UPSC Daily Current Affairs - 19th March 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Governance

Kerala’s Drug Menace: An Escalating Crisis

Why in News?

Kerala has witnessed a significant rise in drug abuse over the past three years. In March, the Kerala High Court expressed concerns regarding the activities of drug mafias, prompting the Governor to meet with university officials to discuss the growing issue of drug use among students.

• Increase in drug trafficking through coastal routes.
• Rise in synthetic and party drugs usage among youth.
• Easy access to drugs via darknet and courier services.
• Widespread drug consumption across both rural and urban areas.
• Insufficient focus on major traffickers and suppliers.

Additional Details

• Increased Drug Trafficking: Kerala's extensive coastline serves as a transit point for international drug cartels. For instance, in 2023, a Sri Lankan boat carrying 200 kg of heroin was intercepted off Kerala's coast.
• Rise of Synthetic Drugs: The usage of synthetic drugs like MDMA, LSD, and methamphetamine is particularly prevalent among the youth in urban areas. In 2022, over 1,000 students were apprehended for possessing synthetic drugs in Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.
• Darknet Accessibility: The proliferation of online platforms and encrypted messaging applications has facilitated the drug trade. In 2024, the Kerala police dismantled a drug network that utilized dark web transactions and fake delivery addresses.
• Statewide Crisis: Unlike many other states, drug abuse has been reported across all districts in Kerala, with every district recording at least 500 NDPS cases in 2022.
• Focus on Consumers: A staggering 94% of NDPS cases in Kerala pertain to possession rather than trafficking, indicating a significant imbalance in enforcement efforts, as only 6% of cases are related to trafficking.

The situation of drug abuse in India at large mirrors the crisis in Kerala, with a steady increase in NDPS cases nationwide. In 2023, India recorded over 1.5 lakh NDPS cases, with Punjab, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu seeing notable increases.

Government Initiatives

• Enhanced Law Enforcement: Law enforcement agencies have intensified operations against drug trafficking networks. In 2023, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) seized over 2000 kg of drugs nationwide.
• Rehabilitation Programs: The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment launched the Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (NMBA), establishing over 370 de-addiction centers across various states.
• Technology Utilization: Government agencies are leveraging technology and AI to monitor dark web transactions and cryptocurrency payments related to drug sales.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Anti-drug sensitization programs are being implemented in educational institutions to combat youth drug abuse.
• International Collaboration: India has strengthened cooperation with neighboring countries like Myanmar and Sri Lanka to combat cross-border drug trafficking.

Way Forward

• Targeted Crackdowns: Strengthen operations against major traffickers and enhance coastal and border security for better interception of drug shipments.
• Comprehensive Strategies: Expand school-based drug education and integrate mental health support into rehabilitation programs to effectively address drug abuse in both urban and rural areas.

Addressing the drug menace requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses law enforcement, education, and rehabilitation to ensure the safety and well-being of the community.

GS2/Governance

Jan Vishwas 2.0 - Reforming India's Criminal Justice System for Better Governance

Why in News?

The Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0, recently announced by the Union government, aims to decriminalize minor infractions and rationalize legal provisions. This initiative is expected to improve governance and reduce arbitrary law enforcement, moving away from the limitations of the previous version.

• The proposed bill seeks to address the over-criminalization problem in India.
• A new database reveals that 370 laws contain criminal provisions covering over 7,305 crimes.
• Jan Vishwas 3.0 is anticipated to follow at the state level to further enhance governance.

Additional Details

• Over-Criminalization Problem: A new database from the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy shows that despite only 25% of crimes relating to core criminal justice laws, there are many trivial laws that criminalize everyday activities.
• Examples of Trivial Infractions:
  • Milking a cow on the street.
  • Failing to report an animal's death within three hours.
  • Neglecting to provide exercise to a pet dog.
  • Storing e-cigarettes.
• These excessive laws lead to arbitrary enforcement and disproportionate penalties, such as a six-month jail term for failing to maintain records under the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017.
• The lack of awareness regarding these laws leaves citizens vulnerable to corruption and scams.

The Vidhi report proposes four key principles for rationalizing criminal laws: protection of societal values, justification against harm, effective legal solutions, and proportionality of punishment. As India strives for development by 2047, ensuring ease of living through reforms like Jan Vishwas 2.0 and 3.0 should be prioritized to create a more just legal system.

GS2/International Relations

Five Eyes Alliance: Current Developments

Why in News?

The intelligence chiefs and national security advisers of several countries, including three members of the Five Eyes alliance, have convened in New Delhi. This meeting coincides with The Raisina Dialogue, a significant multilateral conference organized by the Observer Research Foundation in collaboration with India’s Ministry of External Affairs.

