UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 17th June 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS1/History & Culture

Sowa-Rigpa Traditional Medicine

Source: PIB

Why in News?

A one-day Samyoga event took place today at the National Institute of Sowa-Rigpa (NISR) in Leh, bringing together experts from ten states across India to discuss and promote this ancient medicinal system.

Key Takeaways

• Sowa-Rigpa is one of the oldest medical systems still in practice today.
• Originating over 2,000 years ago, it was codified during the reign of King Trisong Detsen in the 8th century CE.
• It integrates concepts from various medicinal traditions, including Ayurveda and Chinese medicine.

Additional Details

• Overview: Sowa-Rigpa, also known as Traditional Tibetan Medicine or the Amchi system, emphasizes holistic health and harmony with nature.
• Global Presence: This system is practiced not only in Tibet but also in Mongolia, Bhutan, Nepal, and parts of Russia and China, with significant presence in Indian regions like Ladakh and Sikkim.
• Core Beliefs: It focuses on disease prevention and promotes longevity through a holistic approach to mind-body well-being.
• Diagnosis and Treatment: Practitioners employ methods such as pulse and urine analysis, along with case history review, and use therapies including herbal medicines and spiritual healing.
• Education and Recognition: Traditional knowledge is passed down through oral traditions, and Sowa-Rigpa has been officially recognized under AYUSH systems in India since 2010.

Recently, there has been an increased awareness regarding the Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia), which has been identified as a sustainable source of various products, raising interest in its utilization.

In a quiz related to this topic, participants were asked about the sustainable source found in Himalayan nettle with options including (a) anti-malarial drug, (b) biodiesel, (c) pulp for paper industry, and (d) textile fibre.

GS3/Environment

Key Facts about Kali Tiger Reserve

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Conservation activists have expressed concerns regarding the promotion of tourism through wildlife safaris in the Kali Tiger Reserve, emphasizing the potential impacts on the reserve's ecosystem.

Key Takeaways

• The Kali Tiger Reserve, formerly known as Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve, is situated in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka.
• It spans an area of 834.16 sq. km and includes the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary and Anshi National Park.
• This reserve is a vital part of the Western Ghats, a biologically sensitive region.

Additional Details

• Geographical Location: Kali Tiger Reserve is bordered to the north by the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka, which connects to the Radhanagari and Koyna wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra.
• Water Source: The reserve is named after the Kali River, which is the primary water source for the region.
• Vegetation: The forests consist mainly of moist deciduous and semi-evergreen types, with notable patches of evergreen forests in certain areas.
• Flora: The reserve is home to a diverse range of plant species, including hardwood trees such as teak and silver oak, as well as shrubs and dense undergrowth.
• Fauna: It hosts a variety of animals, including tigers, leopards, elephants, bison, and several bird species, notably the Great Indian Hornbill.
• The area is recognized for its rich biodiversity, including the presence of rare black panthers.

The Kali Tiger Reserve plays a crucial role in conservation efforts and maintaining ecological balance in the Western Ghats. Ongoing discussions about tourism impact highlight the need for sustainable practices in wildlife management.

GS3/Economy

India’s Fiscal Consolidation Trajectory - Strengths, Slippages, and Policy Implications

Source: PIB

The article analyzes the fiscal performance of the Government of India (GoI) for the financial year 2024-25 (FY25) using provisional data and assesses the implications for FY26. It emphasizes key trends in deficit management, capital expenditure (capex) growth, revenue collection, and upcoming policy changes that are vital for macroeconomic management and fiscal federalism in India.

Key Takeaways

• FY25 fiscal deficit was recorded at Rs 15.77 trillion, slightly above the Revised Estimate (RE) of Rs 15.7 trillion.
• The fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP was contained at 4.8%, meeting the target due to an increase in nominal GDP.
• Revenue deficit was reduced to Rs 5.7 trillion, achieving a 17-year low at 1.7% of GDP.
• Capital expenditure surged, with a 61% year-on-year increase in April 2025, reaching Rs 1.6 trillion.
• Tax revenue faced a shortfall of Rs 0.6 trillion compared to FY25 RE, necessitating a 12.5% growth to meet FY26 targets.

Additional Details

• Fiscal Deficit Trends: The fiscal deficit for FY25 was slightly above expectations, attributed to nominal GDP growth exceeding estimates.
• Revenue Deficit Milestone: The revenue deficit fell to 1.7% of GDP, a significant improvement from the previous year's target.
• Capital Expenditure Surge: The robust increase in capex reflects a strong commitment to infrastructure development.
• Receipts and Revenue Challenges: There was a notable shortfall in tax revenues, but additional resources from RBI dividends provided some relief.
• FY26 Outlook: Despite a lower nominal GDP growth projection, the fiscal deficit can be managed effectively due to earlier gains.

