UPSC Exam  >  UPSC Notes  >  Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)  >  एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महात्मा गांधी और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महात्मा गांधी और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
Page 2


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
Page 3


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
igyh egÙoiw.kZ lkoZtfud mifLFkfr iQjojh 1916 esa cukjl ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; osQ mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa gqbZA bl lekjksg esa vkeaf=kr
O;fDr;ksa esa os jktk vkSj ekuoizseh Fks ftuosQ }kjk fn, x, nku us
cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA lekjksg esa
,uh cslsaV tSls dkaxzsl osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ usrk Hkh mifLFkr FksA bu
izfrf"BRk O;fDRk;ksa dh rqyuk esa xk¡èkh th vis{kko`Qr vKkr FksA mUgsa
;gk¡ Hkkjr osQ vanj mudh izfr"Bk osQ dkj.k ugha cfYd nf{k.k
vizQhdk esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij vkeaf=kr fd;k
x;k FkkA
tc xk¡èkh th dh cksyus dh ckjh vkbZ rks mUgksaus e”knwj xjhcksa dh
vksj è;ku u nsus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; fof'k"V oxZ dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA
mUgksaus dgk fd cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ^fu'p; gh
vR;ar 'kkunkj* gS ¯oQrq mUgksaus ogk¡ èkuh o lts&l¡ojs Hknztuksa dh
mifLFkfr vkSj ^yk[kksa xjhc* Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ chp dh
fo"kerk ij viuh fpark izoQV dhA xk¡èkh th us fo'ks"k lqfoèkk izkIr
vkeaf=krksa ls dgk fd ^Hkkjr osQ fy, eqfDRk rc rd laHko ugha gS tc
rd fd vki vius dks bu vyadj.kksa ls eqDRk u dj ysa vkSj bUgsa
Hkkjr osQ vius georuksa dh HkykbZ esa u yxk nsa*A os dgrs x, fd]
^gekjs fy, Lo'kklu dk rc rd dksbZ vfHkizk; ugha gS tc rd ge
fdlkuksa ls muosQ Je dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ ykHk Lo;a vFkok vU; yksxksa
dks ys ysus dh vuqefr nsrs jgsaxsA gekjh eqfDRk osQoy fdlkuksa osQ
ekè;e ls gh gks ldrh gSA u rks odhy] u MkWDVj] u gh ”kehankj
bls lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA* cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
,d mRlo dk volj Fkk D;ksafd
;g Hkkjrh; èku vkSj Hkkjrh; iz;klksa
ls laHko ,d jk"Vªoknh fo'ofo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dk |ksrd FkkA ysfdu
xk¡èkh th us Lo;a dks cèkkbZ nsus osQ
lqj esa lqj feykus dh vis{kk yksxksa
dks mu fdlkuksa vkSj dkexkjksa dh
;kn fnykuk pquk tks Hkkjrh; tula[;k
osQ vfèkla[; fgLls dk fuekZ.k
djus osQ ckotwn ogk¡ Jksrkvksa esa
vuqifLFkr FksA
,d n`f"V ls iQjojh 1916 esa
cukjl esa xk¡èkh th dk Hkk"k.k ek=k
okLrfod rF; dk gh mn~?kkVu Fkk
fp=k 13-3
djkaph esa egkRek xk¡èkh] ekpZ 1916
2018-19
Page 4


