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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: वायुमंडल का संघटन तथा संरचना | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 1


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? ok;qeaMy & la?kVu ,oa lajpuk_ ekSle ,oa tyok;q osQ rRoA
? lw;kZri & vkiru dks.k ,oa forj.k] i`Foh dk mQ"ek ctV & ok;qeaMy dk xeZ ,oa
BaMk gksuk (lapkyu ,oa laogu] ikfFkZo fofdj.k] vfHkogu)_ rkieku % rkieku dks
izHkkfor djus okys dkjd] rkieku dk forj.k & {kSfrt ,oa mQèokZèkj] rkieku dk
O;qRØe.k
? ok;qnkc&ok;qnkc ifêð;k¡] iousa & HkweaMyh;] ekSleh ,oa LFkkfud] ok;qjkf'k;k¡ ,oa
okrkxz_ m".kdfVcaèkh; ,oa cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokrA
? o"kZ.k % ok"ihdj.k] la?kuu&vksl] ikyk] èkaqèk] dksgjk ,oa es?k_ o"kkZ&izdkj ,oa fo'o
forj.k
? fo'o tyok;q & oxhZdj.k (dksisu)] xzhugkml izHkko] HkweaMyh; mQ"eu ,ao tyok;q
ifjorZuA
tyok;q
bdkbZ
IV
Page 2


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? ok;qeaMy & la?kVu ,oa lajpuk_ ekSle ,oa tyok;q osQ rRoA
? lw;kZri & vkiru dks.k ,oa forj.k] i`Foh dk mQ"ek ctV & ok;qeaMy dk xeZ ,oa
BaMk gksuk (lapkyu ,oa laogu] ikfFkZo fofdj.k] vfHkogu)_ rkieku % rkieku dks
izHkkfor djus okys dkjd] rkieku dk forj.k & {kSfrt ,oa mQèokZèkj] rkieku dk
O;qRØe.k
? ok;qnkc&ok;qnkc ifêð;k¡] iousa & HkweaMyh;] ekSleh ,oa LFkkfud] ok;qjkf'k;k¡ ,oa
okrkxz_ m".kdfVcaèkh; ,oa cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokrA
? o"kZ.k % ok"ihdj.k] la?kuu&vksl] ikyk] èkaqèk] dksgjk ,oa es?k_ o"kkZ&izdkj ,oa fo'o
forj.k
? fo'o tyok;q & oxhZdj.k (dksisu)] xzhugkml izHkko] HkweaMyh; mQ"eu ,ao tyok;q
ifjorZuA
tyok;q
bdkbZ
IV
ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu rFkk lajpuk
vè;k;
;k dksbZ O;fDr ok;q osQ fcuk jg ldrk gS\ ge
yksx fnu esa nks&rhu ckj Hkkstu djrs gSa rFkk dbZ
ckj ikuh ihrs gSa] ysfdu lk¡l yxHkx izR;sd lsosaQM ysrs
jgrs gSaA thfor jgus osQ fy, ok;q lHkh thoksa osQ fy,
vko';d gSA euq"; tSls oqQN tho fcuk Hkkstu vkSj ikuh
fy;s oqQN le; rd thfor jg ldrs gSa] ysfdu lk¡l
fy;s fcuk oqQN feuV Hkh thfor jguk lEHko ugha gksrkA
;gh dkj.k gS fd gesa ok;qeaMy dk foLr`r Kku gksuk
pkfg,A ok;qeaMy fofHkUu izdkj osQ xSlksa dk feJ.k gS
vkSj ;g i`Foh dks lHkh vksj ls <+osQ gq, gSA blesa
euq";ksa ,oa tarqvksa osQ thou osQ fy, vko';d xSlsa
tSls vkWDlhtu rFkk ikSèkksa osQ thou osQ fy, dkcZu
MkbZvkWDlkbM ikbZ tkrh gSA ok;q Ik`Foh osQ nzO;eku dk
vfHkUu Hkkx gS rFkk blosQ oqQy nzO;eku dk 99 izfr'kr
i`Foh dh lrg ls 32 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ rd fLFkr gSA
ok;q jaxghu rFkk xaèkghu gksrh gS rFkk tc ;g iou dh
rjg cgrh gS] rHkh ge bls eglwl dj ldrs gSaA
ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu
Okk;qeaMy xSlksa] tyok"Ik ,oa èkwy d.kksa ls cuk gSA
lkj.kh 8-1 esa gok esa mifLFkr mu xSlksa dk fooj.k gS]
tks ok;qeaMy osQ fupys Hkkx esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ok;qeaMy
dh Åijh ijrksa esa xSlksa dk vuqikr bl izdkj cnyrk
gS tSls fd 120 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ ij vkWDlhtu dh
ek=kk ux.; gks tkrh gSA blh izdkj] dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM
,oe~ tyok"i i`Foh dh lrg ls 90 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ
rd gh ik;s tkrs gSaA
xSl
dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ekSle foKku dh n`f"V ls cgqr gh
egÙoiw.kZ xSl gS] D;ksafd ;g lkSj fofdj.k osQ fy,
ikjn'khZ gS] ysfdu ikfFkZo fofdj.k osQ fy, vikjn'khZ
gSA ;g lkSj fofdj.k osQ ,d va'k dks lks[k ysrh gS rFkk
blosQ oqQN Hkkx dks Ik`Foh dh lrg dh vksj izfrfcafcr
dj nsrh gSA ;g xzhu gkmQl izHkko osQ fy, iwjh rjg
mÙkjnk;h gSA nwljh xSlksa dk vk;ru fLFkj gS] tcfd
fiNys oqQN n'kdksa esa eq[;r% thok'e bZaaèku dks tyk;s
tkus osQ dkj.k dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM osQ vk;ru esa
yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA blus gok osQ rki dks Hkh c<+k
fn;k gSA vks”kksu ok;qeaMy dk nwljk egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gS
tks fd i`Foh dh lrg ls 10 ls 50 fdyksehVj dh
Å¡pkbZ osQ chp ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d fiQYVj fd rjg
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk lw;Z ls fudyus okyh ijkcSaxuh
fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj mudks i`Foh dh lrg ij
igq¡pus ls jksdrk gSA
D;k vki dYiuk dj ldrs gSa fd ok;qeaMy esa
vks”kksu fd vuqifLFkfr ls gekjs mQij D;k izHkko
gksxk\
D
  Rkkfydk 8-1 % ok;qeaMy dh LFkk;h xSlsa
?kVd lw=k nzO;eku izfr'kr
ukbVªkstu N
2
78-8
vkWDlhtu O
2
20-95
vkxZu Ar 0-93
dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM CO
2
0-036
uhvkWu Ne 0-002
fgyh;e He 0-0005
ozsQIVks Kr 0-001
tsuu Xe 0-00009
gkbZMªkstu H
2
0-00005
Page 3


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? ok;qeaMy & la?kVu ,oa lajpuk_ ekSle ,oa tyok;q osQ rRoA
? lw;kZri & vkiru dks.k ,oa forj.k] i`Foh dk mQ"ek ctV & ok;qeaMy dk xeZ ,oa
BaMk gksuk (lapkyu ,oa laogu] ikfFkZo fofdj.k] vfHkogu)_ rkieku % rkieku dks
izHkkfor djus okys dkjd] rkieku dk forj.k & {kSfrt ,oa mQèokZèkj] rkieku dk
O;qRØe.k
? ok;qnkc&ok;qnkc ifêð;k¡] iousa & HkweaMyh;] ekSleh ,oa LFkkfud] ok;qjkf'k;k¡ ,oa
okrkxz_ m".kdfVcaèkh; ,oa cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokrA
? o"kZ.k % ok"ihdj.k] la?kuu&vksl] ikyk] èkaqèk] dksgjk ,oa es?k_ o"kkZ&izdkj ,oa fo'o
forj.k
? fo'o tyok;q & oxhZdj.k (dksisu)] xzhugkml izHkko] HkweaMyh; mQ"eu ,ao tyok;q
ifjorZuA
tyok;q
bdkbZ
IV
ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu rFkk lajpuk