In conclusion, India's fiscal consolidation trajectory appears to be on a positive path, supported by increased capex and a reduced revenue deficit. However, ensuring medium-term sustainability will require structural reforms in revenue mobilization, enhancing expenditure efficiency, and improving Centre-State fiscal coordination in light of emerging geopolitical and institutional challenges.

GS3/Environment

Discovery of Portulaca bharat

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

A new species of flowering plant, named Portulaca bharat, has been identified in the rocky and semi-arid terrain of the Aravali hills, near Jaipur. This discovery contributes to the biodiversity of Indian endemic plants.

Key Takeaways

• Species Classification: Portulaca bharat adds to the list of endemic species in India.
• Habitat Specificity: The plant is currently known from only one location, the Galtaji hills, with just 10 individuals found.
• Vulnerability: It has narrow endemism and specific habitat requirements, making it susceptible to climate change and habitat degradation.

Additional Details

• Features: The plant exhibits opposite, slightly concave leaves and pale-yellow flowers that turn creamish-white towards the apex. Notable characteristics include glandular hairs on the stamen filaments and thick roots.
• Genus Overview: The genus Portulaca consists of approximately 153 species worldwide, primarily found in tropical and subtropical areas. These succulents are recognized for their resilience and ability to store water, thriving in extreme environments.
• Indian Distribution: In India, there are 11 known species of Portulaca, with four being endemic and predominantly located in dry and semi-arid regions.

The discovery of Portulaca bharat highlights the significance of conserving unique plant species and their habitats, particularly in the face of environmental challenges.

GS3/Environment

Discovery of Two New Earthworm Species in Tripura

Source: ETV Bharat

Recently, two new species of earthworms, Kanchuria tripuraensis and Kanchuria priyasankari, have been identified in Tripura. This discovery significantly enhances our understanding of soil biodiversity in this region.

Key Takeaways

• The new species were found in rubber and pineapple plantations, showcasing the ecological diversity in modified agricultural landscapes.
• Kanchuria tripuraensis features a unique single ventromedian spermathecae in segments 7 and 8, distinguishing it within its genus.
• Kanchuria priyasankari is notably smaller and has a distinct spermathecal structure, differentiating it from its relative, K. turaensis.
• With these discoveries, the genus Kanchuria now includes 10 species, contributing to a total of 38 documented megadrile earthworm species in Tripura.
• This positions the Eastern Himalaya–Northeastern Hills region as the second-richest area in India for earthworm diversity.

Additional Details

• Kanchuria tripuraensis: This species is unique for its single ventromedian spermathecae, which serves as a key identifying characteristic.
• Kanchuria priyasankari: Named in honor of Priyasankar Chaudhuri, a notable figure in earthworm taxonomy, this species highlights the ecological richness of Tripura.
• The discoveries underscore the significance of Tripura in national and international soil biodiversity studies.

In conclusion, the identification of Kanchuria tripuraensis and Kanchuria priyasankari not only enriches the biodiversity catalog of Tripura but also emphasizes the importance of conserving soil ecosystems, even in altered landscapes.

GS3/Economy

PRASHAD Scheme

Source: The Hindu

The long-awaited Chamundi Hills development project in Karnataka is finally gaining momentum under the Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD) scheme.

Key Takeaways

• The PRASHAD scheme was launched to revitalize pilgrimage sites across India.
• It focuses on developing spiritual tourism infrastructure and preserving cultural heritage.

Additional Details

• Launch: The scheme was initiated in 2014-15 by the Ministry of Tourism.
• Core Objective: It aims to enhance spiritual tourism by developing key pilgrimage sites.
• Scope and Mission: In 2017, it was upgraded to a National Mission, integrating HRIDAY features for a unified development model.
• Cultural Focus: The scheme emphasizes cultural preservation and community involvement while promoting both domestic and international spiritual tourism.
• Implementation:
  • Executing Agencies: Projects are executed by state-level agencies appointed by respective state or union territory governments.
  • Funding Model: 100% central financial assistance is provided for eligible infrastructure and development components.
  • Public-Private Support: Encourages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) contributions and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for sustainability.
  • Centre-State Collaboration: Designed for cooperation between central and state governments while respecting local cultures.
• Key Features:
  • Infrastructure Development: Enhancements in roads, drinking water, sanitation, solid waste management, and public conveniences at pilgrimage sites.
  • Connectivity Enhancement: Improvements in rail, road, and air links for easier access for pilgrims.
  • Pilgrim Facilities: Creation of accommodation, food courts, wayfinding systems, and security measures to ensure safe pilgrimages.
  • Cultural Conservation: Restoration of temples, monuments, ghats, and sacred lakes, integrating cultural traditions in tourism.
  • Community Empowerment: Skill training for locals and development of tourism-linked jobs through stakeholder participation.
  • Sustainability Focus: Use of eco-friendly technologies and promotion of responsible tourism to minimize environmental impacts.

