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UPSC Daily Current Affairs- 20th January 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Governance

Lokpal and Lokayukta

Source: PIB

Why in News?

After 12 years since its enactment, the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013, has demonstrated limited effectiveness, with the Lokpal initiating only 24 investigations and granting 6 prosecution sanctions.

  • The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act was passed to combat corruption in India.
  • Despite its establishment, the Lokpal has been underutilized in terms of investigations and prosecutions.

Additional Details

  • History of Lokpal: The First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC-I) in 1966 recommended creating an anti-corruption ombudsman. Numerous Lokpal Bills were proposed from 1971 to 2008, but none were successful.
  • In 2011, the Jan Lokpal Andolan led by activist Anna Hazare intensified public demand for an effective anti-corruption framework, culminating in the enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013.
  • The Lokpal addresses corruption cases involving public servants at the central level and includes high-ranking officials like the Prime Minister, with specific exceptions.
  • Appointment: The Lokpal is appointed by the President based on recommendations from a Selection Committee that includes the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, Chief Justice of India, and an eminent jurist.
  • State-Level Lokayukta: Established as the state-level counterpart to Lokpal, it handles corruption cases involving state public servants such as Chief Ministers and MLAs.
  • The Lokayukta\'s powers and structure can vary by state, often reflecting the Lokpal model.

The Lokpal and Lokayukta serve as vital mechanisms in India\'s fight against corruption, despite facing challenges in their operational effectiveness. Continuous public engagement and legislative support are crucial to enhancing their impact.


GS3/Science and Technology

Third Launchpad at Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota

Source: DD News

Why in News?

The Union Cabinet has approved the construction of a third launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This initiative aims to enhance India\'s capabilities in space technology and satellite launches.

  • The new launchpad will support the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) missions.
  • This marks a significant step in bolstering ISRO\'s capacity to launch advanced satellites and spacecraft.
  • ISRO’s second rocket launch port is being developed in Kulasekarapattinam, Tamil Nadu.

About Satish Dhawan

  • Background: Satish Dhawan was born in Srinagar and is recognized as the \'Father of Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research\' in India.
  • Career Milestones: He succeeded Vikram Sarabhai as ISRO Chairman in 1972 and oversaw a transformative era for India\'s space program, including the development of:
    • INSAT: India\'s telecommunications satellite system.
    • IRS: The Indian Remote Sensing satellite program.
    • PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which established India\'s status as a significant spacefaring nation.
  • Legacy: Satish Dhawan passed away in 2002, and the Sriharikota space center was named in his honor.

About the New Launchpad

  • This launchpad will enhance India\'s operational capabilities in space missions.
  • Significance: It serves as India\'s only operational spaceport, facilitating spacecraft and satellite launches since its inception.

Selection of Sriharikota as the Launch Site

  • 1960s Search: The search for an ideal launch site began in the 1960s, initiated by the need for indigenous satellite development.
  • Survey and Acquisition: By October 1968, approximately 40,000 acres of land were acquired in Sriharikota.
  • Reasons for Choosing Sriharikota:
    • East Coast Location: Launching rockets eastward utilizes the Earth\'s rotational speed, providing a velocity boost of 450 m/s, advantageous for geostationary satellites.
    • Proximity to the Equator: Locations near the equator require less energy for rockets to reach geostationary orbits.
    • Uninhabited Area: The sparse population minimizes risks during launches.
    • Access to the Sea: Proximity to the Bay of Bengal allows rocket debris to fall into the sea, reducing hazards on land.
    • Strategic Accessibility: Adequate access to resources and infrastructure supported the development of the launch facility.

Previous Year Question (PYQ)

[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:

  • PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring, while GSLVs are mainly designed for communication satellites.
  • Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain fixed in the same position in the sky from a specific location on Earth.
  • GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle, with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  • (a) 1 only
  • (b) 2 and 3
  • (c) 1 and 2
  • (d) 3 only

This new development not only solidifies India’s position in the global space arena but also signifies a commitment to advancing its technological capabilities in satellite and rocket launches.


GS3/Environment

Yala Glacier in the News

Source: Times of India

Why in News?

The Yala Glacier, located in Nepal, is facing a significant threat of disappearance by the 2040s due to rapid retreat and mass loss. It is the only glacier in the Himalayas included in the Global Glacier Casualty List, an initiative launched in 2024 aimed at documenting endangered or vanished glaciers worldwide.

