UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 31st July 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS1/Indian Society

Arrest and Unrest: Communal Agenda Behind the Arrest of Nuns for Human Trafficking

Why in News?

Recently, the arrest of two Catholic nuns in Chhattisgarh on charges of human trafficking and forced religious conversion has sparked widespread political and religious backlash.

Key Takeaways

• The arrests have raised concerns over the misuse of anti-conversion laws in tribal areas.
• There is ongoing debate around the implications of these laws on minority rights and religious freedom.

Additional Details

• Misuse Against Voluntary Conversions: Anti-conversion laws, intended to prevent conversions through coercion, are often misused against tribal Christians and missionaries engaging in lawful religious activities. For example, the recent arrests of the nuns occurred despite confirmations from tribal girls and their families that there was no coercion involved.
• Targeting of Minority Rights: These laws disproportionately impact Christian and Muslim minorities, creating an environment of surveillance and fear, particularly for tribal converts. States like Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Odisha have enacted these laws to criminalize conversions even when conducted voluntarily.
• Threat of Delisting ST Converts: There is a growing debate regarding the removal of Scheduled Tribe status from individuals who convert to Christianity, raising concerns about constitutional safeguards and the identity of Christian Adivasis.
• Sarna Religious Code: The Sarna religious code advocates for the recognition of Sarnaism as a distinct religion, emphasizing the need for official acknowledgment in government records, particularly in the Census. Sarna followers worship nature and adhere to traditional Adivasi customs.
• Constitutional Rights at Risk: Anti-conversion laws infringe upon several constitutional rights, including the Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25), the Right to Personal Liberty (Article 21), and the principle of Equality Before Law (Article 14).

Conversions in India have historical significance, with mass conversions, such as those led by B.R. Ambedkar in 1956, creating movements against caste oppression. While conversions can lead to social polarization and communal tensions, they are often manipulated for political gain, undermining democratic values. To address these issues, it is essential to strengthen constitutional safeguards and promote interfaith dialogue, recognizing tribal cultural rights to enhance social harmony.

GS3/Economy

Dorjilung Hydropower Project

Why in News?

The initiation of infrastructure work on Bhutan's Dorjilung Hydropower Project marks a significant step in enhancing India's private-sector involvement in cross-border renewable energy initiatives.

Key Takeaways

• The project aims to harness a capacity of 1125 MW using a run-of-river design.
• It is located in the eastern Lhuentse and Mongar Districts of Bhutan along the Kurichhu River.
• The total estimated investment for the project is approximately $1.7 billion, supported by financing from the World Bank.
• An MoU was signed in November 2024 between Bhutan's Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC) and Tata Power, under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
• The expected commissioning date is early 2032.

Additional Details

• Project Specifications: The Dorjilung project will feature a concrete-gravity dam that channels nearly 287 m³/s through a 15 km headrace tunnel leading to an underground powerhouse equipped with six Francis turbines. This setup is designed to generate around 4.5 terawatt-hours (TWh) annually.
• Stake Distribution: Under the PPP model, DGPC will hold a 60% stake in the project, while Tata Power will own the remaining 40%.
• The project is positioned to enhance India-Bhutan energy ties significantly.

The Dorjilung Hydropower Project not only represents a critical investment in renewable energy but also showcases the growing collaboration between India and Bhutan in the energy sector.

GS2/International Relations

What is a Schengen Visa?

Why in News?

Indian travelers with a clean visa history now have access to a fast-tracked, long-term Schengen visa under a new “cascade” system introduced by the European Commission.

Key Takeaways

• A Schengen visa allows non-EU nationals to visit or transit through the Schengen Area.
• The visa is valid for up to 90 days within a 180-day period.
• It is issued for various purposes, including tourism, business, and family visits.

Additional Details

• Schengen Area: Comprises 29 European countries where there are no internal borders, allowing unrestricted movement.
• Visa Validity: The visa permits multiple entries, but the total stay must not exceed 90 days within any 180-day period.
• Countries Issuing Schengen Visas: Includes 25 of the 27 EU member states and members of the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland).

The Cascade Visa Scheme

• Eligibility: Indian citizens who have obtained two Schengen visas in the past three years can apply for a two-year multi-entry visa.
• Tiered Structure:
  • 1-year visa if the traveler used three Schengen visas in the previous two years.
  • 2-year visa if they had a 1-year multiple-entry visa in the previous two years.
  • 5-year visa if they used a 2-year multiple-entry visa in the previous three years.
• The visa allows holders to travel freely across the Schengen area but does not grant the right to work.

This new cascade visa scheme aims to simplify travel for trusted travelers and enhance mobility across the Schengen Area while maintaining security measures at external borders.

GS3/Environment

Restoring Mangroves Can Turn the Tide on India’s Coastal Security

Why in News?