vè;k;
;k dksbZ O;fDr ok;q osQ fcuk jg ldrk gS\ ge
yksx fnu esa nks&rhu ckj Hkkstu djrs gSa rFkk dbZ
ckj ikuh ihrs gSa] ysfdu lk¡l yxHkx izR;sd lsosaQM ysrs
jgrs gSaA thfor jgus osQ fy, ok;q lHkh thoksa osQ fy,
vko';d gSA euq"; tSls oqQN tho fcuk Hkkstu vkSj ikuh
fy;s oqQN le; rd thfor jg ldrs gSa] ysfdu lk¡l
fy;s fcuk oqQN feuV Hkh thfor jguk lEHko ugha gksrkA
;gh dkj.k gS fd gesa ok;qeaMy dk foLr`r Kku gksuk
pkfg,A ok;qeaMy fofHkUu izdkj osQ xSlksa dk feJ.k gS
vkSj ;g i`Foh dks lHkh vksj ls <+osQ gq, gSA blesa
euq";ksa ,oa tarqvksa osQ thou osQ fy, vko';d xSlsa
tSls vkWDlhtu rFkk ikSèkksa osQ thou osQ fy, dkcZu
MkbZvkWDlkbM ikbZ tkrh gSA ok;q Ik`Foh osQ nzO;eku dk
vfHkUu Hkkx gS rFkk blosQ oqQy nzO;eku dk 99 izfr'kr
i`Foh dh lrg ls 32 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ rd fLFkr gSA
ok;q jaxghu rFkk xaèkghu gksrh gS rFkk tc ;g iou dh
rjg cgrh gS] rHkh ge bls eglwl dj ldrs gSaA
ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu
Okk;qeaMy xSlksa] tyok"Ik ,oa èkwy d.kksa ls cuk gSA
lkj.kh 8-1 esa gok esa mifLFkr mu xSlksa dk fooj.k gS]
tks ok;qeaMy osQ fupys Hkkx esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ok;qeaMy
dh Åijh ijrksa esa xSlksa dk vuqikr bl izdkj cnyrk
gS tSls fd 120 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ ij vkWDlhtu dh
ek=kk ux.; gks tkrh gSA blh izdkj] dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM
,oe~ tyok"i i`Foh dh lrg ls 90 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ
rd gh ik;s tkrs gSaA
xSl
dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ekSle foKku dh n`f"V ls cgqr gh
egÙoiw.kZ xSl gS] D;ksafd ;g lkSj fofdj.k osQ fy,
ikjn'khZ gS] ysfdu ikfFkZo fofdj.k osQ fy, vikjn'khZ
gSA ;g lkSj fofdj.k osQ ,d va'k dks lks[k ysrh gS rFkk
blosQ oqQN Hkkx dks Ik`Foh dh lrg dh vksj izfrfcafcr
dj nsrh gSA ;g xzhu gkmQl izHkko osQ fy, iwjh rjg
mÙkjnk;h gSA nwljh xSlksa dk vk;ru fLFkj gS] tcfd
fiNys oqQN n'kdksa esa eq[;r% thok'e bZaaèku dks tyk;s
tkus osQ dkj.k dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM osQ vk;ru esa
yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA blus gok osQ rki dks Hkh c<+k
fn;k gSA vks”kksu ok;qeaMy dk nwljk egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gS
tks fd i`Foh dh lrg ls 10 ls 50 fdyksehVj dh
Å¡pkbZ osQ chp ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d fiQYVj fd rjg
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk lw;Z ls fudyus okyh ijkcSaxuh
fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj mudks i`Foh dh lrg ij
igq¡pus ls jksdrk gSA
D;k vki dYiuk dj ldrs gSa fd ok;qeaMy esa
vks”kksu fd vuqifLFkfr ls gekjs mQij D;k izHkko
gksxk\
D
  Rkkfydk 8-1 % ok;qeaMy dh LFkk;h xSlsa
