UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 21st December 2024 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Environment

Hydrothermal Vent Discovery in the Indian Ocean

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Indian oceanographers have made a groundbreaking discovery by capturing an image of an active hydrothermal vent located 4,500 meters beneath the surface of the Indian Ocean. This significant finding is expected to bolster India’s Deep Ocean mission, particularly the Samudrayaan mission, which emphasizes mineral exploration from inactive hydrothermal vents.

• Discovery of an active hydrothermal vent in the Indian Ocean.
• Potential enhancement of India's Deep Ocean mission and its mineral exploration initiatives.

Additional Details

• Formation of Hydrothermal Vents: These vents typically occur at mid-ocean ridges or subduction zones where tectonic plates either diverge or converge. Cold seawater seeps into the Earth's crust, where it is heated by magma and re-emerges through cracks, transporting dissolved minerals.
• Types of Hydrothermal Vents:
  • Black Smokers: Emit dark, mineral-rich plumes high in metals like iron and sulfides.
  • White Smokers: Release cooler, lighter fluids rich in silica and barium.
• Chemical Composition: Hydrothermal vents are characterized by their rich content of sulfides, methane, and important minerals such as iron, manganese, and copper.
• Ecological Importance: These vents support unique ecosystems with chemosynthetic organisms that derive energy from chemical reactions rather than sunlight and host diverse life forms, including giant tube worms, clams, and shrimp.
• Scientific and Economic Significance:
  • Potential sources of valuable metals like gold, silver, and copper, which could aid in deep-sea mining initiatives.
  • Astrobiological relevance as analogous environments may exist on other celestial bodies, such as Europa or Enceladus, providing insights into the potential for extraterrestrial life.
  • Contribution to climate studies by enhancing our understanding of carbon and sulfur cycles in the oceans.

The discovery of hydrothermal vents not only reveals the complexity of underwater ecosystems but also opens avenues for scientific exploration and potential economic benefits through mineral resources and astrobiological insights.

GS3/Economy

Regulating Opinion Trading Platforms in India

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The opinion trading sector in India has seen significant growth, with an estimated 5 crore users and substantial investments, yet it remains largely unregulated and overlooked.

• Opinion trading allows users to bet real money on the outcomes of future events across various sectors, including sports, elections, and cryptocurrency.
• Platforms like Probo and MPL Opinio have collectively attracted over ₹4,200 crore in funding from major investors and are experiencing exponential growth.
• The sector is projected to generate over ₹1,000 crore in revenue for the financial year 2024-25.

Additional Details

• Opinion Trading: This involves users wagering on outcomes without requiring significant skill, leading to debates on whether it should be classified as a game of skill or chance. Legal interpretations in India generally favor games of skill, which complicates the status of opinion trading.
• Legal and Regulatory Challenges: Currently, there is no dedicated legal framework regulating opinion trading platforms, leading to a lack of user protections. Proposed amendments to the Information Technology Rules remain vague.
• Industry Perspective: Some platforms argue their operations are based on skill, using metrics defined by the Supreme Court to assess the skill level associated with their questions. This distinction has implications for regulatory scrutiny.
• Global Experience: In contrast, countries like the US and Australia have classified wagers as securities, leading to rigorous regulation. Platforms like Kalshi are overseen by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
• The need for a clear regulatory framework is becoming urgent as the sector continues to grow rapidly, highlighting the necessity for balanced regulation that protects users while fostering innovation.

The rapid rise of opinion trading platforms underscores the need for effective regulation to protect users and ensure the responsible growth of the online gaming industry in India.

GS2/International Relations

Crimes Against Humanity and India’s Stance

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

India’s stance on the proposed Crimes Against Humanity (CAH) treaty reflects its longstanding reservations about the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court (ICC). This discussion has gained traction as India continues to assert its position on international legal frameworks.

• India is not a signatory to the Rome Statute and has consistently expressed concerns regarding the ICC's jurisdiction.
• India has called for a comprehensive examination of the need for a dedicated CAH treaty for 5 years.
• There is currently a lack of domestic legislation in India specifically addressing crimes against humanity.
• India emphasizes national jurisdiction over international mechanisms for addressing such crimes.

