UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 20th July 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Governance

National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

This year marks a significant change in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) as it will introduce negative scoring for higher educational institutions due to the retraction of papers from journals within the last three calendar years, along with their corresponding citations.

Key Takeaways

• The NIRF was launched by the Ministry of Education in India in 2015 to assess and rank higher education institutions.
• Institutions are evaluated based on defined parameters, including Teaching, Learning & Resources, Research & Professional Practices, Graduation Outcomes, Outreach & Inclusivity, and Perception.
• Every year, NIRF releases rankings across various categories, including Overall, University, Engineering, Management, and more.
• The ranking system groups institutions into two categories: Category A (National Importance, State Universities, etc.) and Category B (Affiliated Institutions).
• NIRF aims to help students make informed educational choices and encourages institutions to enhance their standards.

Additional Details

• Recent Developments: The NIRF 2024 rankings were released in August 2024, showing increased participation with over 6,500 institutions involved, a rise of 86% from the inaugural year.
• Top Performers:
  • IIT Madras has maintained its 1st position in the Overall Category for six consecutive years (2019-2024).
  • Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru tops the Universities Category for the ninth consecutive year (2016-2024).
  • IIM Ahmedabad remains in 1st place for Management for five consecutive years (2020-2024).
  • AIIMS, New Delhi leads in Medical rankings for seven consecutive years (2018-2024).
  • Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai tops the Dental category for three years in a row.
  • Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi has been leading in Agriculture and Allied Sectors for two consecutive years.
• The ranking methodology aims to promote transparency and encourage quality improvements in higher education institutions.

The NIRF continues to evolve, with new measures in place to ensure that institutions strive for excellence in their academic and research endeavors.

GS2/International Relations

India-EU FTA - Progress on Digital Trade, Services & Investment Texts

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

India and the European Union (EU) have made significant progress in the 12th round of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations. Notably, the digital trade chapter has been finalized in principle, and substantial advancements have been achieved in the services and investment chapters. These developments are essential for finalizing the India-EU FTA, which is anticipated to be a pivotal moment for global trade, cross-border data governance, and bilateral economic relations.

Key Takeaways

• The digital trade chapter is a milestone development, covering crucial aspects like cross-border data flows.
• India's IT and digital economy stand to benefit significantly from these negotiations.
• EU aims to eliminate discriminatory obstacles for its service providers in India.
• India's position on data localization remains firm, prioritizing policy space and sovereignty.
• Advancements in investment text and dispute resolution mechanisms signal a potential shift in trade relations.

Additional Details

• Digital Trade Chapter: This chapter addresses cross-border data flows, which are essential for e-commerce and digital services. It represents a key enabler for India's growing IT and digital economy to integrate with the global services ecosystem.
• Services Sector Progress: The EU's objective is to remove "discriminatory and disproportionate obstacles" faced by its service providers. India's rapidly expanding IT and financial services sectors are poised to gain from increased EU investment.
• Cross-Border Data Flow: In the context of AI and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, India is resistant to modifying its data localization norms, emphasizing the importance of privacy and cyber sovereignty. India's stance has been consistent, as seen in the RBI's 2018 norms mandating local storage of payment data.
• Investment and Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Progress has been reported in investment texts and dispute resolution mechanisms, with a focus on state-to-state mediation. However, EU concerns linger due to India's previous termination of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs).

The recent advancements in the India-EU FTA negotiations highlight the importance of digital trade and investment. By striving for a balance between economic integration and regulatory sovereignty, India aims to unlock growth opportunities while safeguarding its national interests. This delicate equilibrium aligns with India's broader trade and digital strategy in an evolving global context.

GS2/Governance

Directive on Sugar, Salt Labelling in Packaged Foods

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Health Ministry has mandated that all government departments prominently display the oil and sugar content in popular Indian snacks such as samosas, vada pav, kachoris, pizzas, and burgers. This initiative aims to promote awareness regarding unhealthy food consumption by making this information available in cafeterias, lobbies, meeting rooms, and even on government stationery.

Key Takeaways

• Introduction of sugar and oil content display boards in various public institutions.
• Implementation of warning labels on food items to curb lifestyle diseases.
• Focus on nutritional values and their measurement for better dietary choices.
• Guidelines for sugar and salt intake to promote healthier lifestyles.