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
igyh egÙoiw.kZ lkoZtfud mifLFkfr iQjojh 1916 esa cukjl ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; osQ mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa gqbZA bl lekjksg esa vkeaf=kr
O;fDr;ksa esa os jktk vkSj ekuoizseh Fks ftuosQ }kjk fn, x, nku us
cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA lekjksg esa
,uh cslsaV tSls dkaxzsl osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ usrk Hkh mifLFkr FksA bu
izfrf"BRk O;fDRk;ksa dh rqyuk esa xk¡èkh th vis{kko`Qr vKkr FksA mUgsa
;gk¡ Hkkjr osQ vanj mudh izfr"Bk osQ dkj.k ugha cfYd nf{k.k
vizQhdk esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij vkeaf=kr fd;k
x;k FkkA
tc xk¡èkh th dh cksyus dh ckjh vkbZ rks mUgksaus e”knwj xjhcksa dh
vksj è;ku u nsus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; fof'k"V oxZ dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA
mUgksaus dgk fd cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ^fu'p; gh
vR;ar 'kkunkj* gS ¯oQrq mUgksaus ogk¡ èkuh o lts&l¡ojs Hknztuksa dh
mifLFkfr vkSj ^yk[kksa xjhc* Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ chp dh
fo"kerk ij viuh fpark izoQV dhA xk¡èkh th us fo'ks"k lqfoèkk izkIr
vkeaf=krksa ls dgk fd ^Hkkjr osQ fy, eqfDRk rc rd laHko ugha gS tc
rd fd vki vius dks bu vyadj.kksa ls eqDRk u dj ysa vkSj bUgsa
Hkkjr osQ vius georuksa dh HkykbZ esa u yxk nsa*A os dgrs x, fd]
^gekjs fy, Lo'kklu dk rc rd dksbZ vfHkizk; ugha gS tc rd ge
fdlkuksa ls muosQ Je dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ ykHk Lo;a vFkok vU; yksxksa
dks ys ysus dh vuqefr nsrs jgsaxsA gekjh eqfDRk osQoy fdlkuksa osQ
ekè;e ls gh gks ldrh gSA u rks odhy] u MkWDVj] u gh ”kehankj
bls lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA* cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
,d mRlo dk volj Fkk D;ksafd
;g Hkkjrh; èku vkSj Hkkjrh; iz;klksa
ls laHko ,d jk"Vªoknh fo'ofo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dk |ksrd FkkA ysfdu
xk¡èkh th us Lo;a dks cèkkbZ nsus osQ
lqj esa lqj feykus dh vis{kk yksxksa
dks mu fdlkuksa vkSj dkexkjksa dh
;kn fnykuk pquk tks Hkkjrh; tula[;k
osQ vfèkla[; fgLls dk fuekZ.k
djus osQ ckotwn ogk¡ Jksrkvksa esa
vuqifLFkr FksA
,d n`f"V ls iQjojh 1916 esa
cukjl esa xk¡èkh th dk Hkk"k.k ek=k
okLrfod rF; dk gh mn~?kkVu Fkk
fp=k 13-3
djkaph esa egkRek xk¡èkh] ekpZ 1916
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
vFkkZr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn odhyksa] MkWDVjksa vkSj ”kehankjksa tSls fof'k"V oxks±
}kjk fufeZr FkkA ysfdu nwljh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g oDrO; mudh