This scheme not only aims to enhance spiritual tourism but also focuses on sustainable practices, community involvement, and preserving India's rich cultural heritage.

UPSC 2022

The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple at Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple?

• 1. Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines.
• 2. A description of Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni.
• 3. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present-day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1 and 2 only
• (b) 2 and 3 only
• (c) 1 and 3 only
• (d) 1, 2 and 3

GS2/Polity

Serving Justices, But Not Justice

Source: The Hindu
Why in News?

The Indian judiciary, traditionally seen as a protector of constitutional values, is facing scrutiny due to recent controversies that challenge its credibility. The case of Justice Yashwant Varma, which involved the discovery of cash at his residence and subsequent opaque proceedings, highlights significant issues within judicial accountability.

Key Takeaways

• The controversy surrounding Justice Varma reflects deeper systemic problems within the judiciary.
• The judiciary's 'in-house procedure' lacks transparency and accountability.
• Historical precedents indicate a pattern of secrecy and insufficient public oversight.

Additional Details

• Justice Varma Controversy: On March 14, a fire at Justice Varma’s residence revealed half-burnt sacks suspected to contain cash. His swift transfer and the subsequent impeachment recommendation raised concerns about the integrity of the investigative process.
• In-House Procedure:This informal mechanism for handling judicial misconduct inquiries is conducted by fellow judges and lacks public accountability. Key issues include:
  • Lack of transparency: The public is not informed about whether inquiries are conducted or their outcomes.
  • Absence of procedural safeguards: Unlike formal inquiries, these processes are not bound by legal standards.
  • No public accountability: There is no external oversight or appeal, diminishing the judiciary's legitimacy.
• Historical Precedents: Previous cases, such as allegations against Justice Ramana and CJI Ranjan Gogoi, illustrate a troubling pattern of secrecy and lack of accountability within the judiciary.

In conclusion, the situation surrounding Justice Varma underscores the urgent need for reform within the judiciary. Embracing transparency and accountability is essential for maintaining public trust and ensuring the legitimacy of judicial processes. A revised framework involving both judicial and independent oversight could be crucial for the future integrity of the Indian judiciary.

GS2/Governance

India’s 2027 Census: What’s New and How It Works

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The government has officially announced that India’s 16th Census will be conducted in two phases, with reference dates set for October 1, 2026, for snow-bound areas and March 1, 2027, for the rest of the country. This Census will be the first nationwide caste-based enumeration since 1931 and has been initiated following a Gazette notification under Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948, which also starts the house-listing and housing surveys ahead of the population count.

Key Takeaways

• The Census will be conducted in two main phases: house-listing and population enumeration.
• 2027 marks India’s transition to a fully digital Census, introducing self-enumeration options.
• Challenges such as digital literacy and connectivity in remote areas are being addressed with robust solutions.

Additional Details

• Two-Phase Structure:The Census comprises two main phases:
  • House-listing and Housing Census: This phase records details about buildings and households, including construction materials and access to utilities.
  • Population Enumeration: This phase captures individual demographic and socio-economic data, including details like name, age, sex, and marital status.
• First Digital Census: The 2027 Census will utilize mobile apps and cloud systems for enumeration, allowing for real-time data monitoring and management.
• Self-Enumeration: For the first time, households will be able to self-enumerate through a government portal or mobile app, receiving a unique ID for verification by enumerators.
• Enhanced Data Quality: The introduction of standardized digital coding systems and GPS integration aims to improve data accuracy and reduce processing times compared to previous censuses.
• Challenges Addressed:
  • Digital literacy among enumerators is being supported through extensive training and multilingual interfaces.
  • Connectivity issues in remote areas are mitigated by enabling offline data collection that syncs when online.
  • Quality control measures include automated error detection and supervisor reviews to ensure data reliability.

The 2027 Census represents a significant leap for India in terms of its enumeration process, enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and inclusivity. By addressing historical challenges with innovative digital solutions, the government aims to create a comprehensive demographic profile of the country.

GS2/International Relations

5 Things to Look Out for in This Year’s G7 Summit in Canada

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The 2025 G7 Summit in Alberta, Canada, is garnering significant global attention due to the return of Donald Trump to the political landscape. This summit occurs amidst heightened global tensions, particularly related to the escalating conflict between Israel and Iran, as well as the ongoing war in Ukraine.

Key Takeaways

• Focus on the Iran-Israel conflict and nuclear negotiations.
• Ongoing discussions regarding military and financial support for Ukraine.
• Global trade tensions, particularly U.S. tariffs on key goods.
• Climate action initiatives and responses to wildfires.
• Significance of India's invitation amidst Canada-India tension.

