UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 8th August 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Economy

India’s Economic Equilibrium

Why in News?

India’s Finance Ministry has recently characterized the economy as being in a "Goldilocks situation," marked by moderate growth, low inflation, and favorable monetary conditions. Analysts have noted a strong GDP growth of 7.6%, peak interest rates, and stable corporate earnings. The country concluded FY2024 as a $3.6 trillion economy, suggesting optimism for 2025. However, experienced economists warn that this seemingly positive picture conceals deeper structural imbalances, rendering the perceived equilibrium more fragile than it appears.

Key Takeaways

• Inflation and stagnant wage growth challenge the "Goldilocks" narrative.
• Income inequality and fiscal pressures question the validity of the "Goldilocks" claim.
• Underlying economic fragilities extend beyond the "Goldilocks" illusion.

Additional Details

• Inflation Dynamics: Headline CPI inflation decreased from 4.8% in May 2024 to 2.82% by May 2025; however, food inflation remained problematic, with the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) reaching 10.87% in October 2024, significantly outpacing general inflation.
• Erosion of Real Wages: In 2023, an average nominal salary increase of 9.2% led to only a 2.5% real wage growth. In 2020, real wages even fell by 0.4%, despite nominal growth. Projections for 2025 indicate that real wage growth will be halved by inflation, further straining household budgets.
• Silent Squeeze on Households: Rising inflation diminishes the value of salary increases, leading to a decline in quality of life for many families, with increased financial uncertainty.
• Income Inequality: The decline in the Gini coefficient from 0.489 in AY13 to a projected 0.402 in AY23 reflects improvements limited to the formal sector, while the vast informal workforce remains excluded.
• Fiscal Pressures: The government aims to reduce the fiscal deficit from 6.4% in 2022-23 to 4.4% in 2025-26, but high deficits necessitate significant borrowing, potentially hindering private investment and economic growth.

In conclusion, while India’s economic indicators suggest a stable environment, the reality encompasses significant challenges, including volatile food inflation, stagnant real wages, persistent income inequality, and constrained fiscal space. Addressing these systemic issues is essential for achieving true economic equilibrium that benefits all segments of society.

GS3/Economy

The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024: A Legislative Milestone for Maritime Growth

Why in News?

The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, which replaces Part XIV of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, is a pivotal legislative reform aimed at modernizing and streamlining India's coastal trade. This initiative is integral to the government's vision for a “Viksit Bharat” and “Aatmanirbhar Bharat,” targeting the vast potential of India's coastline by providing a dedicated legal framework that enhances coastal trade, reduces logistics costs, and promotes sustainable transportation.

Key Takeaways

• The Bill repeals outdated provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.
• Coastal cargo movement has significantly increased, but regulatory challenges remain.
• It aligns with national initiatives like PM Gati Shakti and the Sagarmala Programme.

Additional Details

• Expanded Definition of Coastal Trade: Previously limited to the carriage of goods and passengers, now includes services such as exploration, research, and commercial activities, with the exclusion of fishing.
• Licensing Framework: - Indian-owned vessels: Exempted for coastal trade.
  - Foreign/chartered vessels: License required from DG Shipping.
  - OCI-chartered vessels outside India: No license needed.
• Strategic Planning Mandate: A National Coastal and Inland Shipping Strategic Plan must be created within 2 years and reviewed biennially, promoting cooperative federalism.
• National Database for Coastal Shipping: Designed for real-time tracking and data-driven policymaking, aiding investors and infrastructure planning.
• Modernized Penalties and Decriminalisation: Aims to create a forward-looking, inclusive framework aligned with global standards.

The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, is a landmark step towards establishing a seamless and efficient maritime ecosystem in India. By modernizing regulations and promoting domestic industry, it sets the stage for a future-ready logistics network that supports the nation’s economic and strategic objectives.

Mains Practice Question:

Discuss the significance of the Coastal Shipping Act, 2025 in India’s vision for a sustainable and cost-effective transport ecosystem.

Evaluate the role of strategic planning and digital infrastructure under the new Coastal Shipping Act in achieving India’s Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.

GS3/Science and Technology

Prophylaxis Therapy for Haemophilia

Why in News?

The global evolution of haemophilia care has led to a significant shift from reactive treatment methods to preventive approaches, making Prophylaxis Therapy a central focus in modern clinical practices.

Key Takeaways

• Haemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder primarily caused by the deficiency of clotting factors, especially Factor VIII (Haemophilia A).
• Prophylaxis Therapy consists of regular infusion of clotting factors to prevent bleeding episodes.
• In developed countries, approximately 90% of haemophilia patients are on prophylaxis, while India is still progressing in this area.

Additional Details

• About Haemophilia:
  • It leads to prolonged bleeding from minor injuries and has the potential to cause internal bleeding in joints, muscles, or the brain.
  • Key Symptoms: Excessive bleeding, joint swelling, and risks of disability or brain hemorrhage.
  • Prevalence: Around 1 to 1.5 lakh cases in India, with only about 29,000 diagnosed, highlighting significant underdiagnosis due to low awareness and socioeconomic challenges.
• Impact of Untreated Haemophilia: Each untreated bleeding episode may shorten lifespan by approximately 16 days, resulting in pain, disability, and loss of educational and employment opportunities.
• Prophylaxis Benefits:
  • Prevents recurrent bleeding, thus avoiding deformities and long-term disability.
  • Enhances quality of life by reducing pain and enabling normal schooling and social activities.
  • Reduces healthcare costs by minimizing emergency visits and hospital stays.
• Current Status in India: On-demand treatment remains common; however, some states are beginning to offer prophylaxis for children under 10 years of age.