?kVd lw=k nzO;eku izfr'kr
ukbVªkstu N
2
78-8
vkWDlhtu O
2
20-95
vkxZu Ar 0-93
dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM CO
2
0-036
uhvkWu Ne 0-002
fgyh;e He 0-0005
ozsQIVks Kr 0-001
tsuu Xe 0-00009
gkbZMªkstu H
2
0-00005
82
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
fp=k 8-1 % ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk
tyok"Ik
tyok"Ik ok;qeaMy esa mifLFkr ,sLkh ifjorZuh; xSl gS]
tks Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk ?kVrh tkrh gSA xeZ rFkk vknzZ m".k
dfVcaèk esa ;g gok osQ vk;ru dk 4 izfr'kr gksrh gS]
tcfd èkqzoksa tSls BaMs rFkk jsfxLrkuksa tSls 'kq"d izns'kksa
esa ;g gok osQ vk;ru osQ 1 izfr'kr Hkkx ls Hkh de
gksrh gSA fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls èkqzo dh rjiQ tyok"Ik dh
ek=kk de gksrh tkrh gSA ;g lw;Z ls fudyus okys rki
osQ oqQN Hkkx dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gS rFkk i`Foh ls
fudyus okys rki dks laxzfgr djrh gSA bl izdkj ;g
,d dacy dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS rFkk i`Foh dks
u rks vfèkd xeZ rFkk u gh vfèkd BaMk gksus nsrh gSA
tyok"Ik ok;q dks fLFkj vkSj vfLFkj gksus esaa Hkh
;ksxnku nsrh gSA
èkwyd.k
ok;qeaMy esa NksVs&NksVs Bksl d.kksa dks Hkh j[kus dh
{kerk gksrh gSA ;s NksVs d.k fofHkUu lzksrksa tSls& leqnzh
ued] eghu feêðh] èkq,¡ dh dkfyek] jk[k] ijkx] èkwy
rFkk mYdkvksa osQ VwVs gq, d.k ls fudyrs gSaA èkwyd.k
izk;% ok;qeaMy osQ fupys Hkkx esa ekStwn gksrs gSa] fiQj
Hkh laoguh; ok;q izokg bUgsa dkiQh Å¡pkbZ rd ys tk
ldrk gSA èkwyd.kksa dk lcls vfèkd teko miks".k vkSj
'khrks".k izns'kksa esa lw[kh gok osQ dkj.k gksrk gS] tks
fo"kqor~ vkSj èkqzoh; izns'kksa dh rqyuk esa ;gk¡ vfèkd
ek=kk esa gksrs gSA èkwy vkSj ued osQ d.k vknzZrkxzkgh osaQnz
dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSa ftlosQ pkjksa vksj tyok"Ik
la?kfur gksdj es?kksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA
ok;qeaMy dh Lakjpuk
ok;qeaMy vyx&vyx ?kuRo rFkk rkieku okyh fofHkUu
ijrksa dk cuk gksrk gSA Ik`Foh dh lrg osQ ikl ?kuRo
vfèkd gksrk gS] tcfd mQ¡pkbZ c<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g
?kVrk tkrk gSA rkieku dh fLFkfr osQ vuqlkj ok;qeaMy
dks ik¡p fofHkUu laLrjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ;s gSa%  {kksHkeaMy]
lerkieaMy] eè;eaMy] vk;ueaMy] cfge±MyA
{kksHkeaMy ok;qeaMy dk lcls uhps dk laLrj gSA
bldh mQ¡pkbZ lrg ls yxHkx 13 fdñehñ gS rFkk ;g
èkzqo osQ fudV 8 fdñehñ rFkk fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ij 18 fdñehñ
dh mQ¡pkbZ rd gSA {kksHkeaMy dh eksVkbZ fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ij
lcls vfèkd gS] D;ksafd rst ok;qizokg osQ dkj.k rki
dk vfèkd mQ¡pkbZ rd laogu fd;k tkrk gSA bl laLrj
