UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 23rd June 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/International Relations

Iran Moves to Block Strait of Hormuz

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

Iran's Parliament has recently approved a proposal to potentially close the Strait of Hormuz, contingent upon a final decision by the Supreme National Security Council. This move comes in response to recent US military strikes on Iranian military sites, marking a significant escalation in regional tensions.

Key Takeaways

• The Strait of Hormuz is a vital maritime passage for oil-exporting nations.
• A blockade could severely disrupt global oil and gas supplies.
• India, heavily reliant on imports, would be significantly affected by any closure.

Additional Details

• Geographic Significance: The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and is essential for the global oil trade, with over 25% of the world's seaborne oil passing through it in 2024-25.
• Vulnerability: At its narrowest, the strait is only 33 km wide, making it susceptible to blockades and military actions.
• Global Impact: A blockade could lead to a spike in oil prices and provoke military responses, particularly from the US Fifth Fleet.
• India's Reliance: India imports over 85% of its oil, with significant volumes transiting through the Strait, making it a critical supply route.
• Economic Consequences: Price volatility in oil and gas could affect India's trade balance, forex reserves, and overall economic stability.

In summary, the potential closure of the Strait of Hormuz presents significant geopolitical challenges, particularly for nations like India that rely heavily on imported energy. The situation requires careful monitoring as regional tensions continue to evolve.

GS3/Environment

Sariska Tiger Reserve

Source: Indian Express

A recent proposal aims to rationalize the boundary of Sariska Tiger Reserve’s Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH), potentially reviving over 50 marble and dolomite mines that were previously shut down by a Supreme Court ruling due to their proximity to the CTH.

Key Takeaways

• Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in Rajasthan, India.
• It encompasses a significant area of the world’s oldest mountain range.
• The reserve was established as a hunting ground for the Maharaja of Alwar and later designated as a natural reserve in 1955 and a national park in 1979.
• It is known for its historical sites, including temples, palaces, and lakes.

Additional Details

• Location: Sariska Tiger Reserve is situated in the state of Rajasthan and features a rocky landscape, scrub thorn arid forests, grasses, hilly cliffs, and semi-deciduous woods.
• Vegetation: The reserve's flora includes Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests and Northern Tropical Thorn Forests, with significant species such as dhok trees, salar, kadaya, gol, ber, Banyan, gugal, bamboo, and kair.
• Fauna: Besides tigers, the reserve is home to various wildlife, including leopards, sambhar, chital, nilgai, four-horned antelope, and wild boars.

The rationalization of the CTH boundaries could provide a vital opportunity for the mining sector while aiming to preserve the ecological integrity of Sariska Tiger Reserve.

GS3/Environment

Lake Tahoe Tragedy

Source: TOI

Why in News?

Recently, a tragic accident occurred on Lake Tahoe when a boat capsized, resulting in the loss of six lives and leaving two individuals unaccounted for.

Key Takeaways

• Six fatalities reported due to a boat capsizing on Lake Tahoe.
• Two individuals are still missing following the incident.

Additional Details

• About Lake Tahoe: Lake Tahoe is a stunning cobalt blue freshwater lake situated in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, straddling the border between California and Nevada in the United States.
• Geographical Significance:
  • It is the largest freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada and the largest alpine lake in North America.
  • The lake is located at an elevation of 1,897 meters (6,225 feet) above sea level, making it the highest lake in the United States.
  • Measuring 22 miles long and 12 miles wide, it has a shoreline that spans 75 miles, covering a surface area of 191 square miles.
  • Lake Tahoe's deepest point reaches 1,645 feet, making it the second-deepest lake in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon.
  • The lake holds a water volume of 150 km³, ranking it as the largest lake by volume in the United States after the Great Lakes.
• Hydrology: Lake Tahoe is fed by 63 streams, with only the Truckee River flowing out into Pyramid Lake. Notably, its water does not reach the ocean, which is uncommon for North American lakes.
• Water Purity: Lake Tahoe is recognized as one of the purest bodies of water globally, boasting a purity level of 99.994%.
• Tourism: The lake and its surrounding national forests have been developed into popular tourist resorts.

This recent tragedy has drawn attention not only to the beauty of Lake Tahoe but also to the importance of safety measures on its waters.