Additional Details

• Non-Party to the Rome Statute: India has not signed the Rome Statute and opposes the ICC’s jurisdiction, advocating for national legal systems to address international crimes instead.
• Call for In-Depth Study: India believes existing frameworks do not adequately address the complexities of CAH and has been advocating for a thorough examination of a dedicated treaty.
• Lack of Domestic Legislation: There is currently no specific domestic law in India addressing CAH, highlighted by Justice S. Muralidhar of the Delhi High Court.
• Concerns Over Duplication: India is concerned that a new CAH treaty may overlap with existing laws under the Rome Statute, complicating accountability rather than clarifying it.

Importance of Legislation on Crimes Against Humanity

• Inadequate Domestic Legislation: India ratified the Genocide Convention but lacks the necessary domestic laws to enforce its provisions.
• International Accountability: Establishing CAH laws would align India’s legal framework with international standards and enhance global cooperation in prosecuting such crimes.
• Justice for Mass Atrocities: India's history of communal violence highlights the necessity of CAH laws to ensure justice and accountability.
• Leadership in Human Rights: By adopting CAH laws, India could take a leading role in addressing global issues such as terrorism and human rights violations.
• Empowering National Courts: CAH laws would strengthen Indian courts’ ability to handle serious human rights violations.

India’s Concerns on Definitions and Scope

• Definition of Crimes: India objects to certain definitions in the proposed treaty, particularly against including enforced disappearance as a CAH while advocating for terrorism to be recognized as such.
• Scope of Application: India argues that CAH should only encompass crimes committed during armed conflicts, opposing a broader interpretation that includes peacetime offenses.

Way Forward

• Enact Comprehensive Domestic Legislation: India should introduce laws addressing CAH, aligning with global standards while considering domestic concerns.
• Advocate for Inclusive Global Frameworks: India can engage in international negotiations on the CAH treaty, pushing for definitions that reflect its national interests.

In summary, India's approach to the proposed Crimes Against Humanity treaty underscores its preference for national jurisdiction and raises significant concerns about definitions and the scope of the proposed framework. Moving forward, India has the opportunity to align its domestic legislation with international norms while advocating for its national interests on the global stage.

GS2/Polity

Swatantrata Sainik Samman Pension Scheme

Source: India Today

Why in News?

The Minister of State for Home Affairs recently provided updates in the Rajya Sabha regarding the Swatantrata Sainik Samman Pension Scheme, which aims to honor and support living freedom fighters and their families.

• The scheme was launched on 15th August 1972 by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• It offers pensions to living freedom fighters and their families, as well as to the families of martyrs.
• Eligibility criteria include specific conditions related to imprisonment, internment, and participation in the freedom struggle.

Additional Details

• Eligibility Criteria:
  • A person must have suffered a minimum imprisonment of six months in mainland jails before Independence.
  • Participation as an underground activist for over six months qualifies one for the scheme.
  • Internment at home or externment from one’s district for at least six months is also considered.
  • Eligibility extends to those whose property was confiscated due to their involvement in the freedom struggle.
  • Individuals who became permanently incapacitated during protests or conflicts are eligible.
  • Loss of government job due to participation in the national movement qualifies one for the pension.
• Benefits:
  • Recipients receive free lifetime railway passes for travel.
  • Medical facilities under CGHS and free treatment in PSU-run hospitals are provided.
  • Freedom fighters can enjoy free transit stay with meals at State Bhawan, New Delhi.
  • Local authorities have been instructed to check on the well-being of freedom fighters and assist with pension-related issues.

This scheme reflects the government's commitment to honoring the sacrifices of freedom fighters and ensuring their welfare through financial support and various benefits.

GS3/Environment

Northern Giant Hornet Eradication

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The United States Department of Agriculture has announced the successful eradication of the Northern giant hornet, commonly known as the "murder hornet." This invasive species posed a significant threat to native pollinators, particularly honey bees.

• The Northern giant hornet, or Vespa mandarinia, is the largest hornet in the world, measuring up to 2 inches long.
• It can kill entire beehives in just 90 minutes and takes the honey bee brood to feed its young.

Additional Details

• Habitat: They thrive in lower altitude forests and avoid large plains and high-altitude regions.
• Distribution: Native to temperate regions of China, Korea, Japan, and India.
• Threat Level: As an invasive species, they pose a significant threat to native insects and pollinators.
• These hornets can sting through most beekeeper suits, delivering nearly seven times more venom than a honey bee and have the ability to sting multiple times.
• Feeding Behavior: They primarily prey on native insects such as butterflies, moths, dragonflies, bees, and wasps.
• Ecological Impact: Their predation on honey bees poses an indirect threat to plants that depend on honey bees for pollination.