Recent efforts in India to restore mangrove forests have shown promising results, highlighting their crucial role in coastal security and environmental health amidst increasing threats from urbanization and climate change.

Key Takeaways

• Mangroves are vital for enhancing climate resilience and biodiversity in coastal areas.
• Threats to mangrove ecosystems include urban expansion, aquaculture, pollution, and climate change.
• Successful restoration projects in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Mumbai demonstrate the importance of community involvement and corporate partnerships.

Additional Details

• Extent of Mangroves in India: India has a total mangrove cover of 4,992 sq km, making up only 0.15% of the country's geographical area. West Bengal holds the largest concentration, particularly in the Sundarbans.
• Importance of Mangroves:
  • Natural Coastal Shield: Mangroves protect coastal communities from cyclones and erosion. For example, during the 2004 tsunami, villages with mangroves in Tamil Nadu experienced less devastation.
  • Climate Change Mitigation: They sequester "blue carbon," significantly contributing to carbon absorption and helping India meet its Paris Agreement commitments.
  • Biodiversity Hotspots: Mangroves serve as breeding grounds for various marine species, such as those supported by the Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary.
  • Livelihood Support: They sustain traditional livelihoods like fishing and honey gathering, crucial for communities in regions like the Sundarbans.
  • Disaster Risk Reduction: They help slow floodwaters and stabilize shorelines, reducing the impact of natural disasters, as seen during Cyclone Phailin in Odisha.
• Threats to Mangroves:
  • Urbanization: Mangrove areas are often cleared for housing and industrial development.
  • Aquaculture: The conversion of mangrove lands for shrimp farming disrupts local ecosystems.
  • Pollution: Industrial waste and plastics severely impact mangrove health.
  • Climate Change: Rising sea levels and temperature fluctuations threaten mangrove regeneration.
  • Resource Overexploitation: Unsustainable practices, such as excessive wood collection, contribute to degradation.
• Community Involvement in Tamil Nadu: Local communities have partnered with organizations to restore mangroves, implement hydrology restoration through tidal canal digging, and actively participate in seed collection and invasive species removal.
• Corporate Partnerships: Initiatives like Amazon’s investment in mangrove restoration in Mumbai highlight the role of financial and technical support in ecological recovery.
• Gujarat's Leadership: Under the MISHTI scheme, Gujarat has made significant strides in mangrove restoration, planting 19,000 hectares of mangroves in just two years.
• Government Steps: The Indian government has launched missions to support afforestation, ecosystem restoration, and community-based conservation, recognizing mangroves as ecologically sensitive zones.

In conclusion, the restoration of mangroves is not only essential for environmental health but also plays a critical role in protecting coastal communities from disasters. Continued efforts in conservation, community involvement, and corporate partnerships are vital for the future of India's mangrove ecosystems.

GS3/Environment

Grassland Bird Census in Kaziranga

Why in News?

The Prime Minister has recently emphasized the significance of a pioneering grassland bird census conducted in Kaziranga National Park, Assam.

Key Takeaways

• This marks India's first-ever dedicated census for grassland birds.
• The initiative is led by Chiranjib Bora, a PhD scholar, with support from the INSPIRE Fellowship funded by the Department of Science & Technology.
• The census is organized by park authorities in collaboration with scientists and conservationists.

Additional Details

• Objective: The main aim is to document rare, endemic, and threatened grassland bird species, focusing on 10 priority species native to the Brahmaputra floodplains.
• Methodology Used:
  • Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM): Recording devices are strategically placed in tall trees during the breeding season to capture sounds across 29 locations over 3 days. This method is particularly effective for detecting small, shy, and camouflaged birds that are not easily visible.
  • Sound Identification Tools:
    • BirdNet: A machine learning tool utilized for identifying bird calls.
    • Spectrograms: A visual analysis of sound patterns. Final identifications are verified by ornithologists.
• Key Findings:
  • A total of 43 grassland bird species were recorded during the census.
  • Priority species identified include the Bengal Florican, Swamp Francolin, Finn’s Weaver, Jerdon’s Babbler, and Black-breasted Parrotbill, among others.
  • A major discovery was the documentation of a breeding colony with over 85 Finn’s Weaver nests, marking the first-ever observation of this nature.

In a related educational question, if you stroll through the countryside, you may encounter birds that follow cattle to catch insects disturbed by their movement through the grasses. Which of the following is/are such bird/birds?

• 1. Painted Stork
• 2. Common Myna
• 3. Black-necked Crane

Options: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only* (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only

GS3/Environment

Barbados Threadsnake: Rediscovered Marvel

Why in News?

The Barbados threadsnake, recognized as the world's smallest known snake, has been rediscovered after being presumed extinct for several decades. This significant finding highlights the importance of conservation and the resilience of nature.

