UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 21st February 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/International Relations

The Long and Winding Road of India-China Relations

Why in News?

The visit of India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri to China in January 2025 marked a significant diplomatic engagement, indicating a potential easing of tensions between the two nations. Despite the announcement of restored key exchanges, several underlying issues, including border stability, economic concerns, and geopolitical influences, continue to impact this evolving relationship.

• Vikram Misri's visit signifies a possible thaw in India-China relations.
• Key issues such as border stability and economic concerns remain unresolved.
• Restoration of bilateral exchanges suggests a strategic effort to rebuild diplomatic relations.
• The geopolitical landscape, particularly the impact of U.S. politics, plays a crucial role in shaping these relations.

Additional Details

• Diplomatic Engagement: Misri met with high-ranking Chinese officials, including Foreign Minister Wang Yi, signaling a revival of bilateral exchanges such as media, think-tank interactions, and the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.
• Geopolitical Influences: The return of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency introduces unpredictability, leading China to stabilize relationships with India to counter potential U.S. pressures.
• China's Economic Challenges: China's slowing economy and real estate crisis necessitate stable regional relations, making India a vital economic partner despite political tensions.
• India's Growth Prospects: As one of the fastest-growing economies, India is becoming an alternative for companies seeking to diversify away from China, highlighting the need for geopolitical stability.
• Unresolved Border Tensions: The situation at the Line of Actual Control (LAC) remains ambiguous, with significant military presence from both nations since the Galwan clashes in June 2020.
• Need for Clarity: India must clarify its position on border issues to maintain credibility and avoid ceding ground to China's narrative.

In conclusion, while India's recent engagement with China represents progress toward diplomatic normalization, critical uncertainties, particularly concerning border stability, persist. Balancing diplomatic efforts with strategic caution is essential to safeguard India's security interests and foster a stable relationship with China.

GS1/Geography

Lake Kivu

Source: New York Times

Why in News?

Recent reports from the UN highlight the contrasting situations surrounding Lake Kivu, a popular leisure destination in Rwanda, while Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is experiencing turmoil following the seizure of the city by M23 rebels last month.

• Lake Kivu is one of the major lakes in East Africa, bordered by Rwanda and DRC.
• It is the largest lake in Rwanda and ranks as the sixth largest lake in Africa.
• The lake is situated in the Albertine Rift, part of the East African Rift system.

Additional Details

• Geographical Features: Lake Kivu is located at an altitude of 1,460 meters above sea level and covers an area of 1,040 square miles (2,700 sq.km). Notably, 58% of its area lies within DRC, while the remainder is in Rwanda.
• The lake is characterized by irregular shorelines that include numerous inlets, peninsulas, and waterfalls.
• Lake Kivu drains into the Rusizi River, which flows southward into Lake Tanganyika.
• Idjwi Island: This is the tenth largest inland island globally and is situated on Lake Kivu.

In conclusion, while Lake Kivu serves as a vital recreational area for Rwanda, the surrounding geopolitical tensions in DRC highlight the stark contrasts in the region. The lake's geographical significance and natural beauty continue to draw attention amid these challenges.

GS3/Science and Technology

Understanding Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

Source: Nature

Why in News?

A recent breakthrough study has identified a previously overlooked factor in Parkinson's disease—24-OHC, a cholesterol metabolite that may contribute to the spread of harmful protein aggregates within the brain.

• Parkinson's Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement.
• It primarily impacts neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a significant loss of dopamine.
• Symptoms include tremors, stiffness, impaired balance, and difficulties with movement.
• Age is a major risk factor, with the average onset around 60 years.

Additional Details

• Parkinson’s Disease: A condition that causes the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, particularly those producing dopamine, resulting in motor control issues and other symptoms.
• Symptoms: Common symptoms include tremors, stiffness, and balance problems. As the disease progresses, individuals may struggle with basic tasks like walking and talking.
• Demographics: Parkinson's Disease is slightly more prevalent in males, and the likelihood of developing the disease increases with age.
• Diagnosis: Currently, there are no specific blood tests or imaging techniques available to diagnose Parkinson's Disease.
• Treatment: While there is no cure, various treatments can significantly alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

This new understanding of 24-OHC’s role could potentially lead to innovative treatment approaches for Parkinson's Disease, enhancing therapeutic options for those affected.

