of two types - inbreeding and outbreeding.
? Inbreeding
? Mating of more closely related individuals of same breed for four
generations
Page 2
Animal Husbandry
Introduction
? The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.
? It includes breeding of livestock (cows, buffaloes, pigs, etc.), poultry farming,
and fisheries.
Farm Management
? Dairy Farm Management
? Milk yield is dependent upon the quality of breed selected. Quality
encompasses yielding potential and disease resistance.
? Care of cattle - Proper accommodation, adequate water, feeding in a
scientific manner (quality of fodder), hygiene, visits by a veterinary
doctor
? All these processes nowadays have become mechanised and proper
record keeping is followed.
? Dairy Farm Management
? Poultry includes meat from birds such as chicken, ducks, and turkey.
? The main emphasis in poultry farming is selection of a diseasefree
and healthy breed.
? Safe farm conditions, proper feed, water, and hygiene are also
necessary.
Animal Breeding
? Breed - A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters
such as general appearance, features, size, etc.
? Aims of breeding:
? To increase yield of animals
? To improve desirable qualities in produce
? Breeding is of two types - inbreeding and outbreeding.
? Inbreeding
? Mating of more closely related individuals of same breed for four
generations
? Superior females and superior males are identified and mated.
? Superior females - Produce more milk per lactation
? Superior males - Give rise to a superior progeny
? Inbreeding increases homozygosity. It evolves a pure line.
? It accumulates superior genes, but also threatens to accumulate
harmful recessive genes
?
? Continuous inbreeding may reduce fertility and productivity. This
problem is called inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding provides a solution to inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding - It includes outcrossing, crossbreeding, and interspecific
hybridisation.
? Outcrossing ? - It is the mating between animals of same breed, but
not having common ancestors for 4 - 5 generations. It is usually used
for animals, which have below average productivity and growth rate.
? Crossbreeding ? - It is the mating between superior male of one
breed with superior female of another breed. Superior qualities of both
the breeds combine and this is known as hybrid vigour. The progeny
so formed is called hybrid. A hybrid may be used as it is or may be
further subjected to inbreeding.
Example: ?Hisardale ?sheep is a hybrid of Bikaneri ewes and Marino
rams.
? Interspecific Hybridization ? - Males and females of different, but
related species are mated. Progeny has desirable features of both the
species.
Example - Mule is an interspecific hybrid of donkey and horse.
Controlled Breeding Techniques
? Artificial Insemination
Semen is collected from the male and injected into the reproductive tract of
the female.
Semen can be frozen for later use or used immediately.
? Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology
? Cow is administered with FSHlike hormone, which induces follicular
maturity and super ovulation.
Page 3
Animal Husbandry
Introduction
? The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.
? It includes breeding of livestock (cows, buffaloes, pigs, etc.), poultry farming,
and fisheries.
Farm Management
? Dairy Farm Management
? Milk yield is dependent upon the quality of breed selected. Quality
encompasses yielding potential and disease resistance.
? Care of cattle - Proper accommodation, adequate water, feeding in a
scientific manner (quality of fodder), hygiene, visits by a veterinary
doctor
? All these processes nowadays have become mechanised and proper
record keeping is followed.
? Dairy Farm Management
? Poultry includes meat from birds such as chicken, ducks, and turkey.
? The main emphasis in poultry farming is selection of a diseasefree
and healthy breed.
? Safe farm conditions, proper feed, water, and hygiene are also
necessary.
Animal Breeding
? Breed - A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters
such as general appearance, features, size, etc.
? Aims of breeding:
? To increase yield of animals
? To improve desirable qualities in produce
? Breeding is of two types - inbreeding and outbreeding.
? Inbreeding
? Mating of more closely related individuals of same breed for four
generations
? Superior females and superior males are identified and mated.
? Superior females - Produce more milk per lactation
? Superior males - Give rise to a superior progeny
? Inbreeding increases homozygosity. It evolves a pure line.
? It accumulates superior genes, but also threatens to accumulate
harmful recessive genes
?
? Continuous inbreeding may reduce fertility and productivity. This
problem is called inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding provides a solution to inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding - It includes outcrossing, crossbreeding, and interspecific
hybridisation.
? Outcrossing ? - It is the mating between animals of same breed, but
not having common ancestors for 4 - 5 generations. It is usually used
for animals, which have below average productivity and growth rate.
? Crossbreeding ? - It is the mating between superior male of one
breed with superior female of another breed. Superior qualities of both
the breeds combine and this is known as hybrid vigour. The progeny
so formed is called hybrid. A hybrid may be used as it is or may be
further subjected to inbreeding.
Example: ?Hisardale ?sheep is a hybrid of Bikaneri ewes and Marino
rams.