ea'kk Hkh tkfgj djrk FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dks lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; yksxksa
dk vkSj vfèkd vPNs <ax ls izfrfufèkRo djus esa l{ke cukus dh xk¡èkh
th dh Lo;a dh bPNk dh izFke lkoZtfud mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA
mlh o"kZ osQ vafre ekg esa xk¡èkh th dks vius fu;eksa dks O;ogkj
esa ykus dk volj feykA fnlEcj 1916 esa y[kumQ esa gqbZ okf"kZd
dkaxszsl esa fcgkj esa paikju ls vk, ,d fdlku us mUgsa ogk¡ vaxzs”k
uhy mRikndksa }kjk fdlkuksa osQ izfr fd, tkus okys dBksj O;ogkj osQ
ckjs esa crk;kA
2- vlg;ksx dh 'kq#vkr vkSj var
1917 dk vfèkdka'k le; egkRek xk¡èkh dks fdlkuksa osQ fy,
dk'rdkjh dh lqj{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk viuh ilan dh I
+
kQly mitkus
dh vk”kknh fnykus esa chrkA vxys o"kZ ;kuh 1918 esa xk¡èkh th
xqtjkr osQ vius x`g jkT; esa nks vfHk;kuksa esa layXu jgsA lcls igys
mUgksaus vgenkckn osQ ,d Je fookn esa gLr{ksi dj diM+s dh feyksa
esa dke djus okyksa osQ fy, dke djus dh csgrj fLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡x
dhA blosQ ckn mUgksaus [ksM+k esa I
+
kQly pkSiV gksus ij jkT; ls fdlkuksa
dk yxku ekI
+
kQ djus dh ek¡x dhA
paikju] vgenkckn vkSj [ksM+k esa dh xbZ igy ls xk¡èkh th ,d
,sls jk"Vªoknh osQ :i esa mHkjs ftuesa xjhcksa osQ fy, xgjh lgkuqHkwfRk
FkhA blh rjg ;s lHkh LFkkfud la?k"kZ FksA blosQ ckn 1919 esa
vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa us xk¡èkh th dh >ksyh esa ,d ,slk eqík Mky
fn;k ftlls os dgha vfèkd foLr`r vkanksyu [kM+k dj ldrs FksA
1914&18 osQ egku ;q¼ osQ nkSjku vaxsz”kksa us izsl ij izfrcaèk yxk
fn;k Fkk vkSj fcuk tk¡p osQ dkjkokl dh vuqefr ns nh FkhA vc lj
flMuh jkWysV dh vè;{krk okyh ,d lfefr dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ vkèkkj
ij bu dBksj mik;ksa dks tkjh j[kk x;kA blosQ tokc esa xk¡èkh th us
ns'kHkj esa ^jkWysV ,DV* osQ f[kykiQ ,d vfHk;ku pyk;kA mÙkjh vkSj
if'peh Hkkjr osQ dLcksa esa pkjksa rjiQ can osQ leFkZu esa nqdkuksa vkSj
LowQYkksa osQ can gksus osQ dkj.k thou yxHkx Bgj lk x;k FkkA iatkc
esa] fo'ks"k :i ls dM+k fojksèk gqvk] tgk¡ osQ cgqr ls yksxksa us ;q¼ esa
vaxzs”kksa osQ i{k esa lsok dh Fkh vkSj vc viuh lsok osQ cnys os bZuke
dh vis{kk dj jgs FksA ysfdu bldh txg mUgsa jkWysV ,DV fn;k x;kA
iatkc tkrs le; xk¡èkh th dks O
+
kSQn dj fy;k x;kA LFkkuh; dkaxzsltuksa
dks fxjÝ -rkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA izkar dh ;g fLFkfr èkhjs&èkhjs vkSj
? ppkZ dhft,---
1915 ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa gq, jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa osQ
ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh bdêòk dhft, o irk
yxkb, fd D;k egkRek xk¡èkh dh fVIif.k;k¡
U;k;laxr gSaA
2018-19
Page 5


