UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 7th February 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Science and Technology

Asteroid 2024 YR4: Implications for Earth

Source: News Scientist 

Why in News?

NASA has recently identified a newly discovered near-Earth asteroid, known as 2024 YR4, which possesses a slightly more than 1% chance of impacting Earth in the year 2032. This discovery raises significant concerns regarding planetary defense and the potential for asteroid impacts.

• The asteroid was discovered in December 2024 by an observatory located in Chile.
• It measures between 40 to 100 meters across, roughly equivalent to the size of a football field, although its exact size remains uncertain due to brightness estimation methods used by astronomers.
• On December 25, 2024, the asteroid passed within 800,000 kilometers of Earth, approximately twice the distance to the Moon.
• 2024 YR4 is currently rated on the Torino Scale, which assesses the risk of impact on a scale from 0 to 10.

Potential Destruction from 2024 YR4 Impact

• Expected Energy Release: If 2024 YR4 were to collide with Earth, it could release between 8 to 10 megatons of energy, akin to multiple nuclear explosions.
• Such an impact could potentially injure around 1,500 people and damage thousands of buildings across various cities.
• This asteroid has been compared to the Apophis asteroid, which was initially rated as a threat but later downgraded after additional observations.

Frequency of Asteroid Impacts

• Thousands of small asteroids burn up in Earth’s atmosphere every day due to friction.
• The Chelyabinsk meteor explosion in 2013 over Russia had a force 30 times greater than that of the Hiroshima bomb.
• Asteroids around 40 meters in size can cause regional destruction upon impact.
• In contrast, large asteroids (1 km and above) can trigger global disasters, occurring approximately once every 260 million years, as evidenced by the Chicxulub impact that led to the extinction of dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

How Space Agencies Prevent Asteroid Collisions

• NASA and other global space agencies are engaged in planetary defense initiatives aimed at preventing potential impacts from asteroids.
• In 2022, NASA’s DART mission successfully altered the trajectory of the asteroid Dimorphos through kinetic impact.
• Scientists are exploring three key methods for asteroid deflection:
  • Kinetic Impact: Utilizing spacecraft to collide with an asteroid to change its course.
  • Gravity Tractors: Employing a spacecraft’s gravitational pull to divert an asteroid.
  • Nuclear Explosions: As a last resort, detonating a nuclear device near an asteroid to deflect or potentially destroy it.

Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Question: What is the difference between asteroids and comets?

1. Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are composed of frozen gases combined with rocky and metallic materials.
2. Asteroids primarily reside between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, whereas comets are usually found between Venus and Mercury.
3. Comets exhibit a noticeable glowing tail, which asteroids do not.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

This information highlights the importance of understanding asteroids and their potential impact on Earth, as well as the measures in place to safeguard our planet.

GS3/Economy

New Makhana Board and Food Institute to be opened in Bihar

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Union Budget 2025 has proposed the creation of a Makhana Board in Bihar aimed at enhancing the production, processing, value addition, and marketing of makhana, also known as fox nut.

• The Makhana Board is expected to improve the overall makhana industry in Bihar, which produces 90% of India's makhana.
• The establishment of a Food Processing Institute will focus on value addition and quality control within the makhana sector.

Additional Details

• Makhana: Makhana is the edible seed of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), cultivated in freshwater ponds throughout India and South Asia. It is a nutrient-rich, low-fat superfood gaining popularity both domestically and internationally.
• Major Production Areas: The main regions for makhana cultivation in Bihar include Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, and Katihar.
• Objectives of the Makhana Board:
  • To train farmers and ensure they have access to markets.
  • To regulate pricing and promote exports.
• Food Processing Institute: This institute will concentrate on enhancing value addition, ensuring quality control, and facilitating global trade.
• Funding: An initial budget of ₹100 crore will be allocated for infrastructure development, training programs, and market expansion initiatives.
• Partnerships: Collaborations are planned with organizations such as ICAR, NABARD, and various agricultural universities for research and financial support.

The establishment of the Makhana Board and the Food Processing Institute signifies a strategic push to bolster the makhana industry in Bihar, which has immense potential for both local consumption and export. The board's comprehensive approach, including the training of farmers and enhancing processing infrastructure, aims to significantly increase production while ensuring sustainable practices.