  • The UN has designated 2025 as the International Year of Glacier Preservation, with March 21st to be observed as World Glacier Day starting from 2025.
  • Yala Glacier plays a crucial role in the cryosphere, supporting approximately 240 million people in the Himalayan region.
  • The glacier has experienced a notable retreat of 680 meters from 1974 to 2021, with a 36% reduction in its area during the same period.

Additional Details

  • Location: Yala Glacier is situated in the Langtang Valley of central Nepal and is significantly influenced by the Indian summer monsoon.
  • Monitoring: The glacier has been under observation for over a decade utilizing stakes, snow pits, and satellite imagery, which has provided vital data regarding the state of Himalayan glaciers.
  • Global Glacier Casualty List: Launched by a consortium including Rice University, WGMS, WMO, and UNESCO, it documents glaciers that have vanished or are critically endangered.
  • Significant glaciers listed include Pico Humboldt Glacier (Venezuela), which disappeared in 2024, and Dagu Glacier (China), categorized as critically endangered, expected to vanish by 2030.

The alarming rate of glacier retreat underscores the urgent need for global cooperation in addressing the challenges posed by climate change, as glaciers hold about 70% of the world\'s freshwater, influencing water security for billions.


GS3/Environment

Survey Adds 24 New Species to Munnar’s Faunal Stock

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

A recent faunal survey conducted in the Munnar Wildlife Division has unveiled a significant addition to the biodiversity of the region by documenting new species of birds, butterflies, and odonates. This survey enhances the existing biodiversity checklist of Munnar, which is crucial for ecological conservation and study.

  • 24 new species added, comprising 11 birds, 8 butterflies, and 5 odonates.
  • Total documentation includes 217 bird species, 166 butterfly species, and 5 new odonate records.

Surveyed Sites

  • Mathikettan Shola National Park (MSNP): A biodiversity hotspot within the Western Ghats.
  • Pambadum Shola National Park (PSNP): The smallest national park in Kerala, known for its unique flora and fauna.
  • Anamudi Shola National Park (ANP): Named after Anamudi, the highest peak in South India.
  • Kurinjimala Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS): Protects the habitat of the Neelakurinji, a flower that blooms once every 12 years.
  • Eravikulam National Park (ENP): Renowned for the Nilgiri Tahr.
  • Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (CWLS): Located in the rain-shadow region of the Western Ghats, close to the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border.

Additional Details

  • New Species Added: Includes the Brown Hawk Owl, Barred Buttonquail, Spotted Owlet, Mottled Wood Owl, among others.
  • Notable Wildlife Observed: Included mammals such as the Nilgiri Tahr, tigers, leopards, and elephants, as well as 12 species of reptiles and amphibians.
  • Unique Sightings: Featured the Grass Jewel (the smallest butterfly in Kerala) and the Southern Birdwing (the largest butterfly in India).
  • New Odonate Records: Documented species include Cratilla lineata calverti and Macrodiplax cora.

This survey not only enriches the biodiversity of Munnar but also emphasizes the importance of continued ecological surveys for the conservation of various species and their habitats.


GS2/Polity

Trust Route Booms After Electoral Bond Ban

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The recent electoral trust contribution reports released by the Election Commission of India (ECI) highlighted a substantial rise in donations to political parties following the Supreme Court\'s decision to abolish electoral bonds in February 2024.

  • Significant increase in political donations through electoral trusts post the electoral bond ban.
  • Electoral trusts are non-profit entities that enhance transparency in political financing.
  • Concerns over the influence of large corporate donors in the electoral trust system.

Additional Details

  • Electoral Trusts: These are non-profit organizations established to promote transparent political funding. They serve as intermediaries that collect voluntary contributions from individuals and corporations, redistributing them to registered political parties.
  • Eligible Companies: Any company registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 can apply to set up an electoral trust.
  • Creation and Regulation: Introduced under Section 13B of the Income Tax Act, 1961, electoral trusts benefit from tax incentives. Their operations are governed by the Electoral Trusts Scheme, 2013, overseen by the ECI.
  • Donor Eligibility: Indian citizens and domestic companies under the Companies Act, 2013 can contribute, but they must disclose their identities and donation amounts.
  • Restrictions on Donations: Foreign entities, government companies, and certain trusts are prohibited from donating.
  • Transparency Issues: While electoral trusts disclose donor names, the specific amounts allocated to each political party remain undisclosed, raising transparency concerns.
  • Accountability of Political Parties: Electoral trusts require public disclosure of contributions to political parties, unlike electoral bonds which lack such requirements.
  • Foreign Influence Prevention: Electoral trusts prohibit foreign donations, mitigating risks of foreign interference in Indian politics, unlike electoral bonds which do not have explicit restrictions on foreign-controlled entities.

