UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 19th April 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Polity

Andhra SC Sub-Categorisation Ordinance and its Impact on Reservation in the State

Why in News?

The Andhra Pradesh Cabinet has recently approved a draft ordinance from the Social Welfare Department aimed at implementing sub-categorisation within Scheduled Castes (SCs). This initiative introduces the concept of ‘reservation within reservation,’ which seeks to allocate quotas according to the relative levels of backwardness among different SC communities. The goal is to ensure a more equitable distribution of benefits among the most disadvantaged sections within the SC category.

• The ordinance aims for a fair allocation of reservation benefits among SC sub-groups.
• Recommendations from the Rajeev Ranjan Mishra Commission form the basis for this initiative.
• The move follows the Supreme Court's decision that allows states to sub-classify SCs.

Additional Details

• Formation of Commission: In November 2024, the Andhra Pradesh government established a one-man commission led by retired IAS officer Rajeev Ranjan Mishra to assess the necessity and framework for SC sub-categorisation. The commission held public hearings across all 26 districts of the state to gather inputs from various stakeholders.
• Commission Report Submission: The commission submitted its comprehensive report in March 2025, which was unanimously adopted by both the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh.
• Proposed Quota Distribution: The commission recommended categorizing SCs into three groups based on their level of backwardness, covering a total of 59 SC sub-castes.
• Group Classifications:
  • Group 1 - Most Backward (Relli Sub-group): Includes 12 sub-castes such as Bavuri, Chachati, and Mehtar.
  • Group 2 - Backward (Madiga Sub-group): Comprises 18 sub-castes including Arundhatiya, Chamar, and Madiga.
  • Group 3 - Less Backward (Mala Sub-group): Includes 29 sub-castes, among them Adi Dravida, Mahar, and Mala.
• Reservation Split:The recommended reservation distribution within the SC quota (total 15%) is as follows:
  • Group 1: 1.0% reservation
  • Group 2: 6.5% reservation
  • Group 3: 7.5% reservation

The overarching objective of the SC sub-categorisation is to promote equitable development among all SC sub-castes by ensuring fair representation in various sectors such as education, employment, and politics. This approach aims to address historical imbalances and facilitate inclusive progress for the most marginalized groups.

GS2/International Relations

Kailash Mansarovar Yatra to Resume: Sacred Pilgrimage Revives After Four-Year Hiatus

Why in News?

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has announced the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, which has been on hold since 2020. This significant pilgrimage, important for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and followers of the Bon religion, is set to take place again in 2025 after a prolonged hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic and diplomatic tensions between India and China.

• The Yatra was suspended due to COVID-19 and strained India-China relations.
• Resumption discussions began at a Special Representatives’ meeting in Beijing in December 2024.
• Improved diplomatic relations between India and China have facilitated the revival of the pilgrimage.

Additional Details

• Background: The Yatra was initially paused due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but tensions from the Galwan Valley clash in June 2020 further delayed its restart. However, disengagement at key border points in 2024 has improved bilateral relations.
• Significance of Kailash Mansarovar: Located in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Lake Mansarovar and Mount Kailash are sacred sites. Hindus view Mount Kailash as the home of Lord Shiva, while Buddhists see it as a place of spiritual enlightenment. Pilgrims undertake a high-altitude trek, performing a ritual circumambulation known as parikrama.
• Available Routes for the Yatra:
  • Lipulekh Pass Route (Uttarakhand): Most direct but physically demanding, involving around 200 km of trekking. Operational since 1981.
  • Nathu La Pass Route (Sikkim): Fully motorable except for a 35-40 km circumambulation, easier for older pilgrims. Operational since 2015.
  • Nepal Route: Operated by private agencies, accessible since 2023 but less popular due to high visa fees.
• Registration Process: Registration typically opens in April-May on the MEA portal. Due to limited slots, a computerized lottery determines participants. Cost is over ₹2 lakh per pilgrim, with medical clearance required.

The revival of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra not only marks a significant religious event but also symbolizes improving geopolitical dynamics between India and China. The MEA is expected to announce further details regarding guidelines, dates, and quotas for the pilgrimage soon, while preparations for logistics, healthcare, and security are already underway to ensure a safe journey for all pilgrims.

GS3/Science and Technology

Root Rot Disease Impacting 'Pichi Poo' Cultivation

Why in News?

The cultivation of 'pichi poo' (red jasmine) in Tiruchy, Tamil Nadu, is facing severe challenges due to root rot disease, which is resulting in significant financial losses for farmers. This fungal infection specifically affects the roots of the plants, leading to widespread crop failure.

• Root rot disease attacks plants through their roots, potentially leading to wilting and plant death.
• Overwatering and fungal pathogens are the primary causes of root rot.
• Several fungal species, including Armillaria mellea and Fusarium, are known to cause this disease.
• Control measures include planting in well-drained soils and using resistant plant varieties.