? Interspecific Hybridization ? - Males and females of different, but
related species are mated. Progeny has desirable features of both the
species.
Example - Mule is an interspecific hybrid of donkey and horse.
Controlled Breeding Techniques
? Artificial Insemination
Semen is collected from the male and injected into the reproductive tract of
the female.
Semen can be frozen for later use or used immediately.
? Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology
? Cow is administered with FSHlike hormone, which induces follicular
maturity and super ovulation.
? In super ovulation, instead of one egg/cycle, 6 - 8 eggs are produced
per cycle.
? The cow is either naturally mated with a superior bull or artificially
inseminated.
? Fertilized egg is recovered at 8 - 32 cell stages nonsurgically and
transferred to a surrogate mother.
? Using this technique, high milkyielding breeds of females and lean
meatyielding bulls have been bred successfully.
Apiculture
? Apiculture is the practice of beekeeping. It includes maintenance of beehives
for production of honey.
? Uses of apiculture:
? Honey has a high nutritive value and medicinal value.
? Honeybees also produce beeswax that is used in preparation of
polishes and cosmetics.
? Most commonly reared species of honeybee is ?Apis indica ?.
? Beekeeping is not labour intensive. It is relatively easy, but requires some
specialized knowledge about
? nature and habits of bees
? selection of suitable location for keeping beehives
? catching and hiving of swarms
? beehive management during different seasons
? handling and collection of honey and beeswax
Fisheries
? Include catching, processing, and selling of fishes, shellfishes, and other
aquatic animals (prawn, crab, lobster, etc.)
? Edible freshwater fishes - ?Catla ? and ?Rohu
? Edible Marine fishes - ?Hilsa ?, pomfrets, and sardines
? Aquaculture and pisciculture are the technologies to commercially rear fishes.
? The fisheries industry is flourishing in our country and ‘Blue Revolution’ is on
the verge of being implemented.
Plant Breeding
What is Plant Breeding?
Page 4
Animal Husbandry
Introduction
? The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.
? It includes breeding of livestock (cows, buffaloes, pigs, etc.), poultry farming,
and fisheries.
Farm Management
? Dairy Farm Management
? Milk yield is dependent upon the quality of breed selected. Quality
encompasses yielding potential and disease resistance.
? Care of cattle - Proper accommodation, adequate water, feeding in a
scientific manner (quality of fodder), hygiene, visits by a veterinary
doctor
? All these processes nowadays have become mechanised and proper
record keeping is followed.
? Dairy Farm Management
? Poultry includes meat from birds such as chicken, ducks, and turkey.
? The main emphasis in poultry farming is selection of a diseasefree
and healthy breed.
? Safe farm conditions, proper feed, water, and hygiene are also
necessary.
Animal Breeding
? Breed - A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters
such as general appearance, features, size, etc.
? Aims of breeding:
? To increase yield of animals
? To improve desirable qualities in produce
? Breeding is of two types - inbreeding and outbreeding.
? Inbreeding
? Mating of more closely related individuals of same breed for four
generations
? Superior females and superior males are identified and mated.
? Superior females - Produce more milk per lactation
? Superior males - Give rise to a superior progeny
? Inbreeding increases homozygosity. It evolves a pure line.
? It accumulates superior genes, but also threatens to accumulate
harmful recessive genes
?
? Continuous inbreeding may reduce fertility and productivity. This
problem is called inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding provides a solution to inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding - It includes outcrossing, crossbreeding, and interspecific
hybridisation.
? Outcrossing ? - It is the mating between animals of same breed, but
not having common ancestors for 4 - 5 generations. It is usually used
for animals, which have below average productivity and growth rate.
? Crossbreeding ? - It is the mating between superior male of one
breed with superior female of another breed. Superior qualities of both
the breeds combine and this is known as hybrid vigour. The progeny
so formed is called hybrid. A hybrid may be used as it is or may be
further subjected to inbreeding.
Example: ?Hisardale ?sheep is a hybrid of Bikaneri ewes and Marino
rams.
? Interspecific Hybridization ? - Males and females of different, but
related species are mated. Progeny has desirable features of both the
species.
Example - Mule is an interspecific hybrid of donkey and horse.
Controlled Breeding Techniques
? Artificial Insemination
Semen is collected from the male and injected into the reproductive tract of
the female.
Semen can be frozen for later use or used immediately.
? Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology
? Cow is administered with FSHlike hormone, which induces follicular
maturity and super ovulation.
? In super ovulation, instead of one egg/cycle, 6 - 8 eggs are produced
per cycle.
? The cow is either naturally mated with a superior bull or artificially
inseminated.
? Fertilized egg is recovered at 8 - 32 cell stages nonsurgically and
transferred to a surrogate mother.
? Using this technique, high milkyielding breeds of females and lean
meatyielding bulls have been bred successfully.