GS2/Polity

Who is an Advocate-on-Record (AoR)?

Source: Live Law

Why in News?

The Supreme Court recently emphasized that Advocates-on-Record (AoRs) are fully accountable for the accuracy of petitions submitted to the Court, regardless of whether the drafts were prepared by other legal professionals.

• An AoR is a legal professional authorized to represent clients in the Supreme Court of India.
• Only AoRs can file and conduct cases in the Supreme Court, ensuring strict adherence to procedural regulations.

Additional Details

• Definition of Advocate-on-Record (AoR): An AoR is a specific category of advocate granted the exclusive right to represent clients before the Supreme Court, as established under Article 145(1) of the Indian Constitution.
• Responsibilities: AoRs must file a Vakalatnama, a document that authorizes them to represent clients, and are responsible for all procedural requirements including drafting and filing legal documents.
• Accountability: AoRs are personally liable for all fees and charges payable to the court.
• Requirements to Become an AoR:
  • Must be enrolled with any State Bar Council.
  • Required to have a minimum of 4 years of prior experience.
  • Must undergo 1 year of training under a senior AoR.
  • Must pass an examination conducted by the Supreme Court.
  • Must maintain an office within 10 miles of the Supreme Court and employ a registered clerk.
• Upon registration, AoRs receive a unique identification number to be used on all documents submitted to the Supreme Court.

In summary, the role of an Advocate-on-Record is crucial in maintaining the integrity and procedural compliance of legal representations in the Supreme Court.

GS3/Economy

State Governments and the Union Budget - Impact on Revenues and Expenditures

Source: PIB

Why in News?

State governments play a vital role in the economy, significantly impacted by the Union Budget through tax devolution, grants from the Centre, and interest-free loans for capital spending. These financial components are crucial to state revenues, expenditures, and overall fiscal health.

• Tax devolution and grants constitute over 40% of state revenues.
• Grants from the Centre are declining and show volatility.
• Interest-free loans for capital expenditure have become a key funding source since 2020-21.
• The Union Budget impacts state capital expenditure through various provisions.
• Future recommendations from the 16th Finance Commission are anticipated to guide state finances.

Additional Details

• Tax Devolution Trends: In 2024-25, tax devolution was revised upwards to Rs 12.9 trillion, an increase due to adjustments and a rise in states' share of income tax revenues. Projections for 2025-26 indicate a further increase to Rs 14.2 trillion, marking an 11% growth.
• Grants to States: Grants from the Centre have shown a declining trend, including the end of GST compensation grants in 2022-23 and a recommended 13% drop in total grants. The total for 2025-26 is projected at Rs 8.9 trillion, reflecting a 14% growth.
• Capital Expenditure Loans: The Centre has allocated interest-free loans for capital expenditure, with a revised estimate of Rs 1.25 trillion for 2024-25, showing strong utilization across all states.
• Conditional Borrowing: The Centre has extended a 0.5% of gross state domestic product (GSDP) conditional borrowing linked to power sector reforms for 2025-26, previously expected to end, to encourage sectoral reforms.
• Future Outlook: The 16th Finance Commission's recommendations, expected before the Union Budget 2026-27, will address key aspects such as deficit targets and the continuation of the capex loan scheme.

The Union Budget has a profound influence on the financial stability of state governments through tax devolution, grants, and loans. While tax devolution shows promise with upward revisions, the volatility of grants presents ongoing concerns. The capex loan scheme and conditional borrowing aimed at power sector reforms are critical in shaping the fiscal landscape for states moving forward.

GS2/International Relations

India's Election to the Vice Presidency of IALA

Source: PIB

Why in News?

India has recently been elected to the position of Vice President of the International Organization of Aids to Marine Navigation (IALA) during a session held in Singapore.

• IALA was established in 1957 and has transitioned from a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) to an Intergovernmental Organization (IGO).
• The organization aims to harmonize global maritime navigation systems and enhance maritime safety initiatives.
• India has been a member of IALA since its inception in 1957.