The Supreme Court\'s ruling on February 15, 2024, to dismantle the electoral bonds scheme has significantly shifted the landscape of corporate political donations, leading to a marked increase in contributions through electoral trusts. This trend underscores a notable diversion of funds from the electoral bond system to electoral trusts, which are required to maintain a level of transparency that electoral bonds do not.


GS1/History & Culture

Who are the Namdharis?

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Recently, the Chief Minister of Punjab paid tribute to the Kuka martyrs at a ceremony held at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla. This event commemorates the execution of 66 Namdhari Sikhs (Kukas) on January 17 and 18, 1872, by British colonial authorities.

  • The Namdhari sect was founded by Satguru Ram Singh on April 12, 1857, in Ludhiana, Punjab.
  • The term "Namdhari" is derived from their distinctive high-pitched recitation of Gurbani, where "kook" in Punjabi means "cry" or "scream".

Additional Details

  • Social Reforms: The Namdharis advocated against harmful practices such as alcohol consumption and meat-eating. They promoted Swadeshi principles, encouraging the boycott of foreign goods, British services, and educational institutions.
  • The movement was a precursor to the nationwide Non-Cooperation Movement, emphasizing self-reliance and resistance against colonial rule.

Kuka Rebellion

  • The Kuka Rebellion was a localized uprising against British rule that occurred after the Rebellion of 1857.
  • Namdharis opposed British policies, particularly those related to cow slaughter, which became a key issue in their resistance.

Key Events Leading to the Rebellion

  • In January 1872, Namdharis, led by Hira Singh and Lehna Singh, clashed with British authorities following a cow slaughter incident in Malerkotla.
  • They attacked the Malaudh Fort in Ludhiana, which was loyal to the British, but their rebellion was ultimately suppressed.

British Retaliation

  • The British executed 49 Namdharis on January 17, 1872, and 17 more on January 18, 1872.
  • In a brutal display meant to intimidate others, some Kukas were placed in front of cannons and executed in public.

Kuka Martyrs’ Day

  • This day is observed annually to honor the 66 Namdharis who were executed in 1872.

Significant Stories of Bravery

  • Bishan Singh, only 12 years old, refused to renounce his sect and was executed after a brave act of tugging the beard of a British official.
  • Waryam Singh displayed incredible courage by using stones to elevate himself to the cannon\'s mouth, showcasing unwavering dedication to his cause.

Legacy

  • Following the rebellion, many Namdhari leaders were exiled to Rangoon.
  • Namdharis believe that Ram Singh is still alive in spirit, and they mourn his absence by wearing white.

Previous Year Question (PYQ)

In 2016, the \'Swadeshi\' and \'Boycott\' were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the:

  • (a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal
  • (b) Home Rule Movement
  • (c) Non-Cooperation Movement
  • (d) Visit of the Simon Commission to India

This structured content provides a clear and comprehensive overview of the Namdharis, their historical significance, and their contributions to the Indian freedom struggle.


GS3/Economy

Recasting Insolvency Resolution

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) has significantly reformed India\'s approach to insolvency resolution, aiming to enhance economic efficiency and address corporate defaults. However, challenges in its implementation have emerged, necessitating a thorough evaluation of the existing framework.

  • The IBC aims to streamline insolvency processes and improve the business environment in India.
  • Implementation has revealed structural inefficiencies within the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT).
  • Reforms are needed to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the insolvency resolution process.

Additional Details

  • Dual Responsibility: The NCLT and NCLAT were initially focused on corporate insolvency but have expanded to manage various cases under the Companies Act, 2013, leading to an overloaded system.
  • Temporal Disjunction: The NCLT, established in 1999, has not evolved to meet the demands of today\'s dynamic economic landscape, leaving it ill-equipped for the volume of cases.
  • Gaps in Expertise: Specialized knowledge is often lacking in insolvency cases, impacting the resolution process. Bureaucratic inefficiencies also lead to significant delays.
  • Backlog of Cases: A growing backlog has resulted in increased resolution times, with the average for insolvency cases rising to 716 days in FY2023-24.
  • Implications: Delays in the insolvency process create uncertainty for creditors and investors, undermining confidence in the business environment.
  • Need for Reforms: A hybrid model combining judicial experience with domain expertise, along with specialized benches for different case types, is necessary for improving efficiency.

To realize the potential of the IBC, India must prioritize a comprehensive re-evaluation of its institutional framework and procedural practices, ensuring that it aligns with global economic standards and facilitates timely resolutions.