Additional Details

• Health Awareness Initiative: The proposal includes the installation of display boards in schools, offices, and public institutions to raise awareness about hidden fats and sugars in everyday foods.
• Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): The rise in NCDs, accounting for over 66% of deaths in India, particularly affects individuals over the age of 30. Common conditions include heart disease, diabetes, respiratory illnesses, and cancers.
• Nutritional Measurement: Nutrient values of food are determined through laboratory analysis and are presented per 100 grams. This includes assessments of total sugar, saturated fat, and salt content.
• Dietary Guidelines: The 2024 Dietary Guidelines for Indians categorize High Fat, Sugar, and Salt (HFSS) foods and emphasize the need for awareness, especially among children.
• Overall Recommendations: The World Health Organization advises a balanced diet to prevent malnutrition and non-communicable diseases, with specific daily intake recommendations for adults and children.

These efforts by the Health Ministry aim to enhance public awareness and encourage healthier eating choices through visual reminders and guidelines, aligning with broader health initiatives such as Eat Right India and Fit India.

GS2/International Relations

Pact for Future: India's Commitment

Source: AIR

Why in News?

India has reaffirmed its strong support for the Pact for the Future and its essential components, the Global Digital Compact and the Declaration on Future Generations, during the third informal dialogue aimed at reviewing this significant international agreement.

Key Takeaways

• The Pact for the Future is a comprehensive international agreement addressing new areas that have remained unresolved for decades.
• Its primary aim is to enhance global collaboration and expedite progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• The Pact addresses a wide array of issues including peace and security, climate change, and digital cooperation.

Additional Details

• Global Digital Compact: This component of the Pact promotes international standards and norms in the digital space, ensuring equitable access and benefits of digital technologies.
• Declaration on Future Generations: Aims to safeguard the rights and needs of future generations, ensuring sustainable practices today.
• The Pact was officially adopted at the Summit of the Future in New York in September 2024, reflecting a collective commitment to an international system centered around the United Nations.

In conclusion, the adoption of the Pact for the Future symbolizes a unified effort among countries to adapt international frameworks to contemporary challenges, ensuring that global governance can effectively respond to the evolving landscape of international relations.

GS3/Economy

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

Source: AIR

Why in News?

The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry has announced that the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), a coalition of four European nations, will come into effect on 1st October.

Key Takeaways

• EFTA is an intergovernmental organization established in 1960.
• The current member countries of EFTA are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
• EFTA plays a crucial role in promoting free trade and economic integration among its members and globally.

Additional Details

• History of EFTA: Initially founded by seven countries including Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. Over time, additional countries joined, and many later became EU members, reducing EFTA's membership to its current four.
• Trade Agreements: EFTA has developed a vast network of free trade agreements with over 60 countries and territories, including the EU, allowing for significant trade opportunities.
• Governance Structure: The EFTA Council is the highest governing body, meeting regularly to manage trade relations. The EFTA Secretariat, located in Geneva, supports the Council in negotiations and operations.
• Legal Framework: The EFTA Surveillance Authority monitors compliance with EEA rules in three of the EFTA countries—Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. The EFTA Court, based in Luxembourg, resolves disputes related to the EEA agreement.

The EFTA's commitment to free trade and economic integration positions it as a vital player in global trade, particularly in its relations with countries like India. This FTA is expected to enhance trade relations between India and the EFTA member countries.

GS1/Indian Society

Key Facts about Raji Tribe

Source: Outlook India 

Why in News?

The recent lack of a female candidate for the village head (pradhan) in Khetar Kanyal, a village predominantly inhabited by the Raji tribe in Uttarakhand's Pithoragarh district, highlights an underlying social crisis within the community.

Key Takeaways

• The Raji tribe is among the smallest indigenous communities in India.
• They primarily reside in the remote areas of Uttarakhand and parts of western Nepal.
• Traditionally, they are forest and cave dwellers and speak the Tibeto-Burman language, Bat-Kha.
• They are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).

Additional Details

• Livelihood: The Raji people traditionally gather resources, including honey, fish, and game. In recent decades, many have transitioned to agriculture, cultivating staple crops such as rice, maize, and barley. Additionally, they are skilled in various handicrafts, including weaving and basketry.
• Religion: The Raji tribe practices Hinduism and has a deep reverence for nature, incorporating both into their spiritual life.
• Social Organization: Their society is structured around clans, each with distinct customs and traditions. Elders play a significant role in decision-making and conflict resolution, while local councils (Panchayats) help maintain social harmony.
• Housing and Architecture: Traditional homes are built using locally sourced materials such as wood, stone, and mud. These structures are designed to endure the challenging climatic conditions and are typically elevated to protect against floods and wildlife.