GS3/Environment

Wildfire on Chios Island

Source: The Print

Recently, over 100 firefighters, assisted by water-dropping helicopters and planes, have been engaged in battling a significant wildfire near the main town of Chios, an island in the eastern Aegean.

Key Takeaways

• Chios is the fifth-largest Greek island, located in the Aegean Sea.
• The island is known for its unique mastic gum exports and rich historical significance.

Additional Details

• Geography: Chios is situated approximately 5 miles (8 km) off the western coast of Turkey, stretching about 30 miles (50 km) in length and 8 to 15 miles (13 to 24 km) in width. The island is characterized by mountainous terrain, culminating in Mount Pelinaíon, which reaches 1,297 meters.
• Significance: The principal town of the island, Chios town, serves as the municipality's seat. Chios is famous for its lush vegetation, beautiful beaches, and well-preserved medieval villages.
• Historical Importance: The island is noted as the birthplace of Homer and has a rich history dating back to the Neolithic Age, showcasing examples of Byzantine architecture throughout.

The ongoing wildfire highlights the challenges faced by the island, emphasizing the need for effective fire management and environmental protection measures.

GS3/Science and Technology

India Trails in Critical Technology, Particularly Semiconductor Tech

Source: TOI

Why in News?

A new global index called the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index has ranked 25 countries based on their capabilities in five vital technology sectors: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum tech. India scored 15.2 overall, significantly lagging behind leading nations like the U.S., China, and several countries in Europe.

Key Takeaways

• The index evaluates performance across five technology sectors.
• India's lower investment and fragmented innovation ecosystem hinder its tech progress.
• U.S. dominance is driven by massive investments and a strong talent pool.
• China and Europe show varying strengths that India can learn from.

Additional Details

• Critical and Emerging Technologies Index: This index measures how 25 countries perform in critical tech sectors using public and commercial data, which allows policymakers to benchmark strengths and weaknesses.
• Sector Weighting: The index assigns weights to sectors based on their geopolitical relevance: Semiconductors (35%), AI (25%), Biotechnology (20%), Space (15%), and Quantum (5%).
• Performance Assessment: Countries are evaluated based on multiple weighted pillars, including funding, talent, core technologies, and infrastructure.
• Challenges for India: India's lower investments and talent gaps in semiconductors and quantum computing are critical issues. For instance, the U.S. excels in AI and chip design due to substantial R&D funding and collaboration between academia and industry.
• Innovation Ecosystem: India's innovation lacks synergy across government, industry, and academia, contributing to its lower rankings in biotech and space compared to countries like France and China.

To enhance its standing in these critical tech areas, India must focus on increasing strategic investments, fostering international collaborations, and developing a skilled workforce. By learning from the strengths of China and Europe, India can shape its technology roadmap and improve its global tech footprint.

GS2/Governance

Integrating Rare Donor Registry of India with e-Rakt Kosh

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The ICMR has launched the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI). The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is further planning to integrate the RDRI with the e-Rakt Kosh Digital platform to improve blood transfusion services across the country.

Key Takeaways

• The RDRI aims to address the shortage of rare blood types.
• Integration with e-Rakt Kosh will enhance the search and matching of donors.

Additional Details

• Rare Blood Types:Rare blood groups are characterized by the absence of high-frequency antigens (HFAs) or negative combinations of common antigens. Examples in India include:
  • Bombay (hh)
  • P-null
  • Rh-null
  • Rare profiles like S-s-U-
• About the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI): Launched by the ICMR–National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH) in collaboration with four regional medical institutes, it aims to tackle the shortage of rare blood types necessary for conditions like thalassemia and sickle cell disease.
• Key Features:
  • DNA-Based Testing: Utilizes molecular assays for accurate donor typing, creating a centralized national database accessible via a dedicated web portal.
  • Real-Time Support: Offers secure data access and timely transfusion support for patients needing rare blood types.
  • Global Linkages: Aims to connect with international rare donor panels and create a frozen rare blood inventory for long-term availability.
• Challenges: These include low public awareness, a shortage of trained personnel, and inadequate antibody screening in decentralized blood banks.

The integration of RDRI with e-Rakt Kosh will significantly enhance the availability and accessibility of rare blood types, ultimately saving lives in critical situations.

What is E-Rakt Kosh?