• The Five Eyes alliance has transitioned from a covert intelligence-sharing network to a vast global surveillance entity.
• Despite facing challenges regarding its expansive reach, the influence of the US and UK often protects its actions from substantial repercussions.

Additional Details

• Five Eyes Alliance (FVEY): This intelligence-sharing coalition includes five English-speaking nations: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
• Origins: Established during World War II with the UKUSA Agreement in 1946, it initially focused on intercepting Soviet communications during the Cold War.
• The alliance has broadened its focus over time to include counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and geopolitical intelligence sharing.
• Today, Five Eyes countries collaborate on emerging threats, including the technological influence of China, Russian cyber activities, and various terrorism networks.

This gathering underscores the ongoing significance of the Five Eyes alliance in addressing global security challenges and the evolving landscape of international intelligence cooperation.

GS3/Science and Technology

Discovery of White Hydrogen Reserves in France

Why in News?

Recently, a significant discovery was made in the Moselle region of France, where a massive reserve of 46 million tons of white hydrogen has been identified, estimated to be valued at $92 trillion. This finding is critical as hydrogen is increasingly viewed as a key player in the future of clean energy, particularly because it only emits water vapor when burned, distinguishing it from other energy sources.

• The discovery of white hydrogen challenges the notion that hydrogen must be artificially produced.
• Hydrogen is categorized into various types based on its production methods and environmental impacts.

Additional Details

• Grey Hydrogen: Produced from natural gas or fossil fuels through steam methane reforming (SMR), it releases high levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) since it lacks carbon capture technology. This is currently the most prevalent form of hydrogen used in industries, refineries, and chemical production.
• Blue Hydrogen: Similar to grey hydrogen but incorporates Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology, resulting in lower CO₂ emissions as up to 90% of them are captured. It serves as a transition fuel toward greener alternatives.
• Green Hydrogen: Generated via the electrolysis of water, this type is powered by renewable energy sources like solar or wind. It is the most sustainable hydrogen form, emitting no CO₂ and used in fuel cells, transportation, and energy storage.
• White Hydrogen: Naturally occurring underground hydrogen deposits with zero emissions, although it faces extraction challenges that hinder its commercial viability.
• Pink Hydrogen: Created through electrolysis powered by nuclear energy, it has low emissions since nuclear power does not produce carbon emissions. It can be a reliable alternative in regions with available nuclear power.

This discovery not only adds a new dimension to the hydrogen economy but also emphasizes the importance of ongoing research to explore the potential of white hydrogen as a sustainable energy resource.

GS2/International Relations

The Current Situation in Balochistan

Why in News?

The ongoing unrest in Balochistan is significantly influenced by Pakistan's internal politics. Due to a prevailing lack of trust in the military and governmental institutions, meaningful dialogues between insurgent groups and the Pakistani leadership appear unlikely.

• The Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) has recently executed a high-profile train hijacking, leading to increased military operations by Pakistan.
• Historical grievances, socio-economic challenges, and military suppression have fueled the insurgency in Balochistan.
• The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has exacerbated local tensions by failing to benefit Baloch communities while increasing military presence.

Additional Details

• Historical Grievances: Baloch nationalists contend that Balochistan was forcibly integrated into Pakistan in 1948 without the consent of its populace. This has resulted in multiple insurgencies over the decades due to ongoing political and economic marginalization.
• Socio-Economic Marginalization: Despite rich natural resources, the region remains underdeveloped, with local communities experiencing power shortages while other provinces exploit Balochistan's wealth.
• Military Suppression: Heavy-handed tactics, such as enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings by Pakistan's military, have led to widespread protests, particularly from Baloch women.
• Impact of CPEC: Development projects like Gwadar Port have been executed without local consultation, leading to economic hardships for local fishermen and increased military operations to protect these projects.
• Growing Insurgent Coordination: Baloch insurgent groups have improved their coordination, launching attacks against security forces and infrastructure, intensifying the conflict.

The complex situation in Balochistan poses challenges for both Pakistan and India. For India, leveraging the situation could involve advocating for human rights, engaging with Baloch leadership, and strategically countering Pakistan’s narrative while addressing regional security concerns.

GS2/International Relations

Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)

Why in News?

The Prime Minister of India recently expressed support for New Zealand's involvement in the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI), emphasizing the shared commitment of both nations to uphold peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

• The IPOI was launched by India in November 2019 during the ASEAN-led East Asia Summit (EAS) in Bangkok.
• This initiative builds upon the "Security and Growth for All in the Region" (SAGAR) initiative introduced in 2015.
• Its main goal is to foster cooperation for a free and open Indo-Pacific, adhering to a rules-based regional order.
• The IPOI is a non-treaty-based voluntary framework, encouraging collaboration through shared interests without establishing a new institutional framework.
• It leans heavily on the existing EAS mechanism, which includes ASEAN member states and eight dialogue partners.