Key Takeaways

• The Barbados threadsnake belongs to the family Leptotyphlopidae.
• It is a blind, burrowing snake that primarily feeds on termites and ants.
• The species is critically endangered, facing threats primarily from habitat loss.

Additional Details

• Physical Characteristics: The Barbados threadsnake reaches a maximum length of only 10.4 cm (4.1 inches) and weighs approximately 0.6 g (0.02 ounces), making it the smallest known snake in existence.
• Behavior: These snakes are solitary and nocturnal, typically hiding under rocks during the day. They are adapted for a fossorial lifestyle, meaning they live primarily underground.
• Habitat: The natural habitat of the Barbados threadsnake is restricted to the eastern forests of Barbados, particularly tropical dry forests.
• Diet: As carnivores, their diet consists mainly of termite and ant larvae, and they often reside near nests of these insects.
• Reproduction: The species is oviparous, laying one slender egg as part of its reproductive process.
• Conservation Status: The Barbados threadsnake is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List, primarily due to habitat loss.

The rediscovery of the Barbados threadsnake emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts and provides hope for the survival of this unique species.

GS3/Environment

Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Introduction of Tigers

Why in News?

The Odisha government has announced plans to introduce tigers to the renowned Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary located in the Bargarh district. This initiative has garnered attention from wildlife enthusiasts and conservationists alike.

Key Takeaways

• Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated near Hirakud Dam, the longest dam in India.
• The sanctuary spans an area of approximately 347 sq.km and was established in 1985.
• It is historically significant due to its association with freedom fighter Veer Surendra Sai.

Additional Details

• Location: The sanctuary is located near the Mahanadi River, close to Hirakud Dam, which is recognized as the longest earthen dam globally.
• Vegetation: The area predominantly features mixed and dry deciduous forests, which support diverse wildlife.
• Flora: Notable tree species include Sal, Asana, Bija, Aanla, and Dhaura.
• Fauna: The sanctuary is home to various animals such as Indian leopards, sloth bears, chousingha (four-horned antelope), sambar deer, gaurs (Indian bison), wild boars, and Indian wild dogs (dholes).
• In addition, it serves as a vital wintering ground for migratory birds including the crested serpent eagle, flower peckers, red-vented bulbul, tree pie, drongo, and white-eyed oriental.

This planned introduction of tigers is expected to enhance the ecological balance of the sanctuary and attract more visitors, thereby promoting conservation efforts in the region.

GS3/Science and Technology

Russia Jolted by Powerful 8.8-Magnitude Earthquake

Why in News?

A powerful 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula, leading to widespread tsunami warnings across the Pacific. The quake, centered 119 km southeast of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky at a shallow depth of 19.3 km, was initially reported as 8.0 but later upgraded. It was followed by a strong 6.9 aftershock. This marks the strongest global quake since Japan’s devastating 9.0 magnitude earthquake in March 2011 that triggered the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Key Takeaways

• The Kamchatka earthquake is classified as a great earthquake, releasing immense energy.
• Each whole-number increase in magnitude corresponds to roughly 31.6 times more seismic energy.
• The region's seismic activity is due to tectonic plate movements, particularly subduction.

Additional Details

• Earthquake Magnitude: Refers to the measured energy released by an earthquake, while intensity describes the perceived shaking at specific locations.
• The Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the world's most earthquake-prone regions, having experienced several powerful quakes throughout history.
• Subduction Process: This geological process involves a denser tectonic plate sliding beneath a lighter one, leading to stress release and earthquakes.
• The Pacific Plate descends at a rate of approximately 86 mm per year, causing periodic massive earthquakes and tsunamis.
• The area is part of the Pacific Ocean’s Ring of Fire, known for its intense seismic and volcanic activity.
• More than 15 countries, including Russia and Japan, are affected by the Ring of Fire, which generates about 80% of major earthquakes globally.

The recent earthquake in Kamchatka exemplifies the ongoing tectonic activity in the region, highlighting the importance of understanding seismic risks and preparing for potential future events.

GS3/Environment

New Guidelines for Management of Contaminated Sites

Why in News?

The Union Environment Ministry has announced the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025, as part of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This initiative aims to establish a structured framework for addressing contaminated sites in India.

Key Takeaways

• Establishment of a dedicated legal framework for identifying and remediating contaminated sites.
• Emphasis on preventing environmental degradation and ensuring accountability of polluters.
• Funding patterns vary for different regions, with specific support for Himalayan and Northeast states.