GS2/Polity

Rajasthan’s Bill against ‘Unlawful’ Religious Conversions

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Recently, a bill was introduced in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly aimed at preventing "unlawful" religious conversions, highlighting ongoing debates regarding personal liberties and religious freedoms in India.

• The Bill prohibits religious conversions through misrepresentation, coercion, or other deceptive means.
• Individuals desiring to convert must notify the District Magistrate 60 days in advance.
• Severe penalties are established for unlawful conversions, especially concerning vulnerable groups.

Additional Details

• Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion: The Bill bans any conversions that occur through misrepresentation, force, coercion, allurement, fraud, or marriage.
• Declaration & Inquiry: Individuals seeking conversion are required to submit a declaration to the District Magistrate (DM) 60 days prior, followed by an inquiry to verify intent.
• Burden of Proof: The individual facilitating the conversion must demonstrate that it was voluntary; affected persons can file an FIR.
• Punishments: General unlawful conversions may result in 1-5 years of imprisonment, escalating to 2-10 years for minors, women, or SC/ST individuals; mass conversions could lead to 3-10 years in prison.
• Legal Consequences: Marriages conducted solely for the purpose of unlawful conversion are deemed invalid, the offense is non-bailable, and courts may award compensation of up to ₹5 lakh to victims.

Voluntary Conversions Process

• Individuals wishing to convert voluntarily must fill out a prescribed declaration form and submit it to the DM 60 days in advance; violations may lead to a punishment of up to three years and a fine of ₹10,000.
• The officiant of the conversion ceremony must provide a month’s notice to the DM, with violations resulting in up to five years of imprisonment and a minimum fine of ₹25,000.
• A police inquiry will be conducted by an officer of at least Additional DM rank to ascertain the real intent behind the proposed conversion.
• The converted individual must submit a declaration form to the DM within 60 days of conversion, including personal details and must appear before the DM within 21 days to confirm their identity and the declaration's contents.

Historical Context

• 2006: The BJP-led government under Vasundhara Raje introduced the Rajasthan Freedom of Religion Bill to address "forced" conversions.
• 2008: An amended version requiring District Collector's approval was proposed but stalled at the Centre.
• 2013-2018: Attempts to revive the 2008 Bill were rejected by the Centre in 2017 due to concerns over national policy.
• 2017: The Rajasthan High Court issued guidelines to prevent forced conversions in the absence of a law.
• 2025: The current Bill is viewed as a continuation of previous legislative efforts and is anticipated to pass in the upcoming budget session.

Impact on Fundamental Rights

• Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25): The Bill imposes state scrutiny on religious conversions, which may be interpreted as a limitation on this right.
• Right to Privacy (Article 21): The mandatory declaration and police inquiry into personal religious decisions may infringe upon the right to privacy established in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017).
• Burden of Proof Issue: The requirement for the conversion facilitator to prove voluntary conversion contradicts the principle of "innocent until proven guilty," potentially violating Article 14 (Right to Equality).
• Criminalization and Fear: The stringent punishments associated with conversion through marriage could deter individuals from exercising their rights to change faith or marry interfaith partners, infringing on personal liberty (Article 21).

Way Forward

• Ensure Constitutional Safeguards: Amend the Bill to differentiate between forced and voluntary conversions, reducing state intervention in personal religious choices and preserving the right to privacy (Article 21).
• Fair Implementation & Oversight: Establish an independent judicial review process for conversion inquiries to prevent misuse, ensure a balanced burden of proof, and implement strict protections against harassment of individuals exercising their religious freedom.

This ongoing legislative discussion raises significant questions regarding the balance between state interests and individual rights, necessitating careful consideration of the implications of such laws on personal freedoms and societal harmony.

GS1/Indian Society

The Dual Realities of Indian Migration - Opportunity and Desperation

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, celebrated on January 9, marks the return of Mahatma Gandhi to India from South Africa in 1915. This day serves as a reminder of the contributions of people of Indian origin (PIOs) and non-resident Indians (NRIs) who are often seen as ambassadors of India. However, the plight of illegal Indian migrants returning from the U.S. brings to light a contrasting narrative of economic hardship and limited opportunities.