Apiculture
? Apiculture is the practice of beekeeping. It includes maintenance of beehives
for production of honey.
? Uses of apiculture:
? Honey has a high nutritive value and medicinal value.
? Honeybees also produce beeswax that is used in preparation of
polishes and cosmetics.
? Most commonly reared species of honeybee is ?Apis indica ?.
? Beekeeping is not labour intensive. It is relatively easy, but requires some
specialized knowledge about
? nature and habits of bees
? selection of suitable location for keeping beehives
? catching and hiving of swarms
? beehive management during different seasons
? handling and collection of honey and beeswax
Fisheries
? Include catching, processing, and selling of fishes, shellfishes, and other
aquatic animals (prawn, crab, lobster, etc.)
? Edible freshwater fishes - ?Catla ? and ?Rohu
? Edible Marine fishes - ?Hilsa ?, pomfrets, and sardines
? Aquaculture and pisciculture are the technologies to commercially rear fishes.
? The fisheries industry is flourishing in our country and ‘Blue Revolution’ is on
the verge of being implemented.
Plant Breeding
What is Plant Breeding?
? It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired
plant types which are better suited for cultivation, give better yields, and are
disease resistant.
? Classical plant breeding ?: It includes crossing of superior pure lines and
selection of plants with desired characteristics.
? Modern plant breeding ?: It includes the use of molecular biology and
genetics.
? Desirable plant traits wished to be incorporated by plant breeding -
? Increased crop yield
? Improved quality
? Tolerance to environmental stresses
? Pathogen resistance
? Tolerance to insects and pests
Steps Involved in Breeding a New Genetic Variety of a Crop
? Collection of genetic variability
? Genetic variability is availed from the wild relatives of the crop.
? Hence, all the wild varieties and relatives of the crop are collected and
preserved.
? The natural genes available in a population are utilised by this method.
? Entire collection of plants/seeds (wild types/relatives) of the given
crop, which has all the diverse alleles for all genes, is called
germplasm collection.
? Evaluation and selection of parents
? From the available genetic variability, the germplasm is analysed and
evaluated to identify the plants with desirable traits.
? Crop hybridisation among selected parents
? Two selected parents are crossed (hybridised). This facilitates the
combination of desired traits from two different plants.
? Pollen grains from one plant are dusted over the stigma of the other
plant.
? Selection of superior recombinants
? Among the hybrid progeny, those plants are selected which have the
desired character combination.
? Careful scientific evaluation of progeny is required for selection.
? This step yields the plant that is superior to both the parents.
Page 5
Animal Husbandry
Introduction
? The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called animal husbandry.
? It includes breeding of livestock (cows, buffaloes, pigs, etc.), poultry farming,
and fisheries.
Farm Management
? Dairy Farm Management
? Milk yield is dependent upon the quality of breed selected. Quality
encompasses yielding potential and disease resistance.
? Care of cattle - Proper accommodation, adequate water, feeding in a
scientific manner (quality of fodder), hygiene, visits by a veterinary
doctor
? All these processes nowadays have become mechanised and proper
record keeping is followed.
? Dairy Farm Management
? Poultry includes meat from birds such as chicken, ducks, and turkey.
? The main emphasis in poultry farming is selection of a diseasefree
and healthy breed.
? Safe farm conditions, proper feed, water, and hygiene are also
necessary.
Animal Breeding
? Breed - A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters
such as general appearance, features, size, etc.
? Aims of breeding:
? To increase yield of animals
? To improve desirable qualities in produce
? Breeding is of two types - inbreeding and outbreeding.
? Inbreeding
? Mating of more closely related individuals of same breed for four
generations
? Superior females and superior males are identified and mated.
? Superior females - Produce more milk per lactation
? Superior males - Give rise to a superior progeny
? Inbreeding increases homozygosity. It evolves a pure line.
? It accumulates superior genes, but also threatens to accumulate
harmful recessive genes
?
? Continuous inbreeding may reduce fertility and productivity. This
problem is called inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding provides a solution to inbreeding depression.
? Outbreeding - It includes outcrossing, crossbreeding, and interspecific
hybridisation.
? Outcrossing ? - It is the mating between animals of same breed, but
not having common ancestors for 4 - 5 generations. It is usually used
for animals, which have below average productivity and growth rate.
? Crossbreeding ? - It is the mating between superior male of one
breed with superior female of another breed. Superior qualities of both
the breeds combine and this is known as hybrid vigour. The progeny
so formed is called hybrid. A hybrid may be used as it is or may be
further subjected to inbreeding.
Example: ?Hisardale ?sheep is a hybrid of Bikaneri ewes and Marino
rams.
? Interspecific Hybridization ? - Males and females of different, but
related species are mated. Progeny has desirable features of both the
species.