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
fp=k 13-1
ekpZ 1930 esa ued ;k=kk 'kq: djus ls iwoZ lkcjerh unh osQ fdukjs vius vkJe osQ fudV leFkZdksa ls ckr djrs egkRek xk¡ èkhA
jk"Vªokn osQ bfrgkl esa izk;% ,d vosQys O;fDRk dks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge bVyh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk xSjhckYMh dks] vesfjdh Lora=krk
;q¼ osQ lkFk tkWtZ ok¯'kxVu dks vkSj fo;ruke dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqDr djkus
osQ la?k"kZ ls gks ph feUg dks tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA blh rjg egkRek xk¡èkh dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª
dk ^firk* ekuk x;k gSA
pw¡fd xk¡èkh th Lora=krk la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus okys lHkh usrkvksa esa lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSj
lEekfur gSa vr% mUgsa fn;k x;k mi;qZDr fo'ks"k.k xyr ugha gSA gkyk¡fd] ok¯'kxVu vFkok
gks ph feUg dh rjg egkREkk xk¡èkh dk jktuhfrd thou&o`Ùk ml lekt us gh l¡okjk vkSj
fu;af=kr fd;k] ftl lekt esa os jgrs FksA dksbZ O;fDr pkgs fdruk gh egku D;ksa u gks
og u osQoy bfrgkl cukrk gS cfYd Lo;a Hkh bfrgkl }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
bl vè;k; esa 1915&1948 osQ egÙoiw.kZ dky osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa xk¡èkh th dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa osQ lkFk
muosQ laidks± vkSj muosQ }kjk izsfjr rFkk usr`Ro fd, x, yksdfiz; la?k"kks± dh Nku&chu
djrk gSA ;g vè;k; fo|kFkhZ osQ le{k mu vyx&vyx izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dks Hkh j[krk
gS ftudk bLrseky] bfrgkldkj ,d usrk osQ thou&o`Ùk rFkk og ftu lkekftd
vkanksyuksa ls tqM+k jgk gS] osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa djrs gSaA
egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs
vè;k;
rsjg
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
1- Lo;a dh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk ,d usrk
eksgunkl djepan xk¡èkh fons'k esa nks n'kd jgus osQ ckn tuojh
1915 esa viuh x`gHkwfe okil vk,A bu o"kks± dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk
mUgksaus nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa fcrk;kA ;gk¡ os ,d odhy osQ :i esa x,
Fks vkSj ckn esa os bl {ks=k osQ Hkkjrh; leqnk; osQ usrk cu x,A
tSlkfd bfrgkldkj panzu nsouslu us fVIi.kh dh gS fd nf{k.k
viz+Qhdk us gh xk¡èkh th dks ^egkRek* cuk;kA nf{k.k viz+Qhdk esa gh
egkRek xk¡èkh us igyh ckj lR;kxzg osQ :i esa tkuh xbZ vfgalkRed
fojksèk dh viuh fof'k"V rduhd dk bLrseky fd;k] fofHkUu èkeks±
osQ chp lkSgknZ c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk mPp tkrh; Hkkjrh;ksa dks
fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ izfr HksnHkko okys O;ogkj osQ fy,
psrkouh nhA
1915 esa tc egkRek xk¡èkh Hkkjr vk, rks ml le; dk Hkkjr
1893 esa tc os ;gk¡ ls x, Fks rc osQ le; ls vis{kko`Qr fHkUu FkkA
;|fi ;g vHkh Hkh ,d fczfV'k mifuos'k Fkk ysfdu vc ;g
jktuhfrd n`f"V ls dgha vfèkd lfozQ; gks x;k FkkA vfèkdka'k izeq[k
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa vc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA
1905&07 osQ Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ ekè;e ls blus O;kid :i ls
eè; oxks± osQ chp viuh vihy dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA bl
vkanksyu us oqQN izeq[k usrkvksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa egkjk"Vª osQ cky
xaxkèkj fryd] caxky osQ fofiu paanz iky vkSj iatkc osQ ykyk
yktir jk; gSaA ;s rhuksa ^yky] cky vkSj iky* osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