Additional Details

• Root Rot Disease: This condition primarily attacks the roots, but can also impact the trunks and stems, leading to splits or decay above ground. It is particularly harmful to young plants like seedlings.
• Causes:
  • Overwatering: This reduces oxygen levels in the soil, causing roots to become soft and die.
  • Fungal Pathogens: Pathogens thrive in conditions of inconsistent or excessive watering, spreading through soil water to nearby plants.
• Fungal Agents: Key pathogens include Clitocybe tabescens and various oomycetes such as Pythium and Phytophthora.
• Prevention Strategies: Farmers are advised to use well-drained soils, construct raised beds, and select resistant plant varieties to mitigate the effects of root rot.

In conclusion, addressing root rot disease is crucial for the sustainability of 'pichi poo' cultivation in Tiruchy. Implementing effective prevention strategies and understanding the underlying causes can help farmers protect their crops and reduce losses.

GS2/Polity

A Welcome Move: On Wikipedia and Supreme Court Order

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has overturned the Delhi High Court's order, which had mandated Wikimedia to remove a Wikipedia page due to a defamation lawsuit filed by the news agency Asian News International (ANI). The Supreme Court identified a significant error in the High Court's ruling.

• The Supreme Court criticized the High Court's broad takedown order as overly vague and lacking precision.
• Wikimedia is protected under safe harbour provisions of the IT Act, meaning it is not liable for user-generated content unless specific violations are cited.
• The Court recommended that ANI submit a new, specific complaint detailing the exact defamatory content.

Additional Details

• Overbroad Takedown Order: The Supreme Court found the High Court’s request to remove “all false, misleading, and defamatory content” to be excessively broad. This type of general order may lead to over-censorship, similar to banning an entire book for one disputed paragraph.
• Safe Harbour Protection: The Court affirmed that Wikipedia, classified as an internet intermediary, enjoys safe harbour under the IT Act, meaning it cannot be held accountable for content created by users without specific evidence of harmful content.
• Need for Specific Pleas: The Court advised ANI to file a more precise plea, indicating the specific portions of content they deem defamatory, allowing for a consideration of actual harm.
• Defamation Claim: The Delhi High Court originally argued that statements on Wikipedia were damaging to ANI’s reputation, potentially misleading the public about the agency's credibility.
• Non-Verbatim Reproduction: The Court noted that the Wikipedia page presented sources in a distorted manner, misrepresenting the original context and contributing to its defamatory nature.
• Higher Responsibility of Wikipedia: The Court held that Wikipedia has a greater obligation to ensure content accuracy, given its influence on public perception.

In conclusion, the Supreme Court's decision emphasizes the need for specificity in takedown requests and highlights the importance of protecting free speech and the collaborative nature of platforms like Wikipedia.

GS3/Economy

When Governments Disagree with the Central Bank: The Fed in the US and the RBI in India

Why in News?

The relationship between government leaders and central banks often faces tensions, as exemplified by US President Donald Trump's threats against Jerome Powell, the Federal Reserve Chair he appointed in 2018. Such instances of disagreement have occurred in both the US and India, but typically do not escalate into significant crises.

• Trump's criticism of Powell was primarily due to disagreements over interest rate policies.
• Section 7(1) of the RBI Act was invoked in 2018, raising concerns about the RBI's autonomy.
• Historical instances show that Indian governments have often resolved conflicts with the RBI through informal dialogue.
• Recommendations for future conflict resolution mechanisms include establishing formal consultative frameworks.

Additional Details

• Disagreement Over Interest Rate Policy: Trump criticized Powell for raising interest rates during economic uncertainty, believing it would impede growth and his re-election chances. For example, in December 2018, Trump remarked that Powell would “turn [him] into Hoover,” referring to Herbert Hoover during the Great Depression.
• Fed’s Caution on Trump’s Tariffs: Powell warned that Trump's trade tariffs could lead to inflation and affect the labor market, contradicting the President's economic views. Trump perceived this as political maneuvering, famously stating, “termination cannot come fast enough!” on social media.
• Historical Challenges to Fed Independence: Figures like Milton Friedman and Ronald Reagan questioned the Fed's discretionary powers, advocating for a rules-based approach and accountability during times of high inflation and unemployment.
• Invocation of Section 7(1) of the RBI Act: This was notably invoked in 2018 amid tensions between the Indian government and the RBI over liquidity and lending policies. It raised concerns about the potential erosion of the RBI's autonomy, as the section allows the government to issue binding directives in the public interest.
• Following the invocation, RBI Governor Urjit Patel resigned, citing personal reasons, amidst speculation about government pressure.
• Past Government Interactions with RBI: Historically, Indian governments have preferred backchannel negotiations to resolve conflicts with the RBI, maintaining the central bank's independence even during significant disagreements.
• Way Forward: Implementing a permanent Finance-RBI Coordination Council can help pre-empt confrontations. Legislative amendments could clarify the scope of government intervention, ensuring it is limited to extraordinary circumstances.