• Overview: e-Rakt Kosh is a national digital platform developed by C-DAC under the National Health Mission, launched in 2016.
• Real-Time Information: Provides live updates on blood availability, donor records, and donation camp details across India through a centralized interface.
• National Coverage: Covers over 3,800 blood centers across 29 states and 8 Union Territories, integrated with UMANG, e-Hospital, and the National Health Portal.
• Notable features:
  • Donor Safety and Tagging: Maintains traceable donor databases, including health history and rare blood group tagging for safe transfusions.
  • Inventory Monitoring: Manages blood stock levels, tracks expired units, and ensures safe disposal to improve quality control.
  • Camp Management: Facilitates the registration and scheduling of blood donation camps and sends alerts for shortages.
  • Critical Access Role: Once integrated with RDRI, it will provide direct access to rare blood group data for emergency transfusions.
  • Transparency and Logistics: Enhances transparency and strengthens communication between blood banks, hospitals, and donor groups.

The effective integration of RDRI with e-Rakt Kosh is expected to lead to a more efficient blood transfusion system, especially in emergencies.

UPSC 2001

A man whose blood group is not known meets with a serious accident and needs blood transfusion immediately. Which one of the blood groups mentioned below and readily available in the hospital will be safe for transfusion?

• (a) O, Rh-
• (b) O, Rh+
• (c) AB, Rh-
• (d) AB, Rh+

GS3/Defence & Security

What is the Tomahawk Missile?

Source: Hindustan Times

Why in News?

The United States has recently engaged in military operations in Israel's conflict with Iran, specifically targeting Tehran's critical nuclear facilities using Tomahawk cruise missiles and GBU-57 bunker busters.

Key Takeaways

• The Tomahawk is a long-range, subsonic cruise missile developed by the United States Navy.
• It can be launched from ships or submarines, utilizing a Vertical Launch System.
• First deployed during Operation Desert Storm in 1991, it has been utilized in several significant military conflicts since then.

Additional Details

• Flight Capabilities: Tomahawks are designed to fly at low altitudes, allowing them to avoid radar detection, and are guided by advanced technologies such as GPS and terrain contour mapping. This results in a high accuracy rate, with a margin of error of approximately 10 meters.
• Operational Range: These missiles have an operational range between 1,000 and 1,500 miles (1,550 to 2,500 km), making them effective for long-distance strikes.
• Specifications: Measuring 18.3 feet in length and weighing about 3,200 pounds (or 4,400 pounds with a booster), they can carry a 1,000-pound conventional warhead or cluster munitions.
• Power Source: Initially powered by solid propellant during launch, they transition to a turbofan engine that minimizes heat emissions, complicating infrared detection.
• Cost: Each Tomahawk missile is estimated to cost around $2 million.

In summary, the Tomahawk missile is a critical component of the US Navy's arsenal, known for its precision and advanced operational capabilities, making it a formidable weapon in modern warfare.

GS2/International Relations

Why So Many Indian Students — Especially from Kashmir — Go to Iran for Higher Education

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The recent Iran–Israel conflict has highlighted the vulnerabilities in India's system of sending students abroad for medical education. As a result of the conflict, India had to execute emergency evacuations for its students from conflict zones, similar to the actions taken during the Ukraine crisis under Operation Ganga.

Key Takeaways

• Affordability and lower fees make studying medicine in Iran attractive.
• Strong cultural and historical ties exist between Kashmir and Iran.
• Religious similarities and admission advantages facilitate access for Kashmiri students.
• Challenges include varying quality of education and licensing issues for foreign graduates.

Additional Details

• Affordability: Medical degrees in Iran are approximately one-tenth the cost of private institutions in India, making them a financially viable option for many students.
• Cultural and Historical Ties: Kashmir has deep historical connections with Iran, often referred to as “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Iran Minor). This relationship dates back to the 13th century when the Iranian saint Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani introduced various cultural influences to the region.
• Religious and Admission Advantages: The shared Shia population creates a sense of community, and Iran offers special admission concessions (Pargees quota) to Kashmiri students, easing their entry into medical programs.
• Language and Educational Comfort: The Persian language, once prevalent in Kashmir, along with similar educational traditions, allows for easier adaptation for students migrating to Iran.
• Quality of Education Varies: Some foreign universities may operate dual-tier systems, offering lower-quality courses to international students, which may not meet the required clinical standards.
• Ineligibility to Practice Locally: Graduates from certain foreign programs may find themselves ineligible for local medical practice due to non-recognition of their qualifications.
• FMGE and Licensing Issues in India: All foreign medical graduates must pass the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE), which has a notably low pass rate, with only 25.8% passing in 2024.
• Lack of Transparency and Regulation: No official list of recognized foreign colleges exists, causing confusion and leading students to enroll in unverified institutions.