esa èkwyd.k rFkk tyok"Ik ekStwn gksrs gSaA ekSle esa
ifjorZu blh laLrj esaa gksrk gSA bl laLrj esa izR;sd
165 eh- dh mQ¡pkbZ ij rkieku 1° lsñ ?kVrk tkrk gSA
tSfod fozQ;k osQ fy, ;g lcls egÙoiw.kZ laLrj gSA
{kksHkeaMy vkSj lerkieaMy dks vyx djus okys
Hkkx dks {kksHklhek dgrs gSaA fo"kqor~ o`Ùk osQ Åij {kksHk
lhek esa gok dk rkieku –80° lsñ vkSj èkzqo osQ Åij
–45° lsñ gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ij rkieku fLFkj gksus osQ dkj.k
bls {kksHklhek dgk tkrk gSA lerkieaMy blosQ Åij
50 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ rd ik;k tkrk gSA lerkieaMy
dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k ;g gS fd blesa vks”kksu ijr
ik;h tkrh gSA ;g ijr ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr
dj i`Foh dks ÅtkZ osQ rhoz rFkk gkfudkjd rÙoksa ls
cpkrh gSA
eè;eaMy] lerkieaMy osQ Bhd Åij 80 fdñehñ
dh Å¡pkbZ rd iSQyk gksrk gSA bl laLrj esa Hkh Å¡pkbZ
osQ lkFk&lkFk rkieku esa deh gksus yxrh gS vkSj 80
fdyksehVj dh Å¡pkbZ rd igq¡pdj ;g –100° lsñ gks
Page 4


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? ok;qeaMy & la?kVu ,oa lajpuk_ ekSle ,oa tyok;q osQ rRoA
? lw;kZri & vkiru dks.k ,oa forj.k] i`Foh dk mQ"ek ctV & ok;qeaMy dk xeZ ,oa
BaMk gksuk (lapkyu ,oa laogu] ikfFkZo fofdj.k] vfHkogu)_ rkieku % rkieku dks
izHkkfor djus okys dkjd] rkieku dk forj.k & {kSfrt ,oa mQèokZèkj] rkieku dk
O;qRØe.k
? ok;qnkc&ok;qnkc ifêð;k¡] iousa & HkweaMyh;] ekSleh ,oa LFkkfud] ok;qjkf'k;k¡ ,oa
okrkxz_ m".kdfVcaèkh; ,oa cfg:".k dfVcaèkh; pØokrA
? o"kZ.k % ok"ihdj.k] la?kuu&vksl] ikyk] èkaqèk] dksgjk ,oa es?k_ o"kkZ&izdkj ,oa fo'o
forj.k
? fo'o tyok;q & oxhZdj.k (dksisu)] xzhugkml izHkko] HkweaMyh; mQ"eu ,ao tyok;q
ifjorZuA
tyok;q
bdkbZ
IV
ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu rFkk lajpuk
vè;k;
;k dksbZ O;fDr ok;q osQ fcuk jg ldrk gS\ ge
yksx fnu esa nks&rhu ckj Hkkstu djrs gSa rFkk dbZ
ckj ikuh ihrs gSa] ysfdu lk¡l yxHkx izR;sd lsosaQM ysrs
jgrs gSaA thfor jgus osQ fy, ok;q lHkh thoksa osQ fy,
vko';d gSA euq"; tSls oqQN tho fcuk Hkkstu vkSj ikuh
fy;s oqQN le; rd thfor jg ldrs gSa] ysfdu lk¡l
fy;s fcuk oqQN feuV Hkh thfor jguk lEHko ugha gksrkA
;gh dkj.k gS fd gesa ok;qeaMy dk foLr`r Kku gksuk
pkfg,A ok;qeaMy fofHkUu izdkj osQ xSlksa dk feJ.k gS
vkSj ;g i`Foh dks lHkh vksj ls <+osQ gq, gSA blesa
euq";ksa ,oa tarqvksa osQ thou osQ fy, vko';d xSlsa
tSls vkWDlhtu rFkk ikSèkksa osQ thou osQ fy, dkcZu
MkbZvkWDlkbM ikbZ tkrh gSA ok;q Ik`Foh osQ nzO;eku dk
vfHkUu Hkkx gS rFkk blosQ oqQy nzO;eku dk 99 izfr'kr
i`Foh dh lrg ls 32 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ rd fLFkr gSA
ok;q jaxghu rFkk xaèkghu gksrh gS rFkk tc ;g iou dh
rjg cgrh gS] rHkh ge bls eglwl dj ldrs gSaA
ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu
Okk;qeaMy xSlksa] tyok"Ik ,oa èkwy d.kksa ls cuk gSA
lkj.kh 8-1 esa gok esa mifLFkr mu xSlksa dk fooj.k gS]
tks ok;qeaMy osQ fupys Hkkx esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ok;qeaMy
dh Åijh ijrksa esa xSlksa dk vuqikr bl izdkj cnyrk
gS tSls fd 120 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ ij vkWDlhtu dh
ek=kk ux.; gks tkrh gSA blh izdkj] dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM
,oe~ tyok"i i`Foh dh lrg ls 90 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ
rd gh ik;s tkrs gSaA
xSl
dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ekSle foKku dh n`f"V ls cgqr gh
egÙoiw.kZ xSl gS] D;ksafd ;g lkSj fofdj.k osQ fy,
ikjn'khZ gS] ysfdu ikfFkZo fofdj.k osQ fy, vikjn'khZ
gSA ;g lkSj fofdj.k osQ ,d va'k dks lks[k ysrh gS rFkk
blosQ oqQN Hkkx dks Ik`Foh dh lrg dh vksj izfrfcafcr
dj nsrh gSA ;g xzhu gkmQl izHkko osQ fy, iwjh rjg
mÙkjnk;h gSA nwljh xSlksa dk vk;ru fLFkj gS] tcfd
fiNys oqQN n'kdksa esa eq[;r% thok'e bZaaèku dks tyk;s
tkus osQ dkj.k dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM osQ vk;ru esa
yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA blus gok osQ rki dks Hkh c<+k
fn;k gSA vks”kksu ok;qeaMy dk nwljk egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gS
tks fd i`Foh dh lrg ls 10 ls 50 fdyksehVj dh
Å¡pkbZ osQ chp ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d fiQYVj fd rjg
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk lw;Z ls fudyus okyh ijkcSaxuh
fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj mudks i`Foh dh lrg ij
igq¡pus ls jksdrk gSA
D;k vki dYiuk dj ldrs gSa fd ok;qeaMy esa
vks”kksu fd vuqifLFkfr ls gekjs mQij D;k izHkko
gksxk\
D
  Rkkfydk 8-1 % ok;qeaMy dh LFkk;h xSlsa
?kVd lw=k nzO;eku izfr'kr
ukbVªkstu N
2
78-8
vkWDlhtu O
2
20-95
vkxZu Ar 0-93
dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM CO
2
0-036
uhvkWu Ne 0-002
fgyh;e He 0-0005
ozsQIVks Kr 0-001
tsuu Xe 0-00009
gkbZMªkstu H
2
0-00005
82
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
fp=k 8-1 % ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk
tyok"Ik
tyok"Ik ok;qeaMy esa mifLFkr ,sLkh ifjorZuh; xSl gS]
tks Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk ?kVrh tkrh gSA xeZ rFkk vknzZ m".k
dfVcaèk esa ;g gok osQ vk;ru dk 4 izfr'kr gksrh gS]
tcfd èkqzoksa tSls BaMs rFkk jsfxLrkuksa tSls 'kq"d izns'kksa
esa ;g gok osQ vk;ru osQ 1 izfr'kr Hkkx ls Hkh de
gksrh gSA fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls èkqzo dh rjiQ tyok"Ik dh
ek=kk de gksrh tkrh gSA ;g lw;Z ls fudyus okys rki
osQ oqQN Hkkx dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gS rFkk i`Foh ls
fudyus okys rki dks laxzfgr djrh gSA bl izdkj ;g