In conclusion, the relationship between government and central banks is crucial for economic stability. Establishing a formalized approach to resolve conflicts can maintain the integrity and independence of central banking institutions like the Fed and the RBI.

GS3/Environment

Steering the Decarbonisation of India’s Logistics Sector

Why in News?

India aims to become a Viksit Bharat, a developed nation by 2047, which includes a commitment to sustainable and inclusive development. However, the logistics sector, which is crucial for this vision, is one of the most carbon-intensive sectors, posing a significant challenge to the country's sustainability goals. To achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, decarbonising this sector must be a priority.

• India's logistics sector contributes approximately 13.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions.
• Road transport accounts for over 88% of these emissions, highlighting an urgent need for structural changes.
• Decarbonising logistics is essential for building a resilient and competitive economy.

Additional Details

• Environmental Cost of Logistics: The logistics sector includes road, rail, air, and maritime transport, along with warehousing, which collectively have a growing environmental footprint. Road transport is particularly significant, responsible for nearly 90% of passenger movement and 70% of freight.
• Need for Green Transformation: Countries like China and the United States provide insights into reducing emissions by shifting freight from road to rail, where electrification and cleaner technologies can make a substantial difference.
• Innovations in Logistics: Efforts such as the Delhi-Jaipur corridor pilot project aim to electrify road freight, while coastal shipping and inland waterways are being explored for cleaner transportation methods.
• Investment in renewable energy for warehousing can further reduce carbon footprints and enhance energy security.

The future of India’s logistics sector hinges on strategic investments and innovative solutions that align with global sustainability standards. By prioritising electrified transport systems and cleaner fuels, India can transition towards a greener logistics network that supports both economic growth and environmental stewardship.

GS1/History & Culture

UNESCO Memory of the World (MoW) Programme

Why in News?

Recently, UNESCO has recognized the manuscripts of the Bhagavad Gita and Bharata's Natyashastra by including them in the Memory of the World (MoW) Register in 2025.

• The MoW Programme was established by UNESCO in 1992 to preserve global documentary heritage.
• The Register now includes 570 entries, showcasing important cultural documents.

Additional Details

• Memory of the World (MoW) Programme: This initiative aims to safeguard rare documents such as manuscripts, oral traditions, and audio-visual content that hold global significance. UNESCO emphasizes that this heritage should be preserved and made accessible, while respecting cultural practices.
• MoW Register: Acts as a global compilation of documentary heritage, updated every two years.
• India's Contributions: India has submitted 13 entries, including the Rig Veda (2005) and works of Abhinavagupta (2023). Notable joint submissions include the archives from the first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961.
• In 2025, the manuscripts added were preserved at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, attributed to Bharata Muni and Vyasa.

This recognition underscores the importance of preserving cultural heritage and ensuring its accessibility for future generations.

GS3/Science and Technology

Jumping Genes and Alzheimer's Disease

Why in News?

Recent research conducted by the University of Texas (UT) Health San Antonio indicates that the activation of transposons, or "jumping genes," may play a significant role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

• Transposons are mobile genetic elements that can move within the genome.
• Nearly 50% of the human genome consists of transposons, which can contribute to genomic instability when activated.
• Research shows that blocking transposon activity may improve neural function in models of Alzheimer’s disease.

Additional Details

• Transposons: These are mobile genetic elements that can relocate within the genome. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock, a Nobel Prize winner in 1983.
• In humans, while most transposons are inactive, some can "jump," potentially disrupting essential genes and causing cellular damage in neurons, which are particularly vulnerable.
• The most prevalent type of transposons are retrotransposons, including LINE-1 elements, which utilize an RNA intermediate for replication.
• In aged or diseased brains, especially in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s, the body's control mechanisms over these elements can weaken, leading to harmful effects.
• In experiments using genetically modified fruit flies that exhibit symptoms of Alzheimer’s, researchers found that blocking transposon activity with the HIV drug 3TC improved neural function.
• A clinical trial involving human patients demonstrated that while 3TC did not directly enhance memory, it reduced neurofilament light (NfL) levels, a biomarker indicating neuronal damage, suggesting a protective effect against neurodegeneration.
• This research supports a new hypothesis: Alzheimer’s disease may be driven not only by the aggregation of proteins like amyloid or tau but also by the reactivation of jumping genes.

The findings highlight the potential for targeting transposon activity as a therapeutic approach in managing Alzheimer's disease, opening new avenues for research and treatment strategies.