In conclusion, while pursuing education in Iran presents numerous benefits for Kashmiri students, it also comes with considerable challenges related to educational quality, regulatory issues, and licensing for practice in India. Addressing these challenges through improved guidelines and support systems is essential for ensuring successful outcomes for foreign-trained medical graduates.

GS2/Polity

India Opens Doors to Foreign Universities: Challenges and Opportunities

Source: TOI

Why in News?

Recently, several foreign universities have begun establishing branch campuses in India. Currently, seven universities from the U.K., five from Australia, and one each from the U.S., Italy, and Canada are either in the process of obtaining the necessary approvals or have already secured them. This trend marks a significant shift in India's higher education landscape.

Key Takeaways

• Foreign universities are expanding into India to diversify educational opportunities.
• The UGC's 2023 regulations and the National Education Policy 2020 are facilitating this expansion.
• Major campuses may be established in GIFT City and Navi Mumbai.

Additional Details

• Drivers Behind Foreign University Expansion: The decline in domestic enrolments in countries like the U.K., Australia, and Canada has prompted these institutions to seek international markets like India.
• Opportunities in India: India has over 40 million students and a gross enrolment ratio below 30%, indicating significant growth potential. Many students prefer local options for higher education due to financial or personal reasons.
• Challenges to Consider: Affordability remains a major concern, as the cost of foreign university education, even in India, may be beyond the reach of average households. Previous experiences of foreign campuses in other regions have shown mixed results, highlighting the complexities of the Indian market.
• Regulatory Framework: The UGC's Foreign Higher Educational Institutions (FHEI) Regulations, 2023, grant autonomy in curriculum and faculty recruitment while ensuring that institutions meet global standards.
• Future Outlook: Successful implementation of these campuses could enhance educational quality and attract students from neighboring countries, provided there is a supportive policy environment and effective pricing strategies.

In conclusion, the establishment of foreign university campuses in India presents both significant opportunities and challenges. The long-term success of these endeavors will depend on addressing affordability, maintaining quality, and adapting to the unique educational landscape of India.

GS3/Economy

Steering the Indian Economy Amidst Global Troubles

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The global economy is undergoing significant changes due to evolving trade rules and ongoing political tensions between nations. This situation is creating uncertainty for Indian exporters and affecting the overall economic stability of India.

Key Takeaways

• The rise in global protectionism is complicating trade flows for Indian exporters.
• Geopolitical tensions, such as the U.S.-China trade war, are disrupting supply chains.
• Uncertain tariff regimes are creating decision-making difficulties for exporters.
• Indian MSMEs face challenges due to potential changes in U.S. tariffs.
• Bilateral and free trade agreements (FTAs) can help India navigate these disruptions.

Additional Details

• Protectionism: Many countries are adopting protectionist measures, making global trade flows unpredictable. For example, U.S. tariffs on Indian goods can adversely affect sectors such as garments and pharmaceuticals.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Ongoing conflicts like the U.S.-China trade war and the Russia-Ukraine war are altering trade alliances, impacting Indian exporters' access to global markets and raising costs.
• Uncertain Tariff Regimes: Fluctuating U.S. trade policies lead to difficulty in planning for Indian exporters, particularly in auto components and gems & jewellery, which are heavily reliant on the U.S. market.
• Challenges for MSMEs: Increased U.S. tariffs can erode profit margins for MSMEs, creating order uncertainty and limiting their ability to absorb costs.
• Role of FTAs: FTAs provide preferential access to markets, allowing Indian exporters to compete better internationally. For example, an FTA with the UK could significantly benefit Indian apparel exporters.
• Policy Recommendations: Strengthening public capital expenditure, expanding Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, and maintaining an accommodative monetary policy are essential to enhance India's economic resilience.