FksA bu rhuksa dk ;g tksM+ muosQ la?k"kZ osQ vf[ky
Hkkjrh; pfj=k dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk D;ksafd rhuksa osQ
ewy fuokl {ks=k ,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj FksA bu
usrkvksa us tgk¡ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izfr yM+kowQ
fojksèk dk leFkZu fd;k ogha ^mnkjokfn;ksa* dk
,d lewg Fkk tks ,d ozQfed o yxkrkj iz;kl
djrs jgus osQ fopkj dk fgek;rh FkkA bu mnkjokfn;ksa
esa xk¡èkh th osQ ekU; jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk xksiky
o`Q".k xks[kys osQ lkFk gh eksgEen vyh ftUuk Fks]
tks xk¡èkh th dh gh rjg xqtjkrh ewy osQ yanu esa
izf'kf{kr odhy FksA
xks[kys us xk¡èkh th dks ,d o"kZ rd fczfV'k
Hkkjr dh ;k=kk djus dh lykg nh ftlls fd os
bl Hkwfe vkSj blosQ yksxksa dks tku losaQA mudh
fp=k 13-2
nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgsUlcX
+
kZ esa egkRek
xk¡èkh] iQjojh 1908
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
igyh egÙoiw.kZ lkoZtfud mifLFkfr iQjojh 1916 esa cukjl ¯gnw
fo'ofo|ky; osQ mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa gqbZA bl lekjksg esa vkeaf=kr
O;fDr;ksa esa os jktk vkSj ekuoizseh Fks ftuosQ }kjk fn, x, nku us
cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA lekjksg esa
,uh cslsaV tSls dkaxzsl osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ usrk Hkh mifLFkr FksA bu
izfrf"BRk O;fDRk;ksa dh rqyuk esa xk¡èkh th vis{kko`Qr vKkr FksA mUgsa
;gk¡ Hkkjr osQ vanj mudh izfr"Bk osQ dkj.k ugha cfYd nf{k.k
vizQhdk esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij vkeaf=kr fd;k
x;k FkkA
tc xk¡èkh th dh cksyus dh ckjh vkbZ rks mUgksaus e”knwj xjhcksa dh
vksj è;ku u nsus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; fof'k"V oxZ dks vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA
mUgksaus dgk fd cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ^fu'p; gh
vR;ar 'kkunkj* gS ¯oQrq mUgksaus ogk¡ èkuh o lts&l¡ojs Hknztuksa dh
mifLFkfr vkSj ^yk[kksa xjhc* Hkkjrh;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ chp dh
fo"kerk ij viuh fpark izoQV dhA xk¡èkh th us fo'ks"k lqfoèkk izkIr
vkeaf=krksa ls dgk fd ^Hkkjr osQ fy, eqfDRk rc rd laHko ugha gS tc
rd fd vki vius dks bu vyadj.kksa ls eqDRk u dj ysa vkSj bUgsa
Hkkjr osQ vius georuksa dh HkykbZ esa u yxk nsa*A os dgrs x, fd]
^gekjs fy, Lo'kklu dk rc rd dksbZ vfHkizk; ugha gS tc rd ge
fdlkuksa ls muosQ Je dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ ykHk Lo;a vFkok vU; yksxksa
dks ys ysus dh vuqefr nsrs jgsaxsA gekjh eqfDRk osQoy fdlkuksa osQ
ekè;e ls gh gks ldrh gSA u rks odhy] u MkWDVj] u gh ”kehankj
bls lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA* cukjl ¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
,d mRlo dk volj Fkk D;ksafd
;g Hkkjrh; èku vkSj Hkkjrh; iz;klksa
ls laHko ,d jk"Vªoknh fo'ofo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dk |ksrd FkkA ysfdu
xk¡èkh th us Lo;a dks cèkkbZ nsus osQ
lqj esa lqj feykus dh vis{kk yksxksa
dks mu fdlkuksa vkSj dkexkjksa dh
;kn fnykuk pquk tks Hkkjrh; tula[;k
osQ vfèkla[; fgLls dk fuekZ.k
djus osQ ckotwn ogk¡ Jksrkvksa esa
vuqifLFkr FksA
,d n`f"V ls iQjojh 1916 esa
cukjl esa xk¡èkh th dk Hkk"k.k ek=k
okLrfod rF; dk gh mn~?kkVu Fkk
fp=k 13-3
djkaph esa egkRek xk¡èkh] ekpZ 1916
2018-19
??? egkRek xk¡èkh vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
vFkkZr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn odhyksa] MkWDVjksa vkSj ”kehankjksa tSls fof'k"V oxks±