The Raji tribe's unique culture and traditions are critical components of Uttarakhand's diverse heritage. The ongoing challenges they face, such as social representation and economic sustainability, are vital for their future survival.

GS3/Science and Technology

Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO) and the Interstellar Comet C/2025 N1 (ATLAS)

Source: ETV Bharat

Why in News?

Indian astronomers have successfully captured images of the interstellar comet C/2025 N1 (ATLAS), also referred to as 3I/ATLAS, using the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) located at the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO) in Hanle, Ladakh. This achievement highlights the capabilities of Indian astronomical research and the significance of the observatory's facilities.

Key Takeaways

• The Himalayan Chandra Telescope is a vital asset for astronomical research in India.
• The observatory is positioned at a high altitude, providing optimal conditions for observing celestial phenomena.
• Hanle is recognized as a Dark Sky Reserve, promoting the preservation of night sky quality.

Additional Details

• Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO): The IAO, also known as the Hanle Observatory, is situated in the Hanle Valley of Ladakh at an altitude of 4500 metres above sea level.
• Established: Inaugurated in 2001, the observatory is managed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) based in Bengaluru.
• Geographical Features: The site is characterized by a dry, cold desert environment, minimal light pollution, and low atmospheric water vapour, making it ideal for astronomical observations.
• Infrastructure: The observatory houses a 2-meter aperture Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT), which is remotely operated from the Centre for Research and Education in Science and Technology (CREST) in Bengaluru. It is equipped with a solar power plant, satellite communication systems, and a liquid nitrogen plant for cooling detectors.
• Dark Sky Reserve: Hanle is designated as a Dark Sky Reserve by the International Dark-Sky Association, aimed at minimizing light pollution to preserve the quality of its night skies.

The successful imaging of comet C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) underscores the importance of the Indian Astronomical Observatory as a center for astronomical excellence and highlights the significant role of Indian scientists in the field of space exploration.

GS3/Science and Technology

Solar EruptioN Integral Field Spectrograph

Source: Indian Express

Why in News?

The Solar EruptioN Integral Field Spectrograph (SNIFS) is set to launch as part of a collaborative effort by NASA and international solar physicists from New Mexico. This mission aims to deepen our understanding of the solar atmosphere, particularly the complex chromosphere.

Key Takeaways

• SNIFS is designed to explore the dynamics and energetics of the solar chromosphere.
• It represents the first solar ultraviolet integral field spectrograph, combining imaging and spectrographic capabilities.
• The mission will observe real-time high-resolution data from both the chromosphere and the transition region of the Sun.

Additional Details

• Integral Field Spectrograph:This advanced technology merges two critical functions:
  • Imagers: Capture extensive photos and videos, allowing for a broad view of light.
  • Spectrographs: Analyze light by separating it into various wavelengths, helping identify elemental composition, temperature, and movement from a single location.
• Target Observation: The SNIFS mission will focus on the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line, which is the most intense line in the solar ultraviolet spectrum and a key diagnostic for assessing conditions in the upper chromosphere.

This innovative approach will enhance our comprehension of solar activities and their implications for space weather, contributing significantly to the field of solar physics.

GS3/Defence & Security

INS Sandhayak's Maiden Port Call at Port Klang, Malaysia

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Indian Navy's INS Sandhayak recently made its inaugural port visit to Port Klang, Malaysia, focusing on enhancing hydrographic cooperation.

Key Takeaways

• INS Sandhayak is the first indigenously designed and constructed Sandhayak-class hydrographic survey ship.
• Commissioned in February 2024, it was built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) in Kolkata.
• The ship is equipped for comprehensive coastal and deep-water surveys, oceanographic data collection, and Search and Rescue (SAR) operations.

Additional Details

• Primary Purpose: Conducts thorough hydrographic surveys for port and harbor approaches, determining navigational channels and routes.
• Operational Zone: Extends up to maritime limits, covering the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the extended continental shelf.
• Secondary Role: Can provide limited defense capabilities and serve as a hospital ship during wartime or emergencies.
• Advanced Equipment: Features a Data Acquisition and Processing System, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, Remotely Operated Vehicle, DGPS, long-range positioning systems, and digital side-scan sonar.
• Speed: Powered by two diesel engines, the vessel can exceed speeds of 18 knots.
• The ship's visit to Port Klang aims to facilitate technical exchanges and strengthen institutional ties through cooperation in survey technologies and hydrographic support.