Additional Details

• IALA: The International Organization of Aids to Marine Navigation focuses on collaborating with member states, international organizations, and industry stakeholders to tackle emerging challenges in maritime safety and environmental protection.
• Membership: IALA comprises 200 members, which includes 80 national authorities and 60 commercial firms.
• Headquarters: The headquarters of IALA is located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.

The election of India to the Vice Presidency of IALA signifies its commitment to enhancing maritime safety and addressing environmental challenges on a global scale.

GS1/Indian Society

The Transformation of Koraput’s Tribal Food Basket

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The district of Koraput in Odisha is recognized for its stunning landscapes and rich biodiversity, but it grapples with severe poverty and high rates of undernutrition. Despite various government initiatives aimed at improving food security, malnutrition remains a critical issue, with alarming statistics revealing that 43% of children under five are stunted and 33% are underweight. Only 17% of children receive a nutritious diet, and over 50% of women are anemic. This context necessitates a focus on community-led strategies to enhance nutritional security.

• The M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) introduced a Community-Based Nutrition Literacy Model in Koraput.
• This model aims to empower tribal communities by improving their understanding of nutrition and promoting informed dietary choices.
• Key strategies include nutrition-sensitive agriculture, dietary diversity, hygiene, and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices.

Additional Details

• Awareness and Self-Assessment: The model began with community sensitization regarding nutritional challenges. Health and nutrition data were collected, and results were shared with the community, allowing them to visualize the extent of malnutrition.
• Community Representatives for Training: After acknowledging the issue, the community selected representatives for training programs to ensure inclusivity and representation across diverse social groups.
• Collective Action: Training fostered open discussions and collaboration, enabling participants to advocate for nutritious crops and government entitlements. They created songs and messages to spread awareness about nutrition in villages.
• Tangible Changes in Nutrition and Agriculture: The community saw improvements in dietary habits and farming practices, increasing crop diversity and nutrient-rich food consumption.
• Strengthening Community Institutions: The program revitalized community structures such as grain banks and facilitated active participation in local governance to support nutrition security.

The transformation observed in Koraput serves as a powerful example of how community-driven initiatives can effectively address undernutrition. By integrating local knowledge with scientific principles and fostering collective action, the MSSRF program has empowered the community to take charge of its food security. The ongoing journey towards improved nutrition highlights a model that can inspire similar regions facing nutritional challenges.

GS2/International Relations

UN-Habitat and C40 Cities Partnership

Source: The Standard

Why in News?

Recently, a significant partnership was established between C40 Cities and UN-Habitat aimed at revolutionizing urban planning. This collaboration focuses on creating more resilient and sustainable urban environments.

• UN-Habitat serves as the central authority for urbanization and human settlement issues within the UN framework.
• The organization is committed to promoting socially and environmentally sustainable cities, striving to ensure adequate shelter for all.
• UN-Habitat collaborates with various partners to enhance the inclusivity, safety, resilience, and sustainability of urban areas.

Additional Details

• Governance Structure:UN-Habitat operates under a three-tier governance framework, which includes:
  • UN-Habitat Assembly: A universal assembly comprising all 193 UN member states, convening every four years.
  • Executive Board: Comprising 36 member states elected by the UN-Habitat Assembly, meeting three times annually to oversee UN-Habitat operations.
  • Committee of Permanent Representatives (CPR): This committee meets twice every four years and operates in an open-ended manner.
• Headquarters: The headquarters of UN-Habitat is located in Nairobi, Kenya.

Through this partnership, C40 Cities and UN-Habitat aim to drive forward initiatives that promote urbanization as a transformative force, reducing inequality, discrimination, and poverty within urban settings.

GS3/Science and Technology

Solar Coronal Holes

Source: India Today

Why in News?

Recent research has provided precise estimates of the thermal and magnetic field characteristics of solar coronal holes, enhancing our understanding of these phenomena.

• Coronal holes are identified as dark areas in X-ray and extreme ultraviolet images of the Sun.
• They represent cooler, less dense regions compared to the surrounding plasma and feature open, unipolar magnetic fields.
• Coronal holes can persist for several weeks to months and are part of the Sun's approximately 11-year solar cycle.