,d dacy dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS rFkk i`Foh dks
u rks vfèkd xeZ rFkk u gh vfèkd BaMk gksus nsrh gSA
tyok"Ik ok;q dks fLFkj vkSj vfLFkj gksus esaa Hkh
;ksxnku nsrh gSA
èkwyd.k
ok;qeaMy esa NksVs&NksVs Bksl d.kksa dks Hkh j[kus dh
{kerk gksrh gSA ;s NksVs d.k fofHkUu lzksrksa tSls& leqnzh
ued] eghu feêðh] èkq,¡ dh dkfyek] jk[k] ijkx] èkwy
rFkk mYdkvksa osQ VwVs gq, d.k ls fudyrs gSaA èkwyd.k
izk;% ok;qeaMy osQ fupys Hkkx esa ekStwn gksrs gSa] fiQj
Hkh laoguh; ok;q izokg bUgsa dkiQh Å¡pkbZ rd ys tk
ldrk gSA èkwyd.kksa dk lcls vfèkd teko miks".k vkSj
'khrks".k izns'kksa esa lw[kh gok osQ dkj.k gksrk gS] tks
fo"kqor~ vkSj èkqzoh; izns'kksa dh rqyuk esa ;gk¡ vfèkd
ek=kk esa gksrs gSA èkwy vkSj ued osQ d.k vknzZrkxzkgh osaQnz
dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSa ftlosQ pkjksa vksj tyok"Ik
la?kfur gksdj es?kksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSaA
ok;qeaMy dh Lakjpuk
ok;qeaMy vyx&vyx ?kuRo rFkk rkieku okyh fofHkUu
ijrksa dk cuk gksrk gSA Ik`Foh dh lrg osQ ikl ?kuRo
vfèkd gksrk gS] tcfd mQ¡pkbZ c<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g
?kVrk tkrk gSA rkieku dh fLFkfr osQ vuqlkj ok;qeaMy
dks ik¡p fofHkUu laLrjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ;s gSa%  {kksHkeaMy]
lerkieaMy] eè;eaMy] vk;ueaMy] cfge±MyA
{kksHkeaMy ok;qeaMy dk lcls uhps dk laLrj gSA
bldh mQ¡pkbZ lrg ls yxHkx 13 fdñehñ gS rFkk ;g
èkzqo osQ fudV 8 fdñehñ rFkk fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ij 18 fdñehñ
dh mQ¡pkbZ rd gSA {kksHkeaMy dh eksVkbZ fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ij
lcls vfèkd gS] D;ksafd rst ok;qizokg osQ dkj.k rki
dk vfèkd mQ¡pkbZ rd laogu fd;k tkrk gSA bl laLrj
esa èkwyd.k rFkk tyok"Ik ekStwn gksrs gSaA ekSle esa
ifjorZu blh laLrj esaa gksrk gSA bl laLrj esa izR;sd
165 eh- dh mQ¡pkbZ ij rkieku 1° lsñ ?kVrk tkrk gSA
tSfod fozQ;k osQ fy, ;g lcls egÙoiw.kZ laLrj gSA
{kksHkeaMy vkSj lerkieaMy dks vyx djus okys
Hkkx dks {kksHklhek dgrs gSaA fo"kqor~ o`Ùk osQ Åij {kksHk
lhek esa gok dk rkieku –80° lsñ vkSj èkzqo osQ Åij
–45° lsñ gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ij rkieku fLFkj gksus osQ dkj.k
bls {kksHklhek dgk tkrk gSA lerkieaMy blosQ Åij
50 fdñehñ dh Å¡pkbZ rd ik;k tkrk gSA lerkieaMy
dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k ;g gS fd blesa vks”kksu ijr
ik;h tkrh gSA ;g ijr ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr
dj i`Foh dks ÅtkZ osQ rhoz rFkk gkfudkjd rÙoksa ls
cpkrh gSA
eè;eaMy] lerkieaMy osQ Bhd Åij 80 fdñehñ
dh Å¡pkbZ rd iSQyk gksrk gSA bl laLrj esa Hkh Å¡pkbZ
osQ lkFk&lkFk rkieku esa deh gksus yxrh gS vkSj 80
fdyksehVj dh Å¡pkbZ rd igq¡pdj ;g –100° lsñ gks
83
ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu rFkk lajpuk
tkrk gSA eè;eaMy dh Åijh ijr dks eè;lhek
dgrs gaSA vk;ueaMy eè;eaMy osQ Åij 80 ls 400
fdyksehVj osQ chp fLFkr gksrk gSA blesa fo|qr vkosf'kr
d.k ik;s tkrs gSa] ftUgsa vk;u dgrs gSa rFkk blhfy,
bls vk;ueaMy osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA Ik`Foh osQ
}kjk Hksth xbZ jsfM;ks rjaxsa bl laLrj osQ }kjk okil
Ik`Foh ij ykSV vkrh gSaA ;gk¡ ij Å¡pkbZ c<+us osQ lkFk
gh rkieku esa o`f¼ 'kq: gks tkrh gSA ok;qeaMy dk
lcls Åijh laLrj] tks vk;ueaMy osQ Åij fLFkr
gksrk gS mls cfge±My dgrs gSaA ;g lcls Å¡pk
laLrj gS rFkk blosQ ckjs esa cgqr de tkudkjh
miyCèk gSA bl laLrj esa ekStwn lHkh ?kVd fojy gSa]
tks èkhjs&èkhjs ckgjh varfj{k esa fey tkrs gSaA ;|fi
ok;qeaMy osQ lHkh laLrj gesa izHkkfor djrs gSa fiQj
Hkh HkwxksyosÙkk ok;qeaMy osQ igys nks laLrjksa dk gh
vè;;u djrs gSaA
ekSle vkSj tyok;q osQ rÙo
rki] nkc] gok] vknzZrk] ckny vkSj o"kZ.k] ok;qeaMy osQ
egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSa] tks Ik`Foh ij euq"; osQ thou dks
izHkkfor djrs gSaA bu rÙoksa osQ ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh
vè;k; 9] 10 vkSj 11 esa nh xbZ gSA
vH;kl
1- cgqoSdfYid iz'u %
(i) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh xSl ok;qeaMy esa lcls vfèkd ek=kk esa ekStwn gS\
(d) vkWDlhtu ([k) vkxZu
(x) ukbVªkstu (?k) dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM
(ii) og ok;qeaMyh; ijr tks ekuo thou osQ fy;s egÙoiw.kZ gS %
(d) lerkieaMy ([k) {kksHkeaMy
(x) eè;eaMy (?k) vk;ueaMy
(iii) leqnzh ued] ijkx] jk[k] èkq,¡ dh dkfyek] eghu feêðh& fdlls lacafèkr gSa\
(d) xSl ([k) tyok"Ik
(x) èkwyd.k (?k) mYdkikr
(iv) fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdruh mQ¡pkbZ ij vkWDlhtu dh ek=kk ux.; gks tkrh gS\
(d) 90 fdñehñ ([k) 100 fdñehñ
(x) 120 fdñehñ (?k) 150 fdñehñ
(v) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh xSl lkSj fofdj.k osQ fy, ikjn'khZ gS rFkk ikfFkZo fofdj.k osQ
fy, vikjn'khZ\
(d) vkWDlhtu ([k) ukbVªkstu
(x) ghfy;e (?k) dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM
2- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksa esa nhft, %
(i) ok;qeaMy ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
(ii) ekSle ,oa tyok;q osQ rÙo dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\
(iii) ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk osQ ckjs esa fy[ksaA
(iv) ok;qeaMy osQ lHkh laLrjksa esa {kksHkeaMy lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\
3- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj yxHkx 150 'kCnksa esa nhft, %
(i) ok;qeaMy osQ la?kVu dh O;k[;k djsaA
(ii) ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk dk fp=k [khaps vkSj O;k[;k djsaA
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