• Historical roots of Indian migration include indentured labor during British rule.
• The current situation of illegal migrants reflects past struggles faced by indentured laborers.
• Legal migrants are welcomed in developed nations, unlike illegal migrants, who face hostility.
• Trends indicate a rising number of wealthy Indians seeking foreign citizenship through investment.

Additional Details

• Historical Context: Indian migration has evolved from the era of indentured laborers to contemporary emigrants in search of economic opportunities. The freedom movement opposed indentured labor, viewing it as a form of slavery, paralleling the experiences of today's illegal migrants.
• Legal vs. Illegal Migration: Legal migrants are often welcomed due to their skills and financial resources, whereas illegal migrants are seen as economic refugees and often face deportation.
• Current Trends: Over 170,000 Indian migrants were detained by U.S. border authorities in the last five years, with many originating from Gujarat and Punjab, indicating a significant migration trend from these regions.
• Wealthy Emigrants: In recent years, affluent Indians are increasingly obtaining foreign citizenship through investment, with notable numbers opting for paid emigration in 2022 and 2024.
• Challenges for Deportees: Returnees face social stigma and economic uncertainty, highlighting the need for governmental and societal support for their reintegration.

The complexities of both legal and illegal migration reflect deep economic disparities. While India celebrates its successful global citizens, it is crucial to recognize and address the difficulties faced by those who migrate out of desperation. A comprehensive migration policy is essential to balance domestic opportunities with global aspirations.

GS3/Defence & Security

Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch Systems (MRLS)

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Union Defence Ministry has recently finalized contracts worth ₹10,147 crore for various types of ammunition intended for the Army’s Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch Systems (MRLS).

Key Takeaways

• The Pinaka MRLS is a proven artillery weapon system designed for indirect area fire.
• It was developed by the DRDO through its Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE).
• It was first deployed during the Kargil War, effectively targeting enemy positions.

Additional Details

• Features: The Pinaka system is known for its quick response capabilities and high pointing accuracy, enabling it to deliver a substantial volume of fire against critical enemy targets in a brief time frame.
• Launcher Configuration: Each launcher is capable of carrying 12 rockets, and a complete battery consists of six launchers, amounting to a total of 72 rockets.
• Warheads: The system can fire various types of warheads, including high-explosive and submunitions.
• Range: The Pinaka has an operational range exceeding 75 kilometers.
• Guidance System: While initially unguided, the Pinaka-Guided version now employs INS/GPS navigation for enhanced precision during strikes.
• Mobility: The system is mounted on a Tatra truck, ensuring improved mobility on the battlefield.

The recent contracts signify a significant investment in enhancing the artillery capabilities of the Indian Army, reflecting its commitment to modernizing defense systems.

GS3/Environment

India’s Climate Strategy: A Shift Towards Adaptation and Economic Growth

Source: PIB

Why in News?

This article discusses India's evolving climate strategy, emphasizing a shift towards adaptation and economic growth rather than strict emission reduction targets. It highlights the rationale behind this change and its implications for both national and global climate policies.

• India prioritizes adaptation over aggressive emission reduction to support rapid economic growth.
• The Economic Survey 2024-25 suggests India should achieve developed nation standards by 2047 before pursuing net-zero emissions by 2070.
• India's approach mirrors China's economic expansion strategy while gradually transitioning to cleaner energy.

Additional Details

• Adaptation vs. Mitigation: India argues that developing countries should focus on resilience and adaptation, as aggressive decarbonization could hinder economic progress.
• Economic Growth as a Climate Shield: Strengthening infrastructure and enhancing disaster resilience are seen as immediate benefits of adaptation efforts.
• Nuclear Energy Expansion: India is planning to increase its nuclear energy capacity through Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) while also scaling up renewable sources like solar and wind.
• Global Climate Dynamics: Reduced international pressure and shifting global priorities are influencing India's climate strategy, enabling more flexibility in its energy choices.

In summary, India’s climate policy is undergoing a strategic recalibration, focusing on balancing economic development with environmental responsibility. The country aims to navigate its climate commitments while ensuring long-term growth remains aligned with sustainability objectives.

GS3/Economy

GREAT Scheme for Start-Ups in Technical Textiles

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The central government has recently approved four start-ups under the 'Grant for Research & Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles (GREAT)' scheme, which aims to foster innovation and entrepreneurship in the technical textiles sector in India.