GS3/Science and Technology

Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge

Why in News?

The Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge is poised to become the world's highest bridge, showcasing China's engineering prowess and commitment to infrastructure development.

• The bridge is located in Zhenfeng County, Guizhou Province, China.
• Upon completion, it will stand at a height of 625 meters (2,051 feet) above the Beipan River.
• It surpasses the height of the Eiffel Tower by 200 meters and the Millau Viaduct in France, which previously held the record.
• The bridge is a steel truss suspension bridge with a total length of 2,890 meters (9,482 feet).
• Construction began on January 18, 2022, and the estimated cost is around £216 million (Rs 2,200 crore).

Additional Details

• Significance of the Bridge: Once completed, it will significantly reduce travel time across the canyon from about one hour to just two minutes.
• Infrastructure Impact: The bridge will be part of the Shantou–Kunming Expressway, connecting Shantou in southeastern China to Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province.

The Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge highlights the advancements in modern engineering and infrastructure, reinforcing Guizhou's status as a hub for some of the tallest bridges in the world.

GS3/Environment

Particulate Matter Emission Trading Scheme in Gujarat

Why in News?

A recent study has emphasized the success of Surat’s Particulate Matter Emission Trading Scheme (PM-ETS), recognized as the world’s first market-based system for trading particulate emissions. The implementation of this scheme has led to a significant reduction in pollution levels, estimated between 20-30%, showcasing its potential to enhance air quality in industrial regions.

• The PM ETS was launched in Surat, Gujarat in 2019.
• This initiative is India’s first emissions trading scheme targeting particulate matter.
• The scheme aims to lower emissions from industries that use solid (coal, lignite) and liquid fuels (diesel).

How It Works?

• Cap-and-Trade: Regulators establish a cap on total emissions, with industries receiving permits (1 kg of particulate matter per permit).
• Permit Allocation: 80% of permits are allocated for free, while 20% are auctioned.
• Market Trading: Permits can be traded to achieve emission goals, with a ceiling price of Rs 100/kg and a floor price of Rs 5/kg.
• Compliance: Industries that do not comply face fines that are double the ceiling price for each excess emission.

Successes of PM-ETS

• Reduction in Emissions: Participating plants have achieved notable emission reductions compared to traditional methods.
• Improved Compliance: Compliance rates in participating plants are at 99%.
• Cost-Effective: The system enables industries to adopt the most economical methods for compliance.

Limitations of PM-ETS

• Over-reliance on Free Permits: Smaller plants may face challenges as the availability of free permits decreases.
• Supply Chain Limitations: Stricter caps may raise costs for industries that do not reduce emissions effectively.
• Market Manipulation: There are concerns regarding unfair practices in permit trading.
• Geographical Constraints: The scheme is currently limited to Surat, which restricts its broader impact.

Overall, the PM-ETS in Surat presents a pioneering approach to managing air quality through market mechanisms, although it faces challenges that need to be addressed for wider applicability.

[UPSC 2011] Regarding “carbon credits,” which of the following statements is not correct?

• (a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto protocol.
• (b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota.
• (c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emissions.
• (d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations environment programs.

GS2/Polity

Article 142: Understanding Its Role and Implications

Why in News?

The recent criticism by the Vice-President of India regarding Article 142, describing it as a “nuclear missile against democratic forces,” particularly following its application in the Tamil Nadu Governor's case, has sparked significant discussion about the implications and scope of this constitutional provision.

• Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to issue orders necessary for complete justice in ongoing cases.
• This power is unique and discretionary, allowing the Court to address justice beyond mere technicalities.
• The concept of complete justice involves filling legislative gaps and protecting constitutional values, fundamental rights, and social welfare.
• The extraordinary authority granted by Article 142 was intentionally limited to the Supreme Court by the framers of the Constitution.

Additional Details

• Complete Justice: Refers to the Supreme Court's ability to ensure justice by interpreting or overriding laws when necessary, thus upholding constitutional values and fundamental rights.
• The jurisprudence surrounding Article 142 has evolved over more than 50 years, with the Supreme Court maintaining self-imposed limits to enhance its role as the guardian of the Constitution.
• This article fortifies democracy by safeguarding minority rights and ensuring equal treatment under the law, while also acting as a check against executive and legislative overreach.
• While Article 142 promotes judicial innovation by allowing the Court to create guidelines in public interest cases, the lack of a clear definition can lead to subjectivity and inconsistent rulings, raising concerns regarding the basic structure doctrine.

In conclusion, Article 142 plays a crucial role in the Indian legal framework by empowering the Supreme Court to deliver justice that transcends conventional legal boundaries, while also necessitating careful consideration of its application to prevent misuse and uphold democratic principles.