}kjk fufeZr FkkA ysfdu nwljh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g oDrO; mudh
ea'kk Hkh tkfgj djrk FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dks lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; yksxksa
dk vkSj vfèkd vPNs <ax ls izfrfufèkRo djus esa l{ke cukus dh xk¡èkh
th dh Lo;a dh bPNk dh izFke lkoZtfud mn~?kks"k.kk FkhA
mlh o"kZ osQ vafre ekg esa xk¡èkh th dks vius fu;eksa dks O;ogkj
esa ykus dk volj feykA fnlEcj 1916 esa y[kumQ esa gqbZ okf"kZd
dkaxszsl esa fcgkj esa paikju ls vk, ,d fdlku us mUgsa ogk¡ vaxzs”k
uhy mRikndksa }kjk fdlkuksa osQ izfr fd, tkus okys dBksj O;ogkj osQ
ckjs esa crk;kA
2- vlg;ksx dh 'kq#vkr vkSj var
1917 dk vfèkdka'k le; egkRek xk¡èkh dks fdlkuksa osQ fy,
dk'rdkjh dh lqj{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk viuh ilan dh I
+
kQly mitkus
dh vk”kknh fnykus esa chrkA vxys o"kZ ;kuh 1918 esa xk¡èkh th
xqtjkr osQ vius x`g jkT; esa nks vfHk;kuksa esa layXu jgsA lcls igys
mUgksaus vgenkckn osQ ,d Je fookn esa gLr{ksi dj diM+s dh feyksa
esa dke djus okyksa osQ fy, dke djus dh csgrj fLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡x
dhA blosQ ckn mUgksaus [ksM+k esa I
+
kQly pkSiV gksus ij jkT; ls fdlkuksa
dk yxku ekI
+
kQ djus dh ek¡x dhA
paikju] vgenkckn vkSj [ksM+k esa dh xbZ igy ls xk¡èkh th ,d
,sls jk"Vªoknh osQ :i esa mHkjs ftuesa xjhcksa osQ fy, xgjh lgkuqHkwfRk
FkhA blh rjg ;s lHkh LFkkfud la?k"kZ FksA blosQ ckn 1919 esa
vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa us xk¡èkh th dh >ksyh esa ,d ,slk eqík Mky
fn;k ftlls os dgha vfèkd foLr`r vkanksyu [kM+k dj ldrs FksA
1914&18 osQ egku ;q¼ osQ nkSjku vaxsz”kksa us izsl ij izfrcaèk yxk
fn;k Fkk vkSj fcuk tk¡p osQ dkjkokl dh vuqefr ns nh FkhA vc lj
flMuh jkWysV dh vè;{krk okyh ,d lfefr dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ vkèkkj
ij bu dBksj mik;ksa dks tkjh j[kk x;kA blosQ tokc esa xk¡èkh th us
ns'kHkj esa ^jkWysV ,DV* osQ f[kykiQ ,d vfHk;ku pyk;kA mÙkjh vkSj
if'peh Hkkjr osQ dLcksa esa pkjksa rjiQ can osQ leFkZu esa nqdkuksa vkSj
LowQYkksa osQ can gksus osQ dkj.k thou yxHkx Bgj lk x;k FkkA iatkc
esa] fo'ks"k :i ls dM+k fojksèk gqvk] tgk¡ osQ cgqr ls yksxksa us ;q¼ esa
vaxzs”kksa osQ i{k esa lsok dh Fkh vkSj vc viuh lsok osQ cnys os bZuke
dh vis{kk dj jgs FksA ysfdu bldh txg mUgsa jkWysV ,DV fn;k x;kA
iatkc tkrs le; xk¡èkh th dks O
+
kSQn dj fy;k x;kA LFkkuh; dkaxzsltuksa
dks fxjÝ -rkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA izkar dh ;g fLFkfr èkhjs&èkhjs vkSj
? ppkZ dhft,---
1915 ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa gq, jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa osQ
ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh bdêòk dhft, o irk
yxkb, fd D;k egkRek xk¡èkh dh fVIif.k;k¡
U;k;laxr gSaA
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
rukoiw.kZ gks xbZ rFkk vizSy 1919 esa ve`rlj esa ;g [kwu[kjkcs osQ
pjeksRd"kZ ij gh igq¡p xbZA tc ,d vaxzs”k fczxsfM;j us ,d jk"Vªoknh
lHkk ij xksyh pykus dk gqDe fn;k rc tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM
osQ uke ls tkus x, bl gR;kdkaM esa pkj lkS ls vfèkd yksx ekjs x,A
jkWysV lR;kxzg ls gh xk¡èkh th ,d lPps jk"Vªh; usrk cu x,A
bldh liQyrk ls mRlkfgr gksdj xk¡èkh th us vaxzs”kh 'kklu osQ
f[kykiQ ^vlg;ksx* vfHk;ku dh ek¡x dj nhA tks Hkkjrh; mifuos'kokn
dk [+kkRek djuk pkgrs Fks muls vkxzg fd;k x;k fd os LowQYkksa]
dkWys”kksa vkSj U;k;ky; u tk,¡ rFkk dj u pqdk,¡A la{ksi esa lHkh dks
vaxsz”kh ljdkj osQ lkFk (lHkh) ,sfPNd lacaèkksa osQ ifjR;kx dk ikyu
