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"Control and Coordination" refers to the physiological processes that allow organisms, including humans, to respond to changes in their environment, maintain internal balance, and carry out various activities in a coordinated manner.

Nervous System

The nervous system comprises sense organs, nerves, and neurons that form a network that conducts information via electrical impulses throughout the body.

Overview: Control & Coordination | Science Class 10

The human nervous system consists of three divisions: central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS).

  • The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system (CNS). The nerves arising from the brain (cranial nerves) and nerves arising from the spinal cord (spinal nerves) constitute the peripheral nervous system.
  • The nerve cell or neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Overview: Control & Coordination | Science Class 10

  • Effectors are muscles, glands, tissues or cells which act in response to a stimulus received by the nervous system.

Question for Overview: Control & Coordination
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The Human Brain

  • The human brain is protected by a bony skull, also called the cranium. Internal to the skull, it is covered from the outside by three membranes called meninges. In between the meninges, there is a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. Beneath the membranes, the brain is subdivided into three major parts, namely the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
  • Fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain. It has different regions or areas, such as:
    (i) Sensory area - It receives sensory impulses from various receptors.
    (ii) Auditory area - It is concerned with hearing.
    (iii) Olfactory area - It is concerned with the smell.
    (iv) Gustatory area - It is concerned with taste.
    (v) Optic area - It is concerned with sight.
    (vi) Association area - This area interprets various sensory information and makes a decision on how to respond.
    (vii) Motor area - Decisions made by association area are passed on to this area, which controls the movement of voluntary muscles.
  • The midbrain comprises four lobes. The actions of involuntary muscles are controlled by the mid-brain and hind-brain.
  • Hind-Brain (Components): Cerebellum, pons varolii, and medulla oblongata. The cerebellum coordinates a muscular activity and maintains body equilibrium. The medulla controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting.

Spinal Cord

  • Protected by a vertebral column within a canal in each vertebra.
  • Conducts sensory and motor impulses.
  • Centre for reflex activities.

Human Spinal ChordHuman Spinal Chord

Reflex Action

  • Nerve-mediated, automatic response without brain involvement.
  • Pathway: Reflex arc.
  • Role in preventing overinvolvement of the brain.

Nervous System and Muscles

  • Muscles contract due to contractile proteins (actin and myosin).
  • Neurotransmitters sensitize muscle fibres' chemoreceptor sites.
  • Proteins change shape during muscle contraction.

Question for Overview: Control & Coordination
Try yourself:
Which part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sensory information and making decisions on how to respond?
View Solution

Coordination in Plants

Lack of a nervous system and muscles. Exhibit coordinated movements via plant growth regulators (hormones).

Overview: Control & Coordination | Science Class 10

Plant Growth Hormones

  1. Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
  2. Auxin response to light causes stem bending.
  3. Gibberellins promote growth.
  4. Cytokinin promotes cell division.
  5. Ethylene induces ripening.
  6. Abscisic acid inhibits growth.

Tropisms:

  • Tropism is stimulus-oriented plant movement.
  • Types: phototropism (light), hydrotropism (water), geotropism (gravity), thigmotropism (contact), and chemotropism (chemicals).

Roots and Shoots:

  • Roots are positively geotropic and negatively phototropic.
  • Shoots are positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.

Nastic Movements:

  • Non-directional, growth-independent movements.
  • E.g., folding of sensitive plant leaves.
  • Due to changes in turgor pressure.

Question for Overview: Control & Coordination
Try yourself:
Which plant hormone is responsible for promoting cell division?
View Solution

Chemical Coordination in Animals

Apart from nervous coordination, chemical coordination is via hormones. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. Hormones act on specific target organs. The feedback mechanism regulates hormone secretion.

Endocrine Glands (in Humans):Overview: Control & Coordination | Science Class 10

Pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testis (males), and ovary (females).

Feedback Mechanism:

  • Regulatory mechanism based on substance levels.
  • E.g., insulin regulation of blood glucose.
  • The presence of excess glucose stimulates insulin secretion.

Adrenaline:

  • Secreted in response to fear, anger, joy, cold, and stress.
  • Target organs: heart and arteries.
  • Increases blood supply to heart and muscles constrict arterioles.

Thyroxine

  • Secreted by the thyroid.
  • Regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
  • Requires iodine.

Growth Hormone (GH):

  • Secreted by anterior pituitary.
  • Over-secretion causes gigantism; under-secretion results in dwarfism.

Sex Hormones:

  • Testosterone (males) and estrogen (females) from the testis and ovary.
  • Responsible for puberty-related body changes.

Question for Overview: Control & Coordination
Try yourself:
Which hormone is responsible for regulating carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in the body?
View Solution

Hypothalamus:

  • Regulates hormone release via specific "release factors."
  • Controls growth hormone release.

    Table : Some important hormones and their functions
    Table : Some important hormones and their functions

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FAQs on Overview: Control & Coordination - Science Class 10

1. How does the nervous system work in the human body?
Ans. The nervous system in the human body is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that control various functions such as movement, sensation, and response to stimuli.
2. What is the role of the human brain in coordination?
Ans. The human brain plays a crucial role in coordinating various activities in the body. It processes information received from the senses, initiates responses, and controls movements to ensure smooth coordination.
3. How do plants coordinate their growth and responses to stimuli?
Ans. Plants coordinate their growth and responses to stimuli through a process called tropism, where they grow towards or away from a stimulus such as light or gravity. Hormones like auxin play a key role in regulating plant growth and coordination.
4. How do animals achieve chemical coordination for control and coordination?
Ans. Animals achieve chemical coordination through the endocrine system, which involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes. Hormones act as chemical messengers to coordinate activities in the body.
5. What are the key differences between nervous system coordination in humans and chemical coordination in animals?
Ans. The nervous system in humans relies on electrical signals to transmit information quickly, while chemical coordination in animals involves the release of hormones that travel more slowly through the bloodstream to regulate body functions.
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