Additional Details

• Nodal Agency: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is designated as the nodal agency for this initiative.
• Site Classification: Sites will be categorized as suspected, potentially contaminated, or confirmed based on scientific evidence.
• Exclusions: The framework excludes sites involving radioactive waste, mining, marine oil spills, and municipal solid waste, which are regulated separately.
• Transparency & Tracking: A real-time online portal managed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) will provide public access to site data.
• Public Participation: There will be a 60-day window for stakeholder feedback after sites are listed, and final site lists will be published in regional newspapers.
• Polluter Pays Principle: Identified polluters are responsible for the full cost of remediation and must repay within three months. Land use changes and ownership transfers will be restricted during and after clean-up.
• Orphan Sites: Clean-up of sites with no known polluter will be funded through the Environment Relief Fund, penalties from environmental violations, and government budgetary support.
• Voluntary Remediation: Private entities with the necessary technical capacity may undertake remediation with the consent of landowners.
• Monitoring Committees: State and Central-level committees will oversee the implementation and provide annual compliance reports.

These guidelines represent a significant advancement in India's efforts to manage contaminated sites effectively while promoting environmental protection and accountability.

GS3/Economy

Skill Impact Bond

Why in News?

The Skill Impact Bond (SIB) has been recognized by the Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship for its measurable social impact in improving employment outcomes for young people.

Key Takeaways

• The Skill Impact Bond is an innovative financing tool aimed at enhancing employment opportunities.
• Launched in November 2021, it is India's first development impact bond specifically focused on employment.
• The initiative aims to benefit 50,000 young Indians, with 60% of the beneficiaries being women.

Additional Details

• Funding Structure: The SIB employs private sector capital to provide funding to service providers who deliver skills training and job placement support.
• Outcomes-based Financing: The program prioritizes job placement and retention over mere training and certification.
• Risk Investors: These are typically private sector entities that finance the program.
• Outcome Funders: They repay the risk investors based on the success of meeting employment targets.
• Third-Party Evaluator: An independent evaluator verifies the employment outcomes achieved by the program.

The Skill Impact Bond represents a strategic approach to fostering employment among young people in India, focusing on practical outcomes rather than just educational certifications.

GS2/Polity

Judicial Discretion Key in POCSO Bail Decisions

Why in News?

A special POCSO court in Mumbai has recently granted bail to a 40-year-old teacher accused of sexually assaulting a minor, citing consensual relations. This decision has brought renewed attention to the complexities surrounding bail under the POCSO Act, which imposes stricter guidelines than standard criminal law.

Key Takeaways

• The burden of proof in POCSO cases shifts to the accused, complicating bail processes.
• Bail decisions depend heavily on judicial discretion, balancing individual liberty and victim protection.

Additional Details

• POCSO Act (2012): A legislative framework aimed at protecting children (under 18 years) from sexual offences, including abuse, harassment, and exploitation.
• Key Features:
  • Gender-neutral protection: The Act applies equally to boys and girls.
  • Wide range of offences: It includes both penetrative and non-penetrative assault, sexual harassment, and child pornography.
  • Special courts: Establishment of child-friendly Special Courts for expedited trials.
  • Mandatory reporting: Legal obligation for individuals to report child sexual abuse.
  • Presumption of guilt: The accused must demonstrate innocence, inverting the standard legal principle of "innocent until proven guilty."
  • Confidentiality: The Act protects the identity of the child to prevent further trauma.
  • Support for Victims: Frameworks are in place for victim support and rehabilitation.
  • Child-Friendly Procedures: Emphasizes appropriate procedures for recording statements and conducting medical examinations.
• POCSO offences are cognizable and non-bailable, with no guaranteed bail and arrests can occur without a warrant.
• Courts consider factors such as the severity of the offence, potential punishment, flight risk, and risk of evidence tampering when deciding on bail.
• Recent cases, like Deshraj @ Musa vs State of Rajasthan (2024), illustrate how judicial discretion is crucial, especially when assessing the context of relationships involving minors.

In summary, while the POCSO Act aims to protect minors, its provisions regarding consent and bail create legal complexities. Judicial discretion plays a pivotal role in navigating these challenges, particularly in cases involving consensual adolescent relationships, where the law treats all sexual activity with minors as an offence.

GS3/Science and Technology

CRIB Blood Group Discovery

Why in News?

A new blood group named CRIB has been discovered in a woman from Kolar district in Karnataka, marking a historic finding as it is previously unidentified globally. This discovery was announced at the 35th Regional Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) held in Milan, Italy.

Key Takeaways

• The CRIB blood group is part of the Cromer (CR) blood group system.
• CRIB stands for "Cromer" and "India, Bangalore," reflecting its origin.
• Identifying new antigens like CRIB enhances safety in blood transfusions.

Additional Details

• Cromer Blood Group System: This system includes 12 high-prevalence antigens and 3 low-prevalence antigens found on the decay-accelerating factor (DAF).
• Rare Blood Types: A rare blood type is defined as one that is present in only 0.1% of the population, which can complicate transfusions and surgeries if antibodies develop.

The identification of new blood groups and antigens is crucial for improving compatibility testing and donor matching in medical emergencies, thereby enhancing the overall safety of blood transfusions.