GS2/Governance

How is TRAI and the Govt. Combating Spam?

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Unsolicited Commercial Communications (UCC), commonly referred to as spam, have become a significant challenge in India. The prevalence of annoying marketing messages and fraudulent schemes has prompted the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to implement various measures to combat this issue.

  • TRAI\'s initiatives include the Do-Not-Disturb (DND) Registry and the use of blockchain technology.
  • Technological interventions such as the Sanchar Saathi Portal and AI-powered detection systems are being utilized.
  • Ongoing challenges include the dynamic nature of spam and the rise of scams from disposable VoIP numbers.

Additional Details

  • TRAI\'s Role in Combating Spam: TRAI has implemented several initiatives to regulate spam, including the DND Registry, which allows users to block unwanted calls and messages.
  • Blockchain Technology: Used by telecom companies to maintain an updated list of approved SMS senders, ensuring data immutability and traceability.
  • Sanchar Saathi Portal: A platform developed by the DoT for citizens to report fraudulent communications, leading to the deactivation of thousands of unauthorized telemarketers.
  • AI-Powered Detection: Telecom providers are employing Artificial Intelligence to identify and label suspicious calls, helping users avoid potential scams.
  • Effectiveness of Measures: While there has been a reduction in spam communications from compliant businesses, challenges remain due to the evolving tactics of scammers.

To effectively combat spam, TRAI and the government propose further measures, such as strengthening VoIP monitoring, enhancing public reporting systems, expanding AI integration, and imposing stricter penalties on violators of spam regulations.


GS2/Polity

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Supreme Court Emphasizes Sensitization in Abetment of Suicide Cases

Source: Economic Times

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has underscored the importance of sensitizing investigation agencies and courts regarding cases governed by Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC), which addresses the abetment of suicide. The Bench, led by Justices Abhay S. Oka and K.V. Viswanathan, highlighted the need to prevent misuse of this provision while ensuring that legitimate cases are prosecuted. The court made these remarks while acquitting a bank manager accused of abetting a borrower\'s suicide due to loan repayment issues, warning against unfounded prosecutions that could misappropriate legal processes.

  • The Supreme Court advocates for careful application of Section 306 IPC to prevent misuse.
  • Genuine cases meeting the legal criteria should be pursued, while baseless prosecutions must be avoided.
  • Recent judgments emphasize the need for a higher burden of proof in workplace-related suicide cases.

Additional Details

  • Definition of Abetment: In accordance with Section 107 of the IPC, abetment involves:
    • Instigating a person to perform an act.
    • Conspiring with others to commit an act.
    • Intentionally aiding an act through action or illegal omission.
  • Punishment for Abetment of Suicide: This offense is tried in a Sessions court and is:
    • Cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable.
    • Penalties include imprisonment for up to 10 years and possible fines.
  • Conviction Rates: According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2022 data:
    • Conviction rate for Section 306 IPC is 17.5%.
    • Overall conviction rate for all IPC crimes is 69.8%.
    • Conviction rate for cognizable offenses is 54.2%.
  • Supreme Court\'s October 2024 Judgment: The court quashed a case of abetment of suicide linked to workplace harassment, emphasizing the need for a higher evidentiary threshold where the relationship between the parties is professional.

The Supreme Court's focus on the responsible application of laws related to abetment of suicide serves to protect individuals from wrongful accusations while ensuring that genuine cases are duly addressed. This approach aims to strike a balance between justice for the deceased's families and the rights of the accused.


GS1/Indian Society

Declining Fertility Rates in India

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2021 highlights a significant drop in India\'s fertility rate, decreasing from 6.18 children per woman in the 1950s to 1.9 children per woman in 2021.

  • India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has fallen below the replacement level necessary for population stability.
  • Future projections suggest a further decline to 1.04 by 2100, indicating a possible average of less than one child per woman.
  • The decline raises socio-economic concerns, particularly regarding political representation and demographic shifts in southern states.