Key Takeaways

• The GREAT scheme was launched in August 2023.
• It is part of the National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM).
• The scheme supports individual entrepreneurs and start-ups in developing functional prototypes or commercializing their technologies.
• Funding of up to Rs 50 lakh is available for a period of 18 months.

Additional Details

• Objective of the GREAT Scheme: To develop the start-up ecosystem in technical textiles, encouraging young innovators and technologists to turn their ideas into commercial products.
• Focus Areas:The scheme supports innovations in various segments of technical textiles including:
  • Agro-textiles
  • Building-textiles
  • Cloth-textiles
  • Geotextiles
  • Home-textiles
  • Industrial-textiles
  • Medical-textiles
  • Mobile-textiles
  • Oeko-textiles
  • Packaging-textiles
  • Protective-textiles
  • Sports-textiles
• National Technical Textiles Mission: Launched to enhance the penetration of technical textiles in India and position the country as a global leader in this sector.
• Key Components of NTTM:
  • Research, Innovation and Development
  • Promotion and Market Development
  • Export Promotion
  • Education, Training, Skill Development
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Textiles oversees the implementation of the GREAT scheme.

The GREAT scheme represents a significant step towards strengthening India's technical textiles sector by providing financial support and fostering innovation among start-ups. This initiative not only aims to boost the economy but also strives for self-reliance in the technical textiles domain.

GS2/International Relations

US G20 Move - A Signal to ICJ, A Diplomatic Challenge for India

Source: Deccan Herald

Why in News?

The recent announcement by US Secretary of State Marco Rubio indicated his decision not to participate in the Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Johannesburg. This decision is linked to criticisms directed at South Africa for allegedly using the summit to promote "DEI and climate change" under the guise of solidarity and sustainability. Additionally, President Donald Trump has accused South Africa of land confiscation and mistreatment of certain groups, threatening to cut future funding until an investigation is conducted. Furthermore, Elon Musk, an ally of Trump, has made unsubstantiated claims regarding anti-white policies in South Africa.

• Rubio's boycott is a reaction to South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
• Prominent Republican leaders have expressed condemnation of the ICJ, labeling it biased against Israel.
• The upcoming G20 meetings are crucial for India's diplomatic positioning amidst changing US participation.

Additional Details

• International Court of Justice (ICJ): A judicial institution of the UN that resolves disputes between states. It has been gaining international support for its case against Israel.
• International Criminal Court (ICC): Established under the Rome Statute in 2002 to prosecute individuals for serious crimes like genocide and war crimes. The US has recently seen a shift in its stance towards the ICC, especially after it sought arrest warrants for Israeli leaders.
• In response to the ICJ's actions, South Africa and Malaysia have initiated a campaign to protect ICJ and ICC rulings, forming the nine-nation "Hague Group" to advocate for Palestinian rights.
• There is a significant risk that a disengaged US could lead to diminished influence for the G20, complicating India's strategic interests.

As the G20 Foreign Ministers’ meeting approaches on February 20-21, with the Leaders’ Summit on November 22-23, India's role as a bridge between the Global North and South will be pivotal. However, the potential for US disengagement poses a challenge to the G20's effectiveness and India's diplomatic leverage.

GS3/Science and Technology

Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

ISRO has encountered a challenge with its mission to place the NVS-02 satellite into the desired orbit due to a failure in the thruster system. However, efforts are underway to explore alternative strategies to make use of the satellite while it remains in its current elliptical orbit, as part of the NavIC navigation system.

• NavIC is India’s regional navigation satellite system aimed at delivering precise Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) services.
• The system covers users in India and extends approximately 1500 km beyond the Indian landmass.
• NavIC consists of a constellation of 7 satellites and a network of ground stations operating 24/7.