Additional Details

• Seven Pillars of IPOI:
  • Maritime Security: Led by the United Kingdom (UK) and India
  • Maritime Ecology: Led by Australia and Thailand
  • Maritime Resources: Led by France and Indonesia
  • Capacity Building and Resource Sharing: Led by Germany
  • Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: India and Bangladesh
  • Science, Technology, and Academic Cooperation: Italy and Singapore
  • Trade, Connectivity, and Maritime Transport: Japan and the United States (US)
• The initiative allows one or two countries to lead each pillar, with other nations joining voluntarily.

The IPOI represents a significant step toward enhancing regional cooperation, security, and stability in the Indo-Pacific maritime domain, reinforcing shared interests among participating nations.

GS2/International Relations

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Why in News?

The Director of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recently praised India's growing nuclear sector, describing it as one of the 'most dynamic' in both Asia and the world.

• The IAEA is the leading intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the nuclear field.
• The organization focuses on the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear science and technology.
• It is an autonomous entity within the United Nations system, often referred to as the "Atoms for Peace and Development" organization.
• As of now, the IAEA has 178 member states.

Additional Details

• Statute: The IAEA's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957.
• Headquarters: The agency is headquartered in Vienna.
• Structure:
  • General Conference: Comprising all member states, it meets annually to approve budgets and discuss policies.
  • Board of Governors: Consisting of 35 members, this board meets approximately five times a year to oversee the agency's functions.
  • Secretariat: Responsible for day-to-day operations, led by the Director General.
• Functions of IAEA:
  • The IAEA collaborates with member states and partners globally to promote safe nuclear technology use.
  • It implements nuclear safeguards to ensure that nuclear activities are peaceful and to prevent diversion to weapons.
  • Through comprehensive safeguards agreements under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it acts against nuclear weapons proliferation.
  • The agency also supports scientific information exchange among member states and enhances capacities to respond to nuclear incidents.

The IAEA plays a crucial role in ensuring that nuclear technology is used safely and for peaceful purposes, reinforcing global security and cooperation.

GS2/Governance

India’s Ranking in Global Free Speech Index: Key Insights

Why in News?

A recent global survey conducted by The Future of Free Speech, an independent U.S.-based think tank, has ranked India 24th out of 33 countries surveyed regarding support for free speech. This report raises concerns about India's free speech environment amid a global decline in commitments to protect controversial speech.

• India ranks 24th out of 33 countries in the Free Speech Index.
• Scandinavian countries lead the index with the highest scores.
• A significant gap exists between public perception of free speech and actual conditions in India.
• India faces challenges related to legal restrictions and increasing self-censorship.

Additional Details

• Public Support for Free Expression: While the majority of Indians advocate for free speech, support for criticism of government policies is notably lower than the global average.
• Government Restrictions: 37% of Indian respondents believe that the government should restrict criticisms of its policies, a sentiment vastly higher compared to countries like the U.K. (5%) and Denmark (3%).
• Democratic Backsliding: The report categorizes India as experiencing "democratic backsliding," indicating a decline in free speech protections alongside an increase in restrictions on dissent.
• Challenges to Free Speech: Key legal challenges include the sedition law (Section 124A of the IPC), which has been used to suppress dissent, and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), criticized for targeting dissenting voices.

In conclusion, while there is a constitutional commitment to free speech in India, the actual enforcement and public perception reveal significant discrepancies. Addressing these issues requires reaffirming legal protections, promoting a culture of open debate, and aligning public perceptions with the reality of free speech conditions.

GS1/Indian Society

Hmar and Zomi Tribes

Why in News?

Following recent clashes between the Hmar and Zomi communities in Manipur, leaders from both tribes have come together to foster peace in the Churachandpur district, marking a significant step towards reconciliation.

• The Zomi and Hmar are distinct tribal communities residing in northeastern India.
• Efforts are being made to restore harmony and address the issues that led to the recent tensions.

About Zomi Tribe

• Ethnic Distribution: The Zomi are an ethnic group found in India, Myanmar, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. They are also known by various names such as Chin, Mizo, and Kuki, depending on geographical areas.
• Presence in India: In India, the Zomi inhabit regions like Chin State, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, and Assam.
• Language: They speak over fifty dialects belonging to the Kukish language group, also referred to as Kuki-Chin or Kuki Naga.
• Religion: Traditionally, the Zomi practiced animism and worshipped nature spirits, but today, the majority follow Christianity, predominantly Baptist and Presbyterian.
• Physical Traits: The Zomi people typically exhibit Tibeto-Burman features, characterized by short stature, straight black hair, and dark brown eyes.