Example - Mule is an interspecific hybrid of donkey and horse.
Controlled Breeding Techniques
? Artificial Insemination
Semen is collected from the male and injected into the reproductive tract of
the female.
Semen can be frozen for later use or used immediately.
? Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) Technology
? Cow is administered with FSHlike hormone, which induces follicular
maturity and super ovulation.
? In super ovulation, instead of one egg/cycle, 6 - 8 eggs are produced
per cycle.
? The cow is either naturally mated with a superior bull or artificially
inseminated.
? Fertilized egg is recovered at 8 - 32 cell stages nonsurgically and
transferred to a surrogate mother.
? Using this technique, high milkyielding breeds of females and lean
meatyielding bulls have been bred successfully.
Apiculture
? Apiculture is the practice of beekeeping. It includes maintenance of beehives
for production of honey.
? Uses of apiculture:
? Honey has a high nutritive value and medicinal value.
? Honeybees also produce beeswax that is used in preparation of
polishes and cosmetics.
? Most commonly reared species of honeybee is ?Apis indica ?.
? Beekeeping is not labour intensive. It is relatively easy, but requires some
specialized knowledge about
? nature and habits of bees
? selection of suitable location for keeping beehives
? catching and hiving of swarms
? beehive management during different seasons
? handling and collection of honey and beeswax
Fisheries
? Include catching, processing, and selling of fishes, shellfishes, and other
aquatic animals (prawn, crab, lobster, etc.)
? Edible freshwater fishes - ?Catla ? and ?Rohu
? Edible Marine fishes - ?Hilsa ?, pomfrets, and sardines
? Aquaculture and pisciculture are the technologies to commercially rear fishes.
? The fisheries industry is flourishing in our country and ‘Blue Revolution’ is on
the verge of being implemented.
Plant Breeding
What is Plant Breeding?
? It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired
plant types which are better suited for cultivation, give better yields, and are
disease resistant.
? Classical plant breeding ?: It includes crossing of superior pure lines and
selection of plants with desired characteristics.
? Modern plant breeding ?: It includes the use of molecular biology and
genetics.
? Desirable plant traits wished to be incorporated by plant breeding -
? Increased crop yield
? Improved quality
? Tolerance to environmental stresses
? Pathogen resistance
? Tolerance to insects and pests
Steps Involved in Breeding a New Genetic Variety of a Crop
? Collection of genetic variability
? Genetic variability is availed from the wild relatives of the crop.
? Hence, all the wild varieties and relatives of the crop are collected and
preserved.
? The natural genes available in a population are utilised by this method.
? Entire collection of plants/seeds (wild types/relatives) of the given
crop, which has all the diverse alleles for all genes, is called
germplasm collection.
? Evaluation and selection of parents
? From the available genetic variability, the germplasm is analysed and
evaluated to identify the plants with desirable traits.
? Crop hybridisation among selected parents
? Two selected parents are crossed (hybridised). This facilitates the
combination of desired traits from two different plants.
? Pollen grains from one plant are dusted over the stigma of the other
plant.
? Selection of superior recombinants
? Among the hybrid progeny, those plants are selected which have the
desired character combination.
? Careful scientific evaluation of progeny is required for selection.
? This step yields the plant that is superior to both the parents.
? Testing, release and commercialisation
? Selected yields are evaluated for traits like quality, disease resistance,
insect resistance, etc.
? These crops are grown in research fields and their performance is
recorded under ideal conditions.
? This crop is then grown by farmers at several locations, for at least
three growing seasons.
? The crop is evaluated by comparing with the best available local crop
cultivar (which acts as a reference).
Indian Hybrid Crops
Wheat and Rice
? In 1960s, wheat and rice production increased tremendously.
? Norman E. Borlang developed semidwarf varieties of wheat.
? Sonalika ? and ? Kalyan sona ? are two of the hybrid wheat varieties grown in
India.
? Semidwarf wheat varieties were taken from IR-86 (International Rice
Research Institute) and Taichung native-I (from Taiwan).
? Jaya ? and ?Ratna ? are the betteryielding, semidwarf rice varieties that were
later introduced.
Sugarcane
? Saccharum barberi ? is a native of North India and ?S. officinarum ? belongs to
South India.
? S. officinarum ? has thicker stems and higher sugar content, but it does not
grow well in North India.
? These two varieties were crossed to get the desirable qualities of both
(Higher sugar content, thicker stems and the ability to grow in North India).
Millets
? Hybrid maize, ?jowar ? and ?bajra ? have been successfully developed in India.
? These varieties are high yielding and resistant to water stress.
Applications of Plant Breeding
? If resistance to a particular disease is already present in a plant, it reduces
the dependence of the plant on fungicides and bacteriocides.
? Before breeding, one must know the causative agent of a disease, and its
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