djus dks dgk x;kA xk¡èkh th us dgk fd ;fn vlg;ksx dk Bhd <ax
ls ikyu fd;k tk, rks Hkkjr ,d o"kZ osQ Hkhrj Lojkt izkIr dj
ysxkA vius la?k"kZ dk vkSj foLrkj djrs gq, mUgksaus f[kykI
+
kQr vkanksyu
osQ lkFk gkFk feyk fy, tks gky gh esa rqdhZ 'kkld deky vrkrqoZQ
}kjk lekIr fd, x, loZ&bLykeokn osQ izrhd [kyhiQk dh iquLFkkZiuk
dh ek¡x dj jgk FkkA
2-1 ,d yksdfiz; vkanksyu dh rS;kjh
xk¡èkh th us ;g vk'kk dh Fkh fd vlg;ksx dks f[kykiQr osQ lkFk
feykus ls Hkkjr osQ nks izeq[k èkk£ed leqnk;& ¯gnw vkSj eqlyeku
feydj vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk var dj nsaxsA bu vkanksyuksa us
fu'p; gh ,d yksdfiz; dkjZokgh osQ cgko dks mUeqDr dj fn;k Fkk
vkSj ;s ph”ksa vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa fcyoqQYk gh vHkwriwoZ FkhaA
fo|k£Fk;ksa us ljdkj }kjk pyk, tk jgs LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa tkuk
NksM+ fn;kA odhyksa us vnkyr esa tkus ls euk dj fn;kA dbZ dLcksa vkSj
uxjksa esa Jfed&oxZ gM+rky ij pyk x;kA ljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa osQ eqrkfcd
1921 esa 396 gM+rkysa gqbZ ftuesa 6 yk[k Jfed 'kkfey Fks vkSj blls
70 yk[k dk;Zfnolksa dk uqdlku gqvk FkkA nsgkr Hkh vlarks"k ls
vkanksfyr gks jgk FkkA mÙkjh vkaèkz dh igkM+h tutkfr;ksa us oU; dkuwuksa
dh vogsyuk dj nhA voèk osQ fdlkuksa us dj ugha pqdk,A oqQekm¡Q osQ
fdlkuksa us vkSifuosf'kd vfèkdkfj;ksa dk lkeku <ksus ls euk dj fn;kA
bu fojksèk vkanksyuksa dks dHkh&dHkh LFkkuh; jk"Vªoknh usr`Ro dh voKk
djrs gq, dk;kZUof;r fd;k x;kA fdlkuksa] Jfedksa vkSj vU; us bldh
vius <ax ls O;k[;k dh rFkk vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ lkFk ^vlg;ksx*
osQ fy, mUgksauss mQij ls izkIr funsZ'kksa ij fVosQ jgus osQ ctk; vius fgrksa
ls esy [kkrs rjhdksa dk bLrseky dj dkjZokgh dhA
egkRek xk¡èkh osQ vejhdh thouh&ys[kd yqbZ fiQ'kj us fy[kk gS
fd ^vlg;ksx Hkkjr vkSj xk¡èkh th osQ thou osQ ,d ;qx dk gh uke
f[kykI
+
kQr vkanksyu D;k Fkk\
f[kykI
+
kQr vkanksyu (1919&1920)
eqgEen vyh vkSj 'kkSdr vyh osQ
usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk ,d
vkanksyu FkkA bl vkanksyu dh
fuEufyf[kr ek¡xsa Fkha& igys osQ vkWVkseu
lkezkT; osQ lHkh bLykeh ifo=k LFkkuksa
ij rqdhZ lqYrku vFkok [kyhI
+
kQk dk
fu;a=k.k cuk jgs] t”khjkr&my&vjc
(vjc] lhfj;k] bjkd] fiQfyLrhu)
bLykeh lEizHkqrk osQ vèkhu jgsa rFkk
[kyhI
+
kQk osQ ikl brus {ks=k gksa fd og
bLykeh fo'okl dks lqjf{kr djus osQ
;ksX; cu losQA dkaxzsl us bl vkanksyu
dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj xk¡èkh th us bls
vlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ lkFk feykus dh
dksf'k'k dhA
2018-19
Read More
182 docs

Top Courses for UPSC

182 docs
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for UPSC exam

Top Courses for UPSC

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

MCQs

,

Semester Notes

,

video lectures

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महात्मा गांधी और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

pdf

,

Summary

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

past year papers

,

Viva Questions

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महात्मा गांधी और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

Objective type Questions

,

Free

,

Extra Questions

,

study material

,

ppt

,

Sample Paper

,

mock tests for examination

,

Important questions

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महात्मा गांधी और राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

practice quizzes

,

Exam

;