In conclusion, India must navigate the challenges posed by global economic shifts through strategic trade agreements and robust economic policies. By doing so, it can position itself favorably in the reconfigured global supply chains and assert its role as a significant global manufacturing and export hub.

GS3/Defence & Security

INS Tamal: The Latest Stealth Multi-Role Frigate of the Indian Navy

Source: PIB

The Indian Navy is set to commission its newest stealth multi-role frigate, INS Tamal, on 01 July 2025, at Kaliningrad, Russia. This commissioning marks a significant addition to the naval capabilities of India, emphasizing advancements in indigenous technology and defense capabilities.

Key Takeaways

• INS Tamal is part of the Krivak class of frigates, with a legacy of ships inducted from Russia.
• The ship's name symbolizes the mythical sword used by Indra, the King of the Gods.
• It is the last warship to be inducted from a foreign source, aligning with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

Additional Details

• Indigenous Components: INS Tamal boasts 26% indigenous components, including the advanced BrahMos long-range cruise missile capable of targeting both sea and land objectives.
• Enhanced Arsenal: The frigate features significant upgrades over its predecessors, such as vertically launched surface-to-air missiles, an improved 100 mm gun, a new age EO/IR system, heavyweight torpedoes, and various surveillance and fire control systems.
• Combat Capabilities: The ship is equipped with Network Centric Warfare capabilities and an advanced Electronic Warfare suite, enhancing its operational effectiveness.
• Performance: INS Tamal is designed to have a high tonnage to firepower ratio, with extended endurance and a top speed exceeding 30 knots.
• Mascot: The ship's mascot draws inspiration from the 'Jambavant,' the Immortal Bear King of Indian Mythology, and the Eurasian Brown Bear, Russia's national animal.

In conclusion, the commissioning of INS Tamal represents a major milestone for the Indian Navy, reflecting India's commitment to enhancing its naval capabilities through indigenous development and modernization.

GS3/Economy

Tracing a Decade of India’s Growth – Achievements, Equity Concerns, and Policy Outlook

Source: EY

Why in News?

As Prime Minister Narendra Modi completes 11 years in office, this article reviews India's macroeconomic performance, comparing it with the previous decade (2004–2014) and highlighting key achievements, inclusivity gaps, and future policy directions, particularly in agriculture and subsidies.

Key Takeaways

• India's nominal GDP increased from $2.04 trillion in 2014 to a projected $4.19 trillion in 2025.
• Per capita income (PPP) rose from $2,424.2 in 2004 to $12,131.8 in 2025, improving India's global rank significantly.
• The Gini coefficient indicates moderate income inequality with minor fluctuations over the years.
• Agricultural GDP grew at an average rate of 4% from FY15 to FY25, despite challenges.
• Significant reductions in extreme poverty were achieved, with a drop from 27.1% in 2011 to 5.3% in 2022.
• Reforms in subsidies are proposed to enhance inclusivity and sustainability.

Additional Details

• Macroeconomic Growth Trajectory:

  India's nominal GDP saw a significant rise from $709 billion in 2004 to $2.04 trillion in 2014. By 2025, it is expected to reach $4.19 trillion, making it the 4th largest economy globally.

• Per Capita Income:

  Per capita income (PPP) improved from $2,424.2 in 2004 to $12,131.8 in 2025, with India's global rank improving from 181st to 149th, though it remains the lowest in the G20.

• Inclusivity and Income Inequality:

  The Gini coefficient for India was 0.34 in 2004, increased to 0.35 in 2014, and fell to 0.33 in 2021, indicating moderate inequality.

• Agricultural Growth:

  Agriculture GDP grew at 4% annually despite droughts, surpassing the previous decade's growth rate of 3.5%.

• Poverty Reduction:

  Extreme poverty decreased significantly from 27.1% in 2011 to just 5.3% in 2022, marking a rapid and remarkable decline.

• Subsidy Reforms:

  Proposals for food and fertilizer subsidy reforms include providing food and fertilizer coupons to enhance nutrition and efficiency while reducing leakages.

• Challenges Ahead:

  Identifying tenant farmers and building trust through effective communication with farmers is crucial for the success of proposed reforms.

The government’s 11-year track record indicates strong economic performance and poverty reduction efforts. However, addressing inclusivity, sustainable subsidy structures, and agricultural reforms remains paramount for equitable development.