The eradication of the Northern giant hornet is crucial for protecting the ecosystems that rely on native pollinators and maintaining biodiversity. Continued monitoring and control measures will be necessary to prevent future invasions.

GS1/History & Culture

Thrissur Pooram

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India has granted relief to the organizers and admirers of Thrissur Pooram by staying the Kerala High Court's orders regarding the parading of elephants during the festival. The court found the High Court's stipulations, which required a three-meter distance between elephants and prohibited their procession on public roads between 9 AM and 5 PM, to be impractical.

• Thrissur Pooram is one of the largest and most vibrant temple festivals in India, celebrated annually in Thrissur, Kerala.
• It is often referred to as the "Festival of Festivals," showcasing Kerala's rich cultural heritage.

Additional Details

• Historical Significance: The festival was initiated in the late 18th century by Sakthan Thampuran, the Maharaja of Cochin, with the aim of unifying various regional temple celebrations into a grand event.
• Date and Venue: Thrissur Pooram is celebrated in April or May, according to the Malayalam calendar (during the month of Medam), primarily at the Vadakkunnathan Temple in Thrissur.
• Participants: The festivities are led by two main temple groups: Paramekkavu Bhagavathy Temple and Thiruvambady Krishna Temple, along with smaller temples in the vicinity.

Significant cultural highlights of Thrissur Pooram include a grand elephant procession known as Kudamattam, featuring caparisoned elephants carrying deity idols, a synchronized display of decorated umbrellas, and a traditional ensemble of five percussion instruments called Panchavadyam. The festival concludes with a spectacular fireworks display, renowned for its beauty and competitiveness.

GS3/Science and Technology

What is the IRIS² Programme?

Source: Financial Times

Why in News?

The European Union has recently signed a contract for the Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite (IRIS²), marking a significant step in satellite internet connectivity with a multi-orbital constellation of 290 satellites.

Key Takeaways

• IRIS² is the European Union's third flagship satellite internet programme.
• It aims to provide secure connectivity and high-speed broadband in areas with low or no network access.
• The constellation consists of 264 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 26 in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).
• Developed in partnership with SpaceRISE, an alliance of leading European satellite operators and space companies.

Additional Details

• Applications:IRIS² will support various governmental applications, focusing on:
  • Border and maritime surveillance
  • Crisis management
  • Connection and security of critical infrastructure
  • Security and defence operations
• It can also be utilized in sectors such as:
  • Maritime, railway, aviation, and automotive
  • Smart energy grid management
  • Banking and overseas industrial activities
  • Remote healthcare and enhancing rural connectivity
• IRIS² will provide mobile and fixed broadband satellite access and cloud-based services.
• The system can assist in transportation by navigating areas with limited connectivity.

In summary, the IRIS² Programme represents a strategic initiative by the European Union to enhance satellite internet services, ensuring secure and high-speed connectivity across various sectors, particularly in underserved regions.

GS3/Science and Technology

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Scientists at the World Health Organization (WHO) have recently endorsed a new class of medications known as GLP-1 receptor agonists. These drugs are significant for managing obesity and related health issues.

• GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the action of the natural hormone GLP-1, which is crucial for regulating appetite and blood sugar levels.
• This class of medications has the potential to transform treatments for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions.
• Examples of GLP-1 receptor agonists include semaglutide and tirzepatide, which are typically administered via injection.

Additional Details

• What is GLP-1? GLP-1, or Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, is a hormone that plays a vital role in controlling blood glucose levels and lipid metabolism. It is released by the intestines when food is ingested.
• Mechanism of Action: As agonists, these medications bind to GLP-1 receptors on cells, producing effects similar to the body's own GLP-1, which helps in enhancing insulin secretion and reducing glucagon release.
• GLP-1 receptor agonists represent a significant advancement in obesity treatment, offering a new therapeutic avenue for patients struggling with weight management.

In summary, GLP-1 receptor agonists are emerging as a promising option in the fight against obesity and related metabolic disorders, with the potential to reshape therapeutic strategies in this area.

GS3/Economy

A Study of Budgets of 2024-25 (Fiscal Reforms by States) Report Released by RBI

Source: Business Standard

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released a report on state finances indicating significant changes in the fiscal landscape of India. The report highlights an increase in the fiscal deficit, suggesting that fiscal consolidation is being sidelined in favor of increased government expenditure.