Additional Details

• Escalating Iran–Israel Conflict: Negotiations aimed at curbing Iran’s nuclear program and managing the fallout from Israel's military actions dominated early discussions. G7 leaders considered sanctions and diplomatic strategies to avert a broader Middle Eastern war.
• Ongoing Russia–Ukraine War: Securing sustained military and financial aid for Ukraine remained a priority. President Zelenskyy provided updates, while Canada and Europe proposed new aid packages, contrasting with the cautious stance of the U.S. under Trump.
• Global Trade Frictions: Rising U.S. tariffs on steel, aluminum, and goods linked to fentanyl have spurred countermeasures from partners. Canada advocated for a zero-tariff agreement on steel and automobiles during bilateral discussions with the U.S.
• Climate Action and Resources: Leaders issued brief joint statements addressing wildfire responses, decarbonization efforts, and securing supply chains for critical minerals necessary for clean technology, with Australia and Canada collaborating to enhance lithium and nickel production for electric vehicle batteries.
• Trump's Influence: Trump's unpredictable diplomatic style, as witnessed during the 2018 Quebec G7, could shape negotiations. His past actions, including early departure and refusal to endorse a joint communiqué, continue to create tension. His imposition of tariffs and polarizing statements may impact domestic politics in host nations.

The conflicts in the Middle East and the Russia-Ukraine situation have shifted the G7 agenda towards security and defense cooperation, emphasizing the need for unity among member nations. The invitation extended to India signifies an effort to mend strained diplomatic relations and acknowledge India's growing role in global governance.

GS3/Environment

Ocean Darkening: A New Ecological Crisis

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

A recent study from the University of Plymouth has highlighted a critical ecological issue: over 21% of the global ocean has experienced significant darkening over the past two decades.

Key Takeaways

• Ocean darkening refers to reduced sunlight penetration into the ocean's upper layers, crucial for marine life.
• The photic zone, extending up to 200 meters, is vital for photosynthesis, supporting marine biodiversity.
• Key findings show that certain ocean areas have lost significant light penetration, affecting marine ecosystems.

Additional Details

• Ocean Darkening: This phenomenon is measured using the diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd 490), which assesses how quickly light diminishes as it travels through seawater.
• Recent Findings: The study titled “Darkening of the Global Ocean” (2024) reports that from 2003 to 2022, 9% of the ocean experienced a drop of more than 50 meters in light penetration, affecting an area equivalent to that of Africa.
• Affected Regions: The Arctic, Antarctic, Gulf Stream, and North Sea are among the most severely impacted.
• Causes: Factors include algal blooms from nutrient runoff, warming seas, altered plankton dynamics, and changing ocean currents.
• Implications: This darkening poses risks such as ecosystem disruption, loss of marine habitats, weakened carbon sequestration, and threats to global fisheries.

Researchers emphasize that this emerging crisis could fundamentally alter marine ecosystems if not urgently addressed.

UPSC 2025

With reference to the planet Earth, consider the following statements:

• I. Rain forests produce more oxygen than that produced by oceans.
• II. Marine phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria produce about 50% of the world’s oxygen.
• III. Well-oxygenated surface water contains several folds higher oxygen than that in atmospheric air.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• Options: (a) I and II (b) II only * (c) I and III (d) None of the above statements is correct

GS2/International Relations

Visit of PM Modi to Republic of Cyprus

Source: PM India

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently undertook a state visit to Cyprus, marking the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to the island in over twenty years. This visit was significant as it highlighted the strategic relationship and longstanding friendship between India and Cyprus.

Key Takeaways

• PM Modi held discussions with Cyprus President Nikos Christodoulides.
• India reaffirmed its support for Cyprus's sovereignty against external pressures, particularly from Turkey.
• The Prime Minister was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III, the highest civilian honor in Cyprus.
• Both nations committed to enhancing cooperation on sustainable ocean governance.
• They agreed to strengthen political dialogue and defense cooperation.

Additional Details

• Support for Cyprus's Sovereignty: India reiterated its commitment to Cyprus’s territorial integrity and UN-led peace efforts, advocating for a bizonal and bicommunal federation.
• Enhanced Defense Cooperation: India and Cyprus condemned terrorism and pledged to collaborate on counter-terrorism, cyber security, and maritime security.
• Economic Partnerships: Plans were discussed to establish a Cyprus-India Business Forum and explore innovation in technology sectors such as AI and digital infrastructure.
• Mobility and Tourism: Leaders emphasized the need for fostering cultural ties and direct air connectivity to boost tourism.
• Action Plan (2025–2029): A comprehensive action plan was agreed upon to guide bilateral cooperation, focusing on strategic areas.

During his visit, PM Modi's symbolic presence in the historic center of Nicosia, which overlooks the Turkish-controlled Northern Cyprus, further demonstrated India's solidarity with Cyprus amid ongoing tensions in the region. This visit comes at a pivotal time when India’s relations with Turkey are strained, particularly concerning issues related to Kashmir.