This visit underscores the Indian Navy's commitment to enhancing maritime security and fostering international cooperation in hydrographic endeavors.

GS3/Defence & Security

Exercise Prachand Shakti

Source: NDTV

Why in News?

The Indian Army has taken a significant step towards modernizing its battlefield capabilities with the high-impact demonstration known as 'Prachand Shakti'. This event illustrates the Army's commitment to integrating advanced technologies into military operations.

Key Takeaways

• The exercise was conducted by the Indian Army at the Kharga Corps Field Training Area in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
• Focus on the use of disruptive technologies by infantry units during Strike Corps operations.
• Demonstration aimed to enhance the agility, lethality, and survivability of infantry formations engaged in deep offensive missions.
• Highlighted the evolving nature of warfare, emphasizing the role of UAVs, AI systems, and autonomous platforms.

Additional Details

• Disruptive Technologies: These include Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), AI-enabled systems, and loitering munitions that are transforming operational capabilities in combat scenarios.
• This demonstration is part of the Indian Army's broader initiative for the 'Year of Tech Absorption', focusing on integrating innovative technological solutions from civilian sectors into military practices.

This event underscores the Indian Army's strategic shift towards embracing modern technologies, thereby enhancing its operational effectiveness and readiness to adapt to the changing dynamics of warfare.

GS2/Governance

NIRF to Penalise Research Retractions in Rankings from 2024

Source: The Print

Why in News?

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) has announced that starting from the 2024 ranking cycle, it will impose negative scores on higher educational institutions for any research papers that have been retracted from journals. This initiative aims to uphold academic integrity and improve the quality of research output in Indian academia.

Key Takeaways

• NIRF will begin penalising institutions for retracted research papers from 2024.
• A mild deduction in scores will apply for retractions from the previous year.
• A more stringent penalty is expected for 2025 and onwards.

Additional Details

• NIRF Overview: Launched in 2016, NIRF evaluates higher education institutions in India based on five core parameters: Teaching, Learning and Resources; Research and Professional Practices; Graduation Outcomes; Outreach and Inclusivity; and Perception.
• Research Retractions: In 2023, approximately 300 research papers were retracted across Indian institutions, primarily from journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science.
• Penalty System: In 2024, a mild penalty will be assessed based on the number of retractions. From 2025, harsher penalties will be enforced, especially for serious ethical violations.
• UGC CARE Role: The UGC Consortium for Academic and Research Ethics will play a crucial role in maintaining a list of credible journals, enhancing the quality assessment process.
• Institutions are encouraged to establish Research Integrity Offices, enhance peer review processes, and implement strict publication standards.

The introduction of penalties for research retractions is intended to promote accountability and quality in higher education, potentially improving India's global research reputation.

GS3/Defence & Security

Acquisition of Bitra Island for Defence Purposes

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Lakshadweep administration is contemplating the acquisition of Bitra Island, one of the inhabited islands in the archipelago, to establish a defence base. This decision underscores the strategic importance of the island in enhancing India's defence capabilities in the region.

Key Takeaways

• Bitra Island is the smallest inhabited island in Lakshadweep.
• The island features a shrine dedicated to Malik Mulla, an ancient Arab saint, attracting pilgrims.
• The climate of Bitra resembles that of Kerala, with temperatures ranging from 25°C to 35°C.
• Bitra is recognized as a breeding ground for various sea birds.
• This acquisition would make Bitra the third island in Lakshadweep with a defence establishment, joining INS Dweeprakshak and INS Jatayu.

Additional Details

• Geographical Location: Bitra Island is situated in the northern part of Lakshadweep, highlighting its strategic position in the Indian Ocean.
• The island experiences high humidity levels, ranging from 70% to 76% for most of the year, which is typical for the region.
• The potential establishment of a naval base on Bitra Island aims to bolster India's maritime security.

The proposal to acquire Bitra Island reflects the strategic priorities of India, particularly in enhancing its defence infrastructure in the Lakshadweep archipelago. This move is expected to contribute significantly to national security and maritime operations in the Indian Ocean region.