Additional Details

• Satellite Configuration:The first NavIC satellite was launched in 2013. The constellation includes:
  • Three satellites positioned in geostationary orbit at 32.5°E, 83°E, and 129.5°E.
  • Four satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbit, crossing the equator at 55°E and 111.75°E, with an inclination of 29° (two satellites in each plane).
• Ground Network: This includes various facilities such as control centers, precise timing facilities, range and integrity monitoring stations, and two-way ranging stations.
• Service Offerings:NavIC provides two main services:
  • Standard Position Service (SPS) for civilian users.
  • Restricted Service (RS) for strategic users.
• Frequency Bands: Services are offered in both L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2498.028 MHz).
• Accuracy: The system delivers positioning accuracy of better than 10 meters across India and better than 20 meters in the surrounding region. Timing accuracy is better than 50 nanoseconds.
• Interoperability: NavIC SPS signals are compatible with other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as GPS, Glonass, Galileo, and BeiDou.

Applications

• Transportation (terrestrial, aerial, and marine)
• Location-based services
• Personal mobility
• Resource monitoring
• Surveying and geodesy
• Scientific research
• Time dissemination and synchronization
• Safety-of-life alert dissemination

The development of NavIC represents a significant advancement in India's capabilities in navigation technology, providing essential services that enhance various sectors and improve safety and efficiency.

GS1/History & Culture

Aga Khan IV: A Legacy of Leadership and Philanthropy

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Prince Karim al-Husseini, known as Aga Khan IV, passed away in Lisbon at the age of 88. He was a direct descendant of Prophet Muhammad through Fatima and Ali, serving as the Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Shia community and holding a position of significant reverence within that community.

Key Takeaways

• Aga Khan IV was instrumental in guiding the Nizari Ismaili community through various global crises.
• He was known for his extensive philanthropic efforts, particularly through the Aga Khan Development Network.
• The title of Aga Khan has historical significance, tracing back to the 19th century.

Additional Details

• Shia-Sunni Split: Following the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, Islam divided over leadership succession. Sunnis favored leaders based on qualifications, while Shias insisted on a lineage-based leadership.
• Major Shia Denominations:Shia Islam comprises three primary branches:
  • Twelver Shias (Ithna Ashariyah): The largest group, representing 90% of Shias, following a line of 12 Imams.
  • Ismaili Shias (Sevener Shias): They diverge from the Twelvers after the sixth Imam.
  • Zaydi Shias (Fiver Shias): They separate after the fourth Imam with distinct beliefs.
• Aga Khan Title Origins: The title of Aga Khan was bestowed upon Hasan Ali Shah, the 46th Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, by Fath-Ali Shah Qajar in the 19th century.
• Global Presence: Nizari Ismailis are present in over 30 countries, primarily from Persia and the Indian subcontinent.
• Aga Khan IV's Leadership: Born in 1936, he succeeded his grandfather as Imam in 1957, emphasizing the need for a young leader in the modern age.

Aga Khan IV was often referred to as the "Imam of the Atomic Age," symbolizing progress and adaptability, bridging divides between various cultures and communities. His philanthropic work through the Aga Khan Development Network focused on improving quality of life in regions such as Asia and Africa, with an emphasis on healthcare, education, and cultural preservation. His legacy continues to impact the Nizari Ismaili community and beyond.

GS3/Economy

Grameen Credit Score

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The Finance Minister of India recently announced the Grameen Credit Score scheme in the Union Budget of 2025, aimed at enhancing financial inclusion for women entrepreneurs involved in self-help groups (SHGs).

• The Grameen Credit Score will formalize SHG transactions within India's central credit system.
• This initiative is expected to significantly improve the creditworthiness assessment of millions of rural women.
• It is designed to promote financial empowerment and support business growth among women entrepreneurs.

Additional Details

• Enhanced Financial Access: The scheme will provide new financial opportunities for rural women, allowing them to expand their businesses and improve their livelihoods. Additionally, it will introduce concepts such as credit cards, creditworthiness, loan EMIs, and loan repayment.
• Customized Financial Products: The Grameen Credit Score will be accompanied by tailored credit cards for micro-enterprises, with limits of up to ₹5 lakh, fostering grassroots financial empowerment.
• Improved Credit Assessment: The digital framework for creditworthiness evaluation will address gaps in the current credit bureau system, which often overlooks SHG members. This will enable women to check their credit scores and learn how to improve them.
• Economic Stability: With increased credit availability, women-led SHGs will be better positioned to contribute to their households, driving growth within rural communities.

The introduction of the Grameen Credit Score is a pivotal step towards realizing the financial potential of women in rural areas, thereby fostering economic growth and stability in these communities.