Additional Details

• Coronal Holes: These areas appear dark due to their lower temperature and density, and they play a crucial role in the understanding of space weather and the interplanetary medium.
• Duration: Coronal holes may last longer during solar minimum periods, when solar activity is significantly reduced, as noted by NASA.
• Significance: The presence of coronal holes is linked to disturbances in the Earth's ionosphere, which can impact radio wave propagation and lead to communication difficulties.
• They also have a considerable effect on space weather, influencing satellite operations and even impacting weather patterns, such as the Indian summer monsoon rainfall.

This research on solar coronal holes not only sheds light on their physical properties but also emphasizes their implications for both space weather and terrestrial weather phenomena.

GS2/Polity

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013: Strengthening Anti-Corruption Framework in India

Source: Legal Services India 

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has recently stayed a Lokpal order that aimed to bring High Court judges under its jurisdiction, describing the interpretation of the top anti-corruption ombudsman as "very disturbing."

• The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act was introduced to combat corruption at the highest levels of government in India.
• The Act establishes Lokpal at the central level and Lokayuktas in states, empowering them to investigate complaints against public officials.
• The Act emerged from public movements against corruption, notably the India Against Corruption movement led by Anna Hazare.

Additional Details

• About the Act: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, establishes a multi-member anti-corruption body with the authority to investigate allegations of corruption against high-ranking public officials.
• Key Features of the Act:
  • Establishment of Lokpal: A central institution led by a chairperson and up to eight members, including both judicial and non-judicial members.
  • Jurisdiction: Covers the Prime Minister (with specific exceptions), Ministers, MPs, and Group A and B officers of the central government.
  • Lokayuktas in States: Mandates every state to establish a Lokayukta to investigate corruption allegations against state officials.
  • Inquiry and Prosecution Powers: Grants Lokpal the authority to order inquiries, recommend prosecutions, and direct disciplinary actions.
  • Whistleblower Protection: Provides safeguards for whistleblowers reporting corruption cases.
• Significance of the Act:
  • Strengthens anti-corruption measures by establishing an independent watchdog for both central and state levels.
  • Enhances public accountability by scrutinizing top government officials, thereby reinforcing public trust in governance.
  • Empowers Lokpal with investigative powers, allowing independent inquiries without prior government approval.
  • Ensures state-level vigilance through the requirement for Lokayuktas in every state.

Despite its significance, the Act faces challenges, including delays in Lokayukta implementation, limited investigative autonomy due to the CBI's government control, lack of public awareness regarding the Lokpal's role, and concerns about political interference in the appointment process.

In a major legal development, the Supreme Court's stay on the Lokpal order, which declared High Court judges as 'public servants' under the Lokpal Act, underscores the importance of maintaining judicial independence. The Supreme Court has scheduled a hearing for March 18, 2025, to further clarify jurisdictional issues regarding judicial accountability under anti-corruption laws.

GS3/Science and Technology

What is Majorana 1?

Source: India Today

Why in News?

Microsoft has recently unveiled Majorana 1, the first quantum chip in the world built on a topological core, marking a significant advancemenat in quantum computing technology.

• Majorana 1 is a quantum computing chip developed by Microsoft.
• The chip aims to enhance the practicality, speed, and reliability of quantum computing.
• It utilizes a new type of material known as a topoconductor.

Additional Details

• Quantum Bits (Qubits): Unlike traditional bits, qubits can exist in multiple states (0, 1, or both at the same time) due to superposition, enabling quantum computers to solve complex problems much more rapidly.
• Fragility of Qubits: Despite their advantages, qubits are highly fragile and susceptible to errors, which poses challenges for quantum computing.
• Topoconductor: Majorana 1 employs a topological superconductor, which stabilizes qubits and reduces the loss of information.
• Majorana Fermion: The chip is based on a theoretical particle proposed by scientist Ettore Majorana in 1937, known as the Majorana fermion, which plays a crucial role in the functioning of the qubits.
• The chip is constructed from a combination of indium arsenide and aluminum, forming what Microsoft describes as the "world’s first topoconductor."
• This technology could potentially allow quantum computers to scale up to millions of qubits, aiding in solving real-world challenges such as developing improved medicines, reducing environmental pollution, and creating self-healing materials.

In conclusion, Majorana 1 represents a groundbreaking step in the field of quantum computing, offering the potential for significant advancements in technology and various applications in solving complex global issues.