About Hmar Tribe

• Geographic Location: The Hmar tribe, also known as Mhar or Mar, resides in the northeastern states of India, including Manipur, Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya, and Tripura.
• Name Origin: The term "Hmar" translates to "north," reflecting their geographical roots.
• Tribal Classification: They belong to the Chin-Kuki Mizo group of tribes and are recognized as a Scheduled Tribe under the Constitution of India.
• Language: The Hmar language is part of the Kuki-Chin group of the Tibeto-Burman language family.
• Cultural Practices: The Hmar community traditionally engages in agriculture, primarily through slash-and-burn techniques. While many have adopted Christianity over time, they still retain elements of their animistic beliefs.
• Social Structure: Hmar society is organized into clans, each with its own dialect. The chief of the village council is referred to as "Lal," who provides leadership and guidance.

In summary, both the Hmar and Zomi tribes are integral to the cultural tapestry of northeastern India. Their recent collaboration to address conflicts is a hopeful sign for communal harmony and mutual understanding in the region.

GS3/Economy

The Booming Creator Economy in India

Why in News?

The creator economy in India is experiencing rapid growth, driven by increased internet accessibility. The Indian government has initiated a $1 billion fund along with Rs 391 crore allocated to the Indian Institute of Creative Technology, aiming to enhance this burgeoning industry. Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted that this sector is injecting new vitality into India's ambition to become a $5 trillion economy.

• The Creator Economy encompasses individuals monetizing their skills and content through platforms like YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, Patreon, and Substack.
• This economy includes a diverse range of creators such as influencers, bloggers, video makers, podcasters, artists, and educators who earn through various means like ads, sponsorships, and subscriptions.

Additional Details

• Economic Growth and Job Creation: The creator economy significantly contributes to the gig economy, creating self-employment opportunities for millions. Platforms such as YouTube and Instagram allow creators to earn through ad revenues, brand collaborations, and merchandise sales.
• Democratization of Opportunities: Unlike traditional media, digital platforms provide anyone with talent and creativity the chance to succeed. Creators from small towns and rural backgrounds are thriving, with vernacular content in languages like Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali reaching a wide audience.
• Cultural and Soft Power Impact: Indian creators are influencing global perceptions of Indian culture, cuisine, travel, and traditions. Figures such as yoga instructors and Bollywood influencers enhance India's soft power internationally, with memes and viral content gaining worldwide acclaim.
• Digital Entrepreneurship & Innovation: The creator economy promotes digital entrepreneurship, enabling creators to monetize through avenues like NFTs, educational courses, books, and memberships. Indian startups are also emerging with tools and platforms, such as Chingari and Koo, to empower creators while reducing reliance on international platforms.
• Financial Inclusion & Alternative Livelihoods: Many content creators are first-time earners, contributing to financial inclusion, particularly among women, students, and freelancers. These platforms provide alternatives to conventional employment, fostering financial independence.

In summary, the creator economy in India not only represents a significant economic force but also democratizes opportunities and enhances cultural influence on a global scale. As this sector continues to expand, it is crucial for the government and industry stakeholders to support and nurture this ecosystem.

GS3/Economy

Sarthi and Pravaah Systems of RBI

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently received the esteemed Digital Transformation Award 2025 from Central Banking for its innovative digital initiatives, specifically the Sarthi and Pravaah systems.

• The Sarthi system was launched in January 2023 to digitize internal workflows and enhance operational efficiency within the RBI.
• The Pravaah system, introduced in May 2024, allows external users to submit regulatory applications digitally, improving efficiency and transparency.

Additional Details

• Sarthi System:This system aims to reduce dependence on paper processes and improve internal operations. Key features include:
  • Secure document storage and sharing among over 13,500 employees across 40+ locations.
  • Improved record management and data analysis capabilities through reports and dashboards.
  • Automation of internal processes like task tracking and document management.
• Training Initiatives: To facilitate employee proficiency in Sarthi, an online training platform called Sarthi Pathshala was launched, alongside in-person support from designated experts known as Sarthi Mitras.
• Pravaah System:This platform enhances the submission process for regulatory applications, integrating seamlessly with the Sarthi database. Key aspects include:
  • Support for over 70 different regulatory applications.
  • Centralized cybersecurity measures and digital tracking capabilities.
  • Contributed to an 80% increase in monthly applications, significantly reducing delays.

Both systems represent significant strides in the RBI's digital transformation journey, aimed at improving efficiency and transparency in operations.