Additional Details

  • Early Adoption of Family Planning Policies: Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh adopted family planning policies in the 1950s, leading to a notable reduction in fertility rates. For instance, Andhra Pradesh\'s TFR is currently 1.5, similar to Nordic countries.
  • Higher Female Literacy and Workforce Participation: Increased educational attainment has empowered women to delay marriage and childbirth, as seen in Kerala, which achieved replacement-level fertility by 1988.
  • Changing Societal Norms: Cultural shifts prioritize careers over traditional roles, contributing to smaller family sizes.
  • Urbanization and Economic Pressures: Rising living costs and urban lifestyles discourage larger families, evident in states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Concerns for Southern States

  • Ageing Population: States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu are experiencing a growing elderly population, projected to rise significantly, which can strain economic productivity.
  • Political Representation: The upcoming delimitation based on the 2031 Census may lead to reduced parliamentary seats for southern states due to slower population growth.
  • Economic Strain: A declining workforce may challenge economic stability, similar to issues faced by countries with ageing populations.
  • Migration Issues: Dependence on internal migration from northern states may exacerbate socio-economic disparities.

Way Forward

  • Equitable Resource Distribution: Policies should ensure fair representation and resource allocation in parliamentary seats post-delimitation to mitigate regional disparities.
  • Support for Ageing Populations: Developing robust social security and healthcare systems alongside migration-friendly policies can help address workforce shortages.

In summary, the decline in fertility rates poses significant challenges for India, particularly in southern states, necessitating strategic interventions to ensure socio-economic stability and political representation.


GS2/Governance

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India's Roadmap to a Healthy Nation by 2047

Source: India Today

Why in News?

India aims to transform into a developed nation (Viksit Bharat) by 2047, emphasizing that the health and productivity of its population are crucial for this aspiration. To realize this goal, India must establish robust health systems by 2025, focusing on prevention, equitable treatment, and the integration of digital solutions.

  • The establishment of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through primary healthcare.
  • Implementation of data-driven decision-making to enhance health outcomes.
  • Integration of digital healthcare systems to improve accessibility and efficiency.

Additional Details

  • Universal Health Coverage (UHC): UHC seeks to provide financial protection and broad service coverage to all citizens. This requires:
    • Increased public financing, prioritizing central and state budgets.
    • Addressing the shortage of skilled healthcare professionals by training frontline workers.
  • Ayushman Bharat: This initiative serves as a model for transforming health systems, which includes:
    • Improving primary care architecture.
    • Providing financial protection for vulnerable populations.
    • Enhancing health infrastructure and integrating digital health technologies.
  • Digital Health Mission: Essential for gathering epidemiological data, monitoring programs, and integrating health systems effectively.
  • Data-Driven Decision Making: Accurate and disaggregated data is crucial for addressing health issues, particularly:
    • Tracking non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health disorders.
    • Implementing advanced surveillance systems for timely responses to health threats.
  • Digitally Integrated Healthcare: Emphasizes the need for:
    • Interoperability of diagnostic and treatment data across healthcare facilities.
    • Public-private partnerships to enhance continuity of care and data integration.
    • Utilizing AI for improved diagnostics and clinical management.
    • Engaging communities through digital tools for better health outcomes.

The journey towards a healthy and productive population in India by 2047 requires immediate and sustained efforts. By 2025, it is imperative to establish a digitally integrated, data-driven, and universally accessible healthcare system to propel the nation toward its health objectives.


GS2/International Relations

ILO Report on International Migrants

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

According to the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers, released in Geneva, the global population of international migrants reached 284.5 million in 2022, with 255.7 million of them being of working age (15 and older).

  • The global international migrant population has reached 284.5 million.
  • Women face significant barriers to migration and employment compared to men.
  • High-income countries absorb the majority of international migrant workers.
  • Migrant workers are concentrated in specific economic sectors.

Additional Details

  • Gender Roles and Norms: Traditional societal expectations often restrict women\'s ability to migrate autonomously, prioritizing family responsibilities over labor market participation.
  • Labour Market Segmentation: Women are largely found in low-skilled, undervalued sectors such as domestic work and caregiving, while men dominate higher-paying sectors like construction and agriculture.
  • Barriers to Employment: Migrant women experience higher unemployment rates (8.7%) compared to men (6.2%) due to language barriers, unrecognized qualifications, limited childcare options, and gender-based discrimination in host countries.
  • Major Host Countries: About 68.4% of international migrants reside in high-income countries, with the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia being prominent destinations.
  • Sector Concentration: Key sectors that attract international migrants include construction, agriculture, manufacturing, and the services sector, with a significant focus on caregiving roles among migrant women.
  • Regional Distribution: The majority of international migrants are concentrated in Europe and Central Asia (34.5%), followed by the Americas (27.3%) and Asia and the Pacific (16.2%).

In conclusion, it is essential for governments and international organizations to implement gender-responsive migration policies that address the barriers faced by women, including support systems for childcare, recognition of foreign qualifications, and ensuring equal access to legal employment opportunities in host countries.


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