• India’s fiscal deficit is projected to rise from 2.8% of GDP in FY22 to 3.2% in FY24.
• Gross Fiscal Deficit (GFD) for states is expected to increase from 2.7% of GDP in FY2022-23 to 2.9% in FY2023-24.
• Revenue expenditure is anticipated to rise to 14.6% of GDP in FY2025.
• Capital expenditure has escalated from 2.2% of GDP in FY23 to 3.2% in FY24.
• State revenues are projected to grow from 13.3% of GDP in FY2024 to 14.3% in FY2025.

Additional Details

• Fiscal Deficit: The rise in fiscal deficit indicates that many states are spending more than their revenues, with some states, such as Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal, budgeting deficits above the 3% of GSDP mark.
• Debt-to-GDP Ratio: The debt-to-GDP ratio for states has slightly increased to 28.8% in FY2024, indicating a trend where states with high fiscal deficits also tend to have higher debt ratios.
• Borrowing Trends: States have significantly increased their reliance on market borrowings, with the share rising from 17% in 2005-06 to 79% in FY2024-25.
• Recommendations: The report suggests prudent management of subsidies, rationalization of centrally sponsored schemes, and adoption of climate and outcome budgeting to enhance state fiscal health.

This report underscores the challenges and trends in state finances, emphasizing the need for careful fiscal management as states navigate increasing expenditures while attempting to boost revenues and manage debt effectively.

GS1/History & Culture

India Maritime Heritage Conclave 2024

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The 1st India Maritime Heritage Conclave (IMHC 2024), organized by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, was held to celebrate and explore India's rich maritime legacy and its contributions to global trade, while also discussing future innovations in the maritime sector.

• The theme of the conclave was "Towards Understanding India's Position in Global Maritime History."
• Showcased ancient shipbuilding techniques, navigational tools, and historical trade routes through over 20 stalls.
• Participating nations included Greece, Italy, and the UK, highlighting the global significance of India's maritime history.
• A vibrant cultural program celebrated India's coastal traditions, merging scholarship with festivity.
• The conclave explored India's maritime history and future aspirations, with a focus on youth involvement, skill development, and sustainable practices in the maritime sector.

Additional Details

• National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC), Lothal: Located in Lothal, Gujarat, this complex is situated at an ancient Indus Valley Civilization site (2600 BCE), famous for its archaeological evidence of the world’s oldest man-made dockyard, over 5,000 years old.
• Features of NMHC:Aims to become one of the world’s largest maritime complexes, integrating both historical and modern maritime activities. Key highlights include:
  • 14 thematic galleries
  • An Open Aquatic Gallery
  • A Lighthouse Museum
  • Eco-resorts and theme parks
  • Maritime research institutes

This conclave not only celebrated India's maritime heritage but also laid the groundwork for future developments in this vital sector, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of India's role in global maritime history.

GS2/International Relations

The Bridge to Moscow

Source: Moscow Times

Why in News?

The India-Russia relationship is anticipated to be one of the most significant bilateral engagements in 2025, impacting not only the two nations but also the global stage.

• The strength of ties between New Delhi and Moscow is crucial for both nations, particularly in areas like energy trade, technological collaboration, and strategic interests.
• Russia is India's primary partner for high-tech supplies, especially as Western nations like France and the US still have limitations regarding dual-use technology.
• The partnership is considered a global public good, offering stability and benefits beyond the two countries.

Additional Details

• Global Significance: The India-Russia relationship acts as a bridge, connecting the isolated Russian polity with the broader global community, while India's commitment to multilateralism anchors Russia within the global order it often seeks to disrupt.
• Geopolitical Balance: This relationship helps prevent Russia from becoming overly dependent on China, maintaining a balance in international relations that is crucial for global stability.
• Energy Trade: Trade in fossil fuels between India and Russia is structured to comply with sanctions, providing price stability and predictability in energy markets, which is particularly beneficial for Europe and the West.
• Strategic Presence in the Arctic: India's growing strategic involvement in the Arctic, in collaboration with Russia and other nations, counters the potential dominance of a Russia-China alliance, ensuring ecological and supply chain security.
• Multilateral Engagement: India's participation in forums like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation helps moderate these groupings, ensuring they do not become tools against Western interests.
• The ability of India to engage with nations divided by geopolitical tensions has been a hallmark of Indian diplomacy since Independence, highlighting the broader global implications of the India-Russia relationship.

In summary, the India-Russia relationship not only serves the interests of both nations but also plays a vital role in promoting global stability and cooperation amidst evolving geopolitical dynamics.