In summary, the transition to prophylaxis therapy represents a significant advancement in the management of haemophilia, promising improved health outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals.

[UPSC 2021]

In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements:

• 1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg.
• 2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from the mother and not from the father.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2* (d) Neither 1 nor 2

GS3/Environment

Groundwater Contamination - A Public Health Emergency

Why in News?

India is facing a severe groundwater contamination crisis, posing significant public health threats linked to chronic illnesses across various states. The 2024 Annual Groundwater Quality Report by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) highlights alarming contamination levels, emphasizing the need for immediate systemic reforms.

Key Takeaways

• Groundwater is crucial for over 85% of rural drinking water and 65% of irrigation needs in India.
• Contaminants include nitrates, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, and pathogenic microbes.
• The crisis is no longer just an environmental issue; it is a nationwide public health emergency.

Additional Details

• Scale and Nature of Groundwater Contamination:Groundwater samples from over 440 districts show dangerous levels of contaminants such as:
  • Nitrates: Present in over 20% of samples, primarily due to excessive fertilizer use and septic tank leaks.
  • Fluoride: Exceeds safe levels in over 9% of samples, leading to dental and skeletal fluorosis.
  • Arsenic: Unsafe levels found in Punjab, Bihar, and the Gangetic belt, associated with severe health risks.
  • Uranium: Detected above 100 ppb in certain districts, linked to phosphate fertilizers and over-extraction.
  • Iron and Heavy Metals: Over 13% of samples exceed safe iron limits, with lead and mercury traced back to industrial discharges.
• Documented Health Impacts:The health consequences of groundwater contamination are extensive:
  • Fluorosis: Affects over 66 million people; leads to joint pain and deformities in children.
  • Arsenicosis: Causes skin lesions and cancers; prevalent in West Bengal, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
  • Nitrate Poisoning: Linked to “blue baby syndrome” in infants; 56% of districts exceed safe limits.
  • Uranium Toxicity: Causes chronic organ damage, posing high risks for children.
  • Waterborne Diseases: Outbreaks of cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis due to sewage infiltration.
• Case Studies of Groundwater “Death Zones”:
  • Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh: 13 deaths linked to kidney failure from industrial effluents.
  • Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh: Petroleum-like fluids in handpumps suspected from underground fuel leaks.
  • Paikarapur, Bhubaneswar: Hundreds fell ill due to sewage-contaminated groundwater from a faulty treatment plant.
• Root Causes of the Crisis:
  • Fragmented Governance: Multiple agencies operate in silos, reducing policy effectiveness.
  • Weak Legal Framework: The Water Act of 1974 inadequately addresses groundwater issues.
  • Inadequate Monitoring: Lack of real-time data hampers early detection of contamination.
  • Over-Extraction: Reduces water tables, concentrating pollutants and mobilizing toxins.
  • Industrial Negligence: Limited oversight allows for illegal discharges and untreated waste.
• Pathways to Reform:
  • National Groundwater Pollution Control Framework: Establish clear responsibilities and empower CGWB.
  • Technology-Driven Monitoring: Utilize real-time sensors and satellite imaging for better data access.
  • Health-Centric Interventions: Community-based defluoridation and arsenic removal units.
  • Zero Liquid Discharge Mandates: Implement strict regulations for industrial effluents.
  • Agrochemical Management: Promote organic and balanced fertilization practices.
  • Citizen Participation: Empower local bodies to monitor and report water quality.

This crisis necessitates immediate action to safeguard groundwater and protect public health, highlighting the importance of collaborative efforts among government agencies, communities, and individuals.

GS3/Science and Technology

Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize

Why in News?

Indian mathematician Dr. Rajula Srivastava has been awarded the Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize for her innovative research in harmonic analysis and number theory.

Key Takeaways

• Dr. Rajula Srivastava's affiliation includes the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, University of Bonn, and Max Planck Institute of Mathematics, Germany.
• The prize recognizes early-career women mathematicians for their significant contributions to the field.

About the Indian Laureate: Dr. Rajula Srivastava

• Field of Work: Dr. Srivastava focuses on simplifying complex mathematical functions using advanced mathematical tools.
• Her research involves exploring how certain numbers can approximate specific points on curved shapes in higher dimensions.

About the Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize

• Purpose: This award aims to honor and encourage early-career women mathematicians (within two years of PhD completion) for their exceptional research contributions.
• Named After: The prize is named in honor of Maryam Mirzakhani, the first woman and first Iranian to receive the Fields Medal, renowned for her work on geometry and Riemann surfaces.
• Established: The prize was initiated in November 2019 by the Breakthrough Prize Foundation.
• Prize Amount: $50,000, which may be shared among multiple recipients in a given year.
• Eligibility: Women mathematicians who have recently completed their PhD (within 2 years) and demonstrated exceptional promise and innovation in mathematical research.

Other Important Prizes in Mathematics

• Fields Medal: Awarded every four years to mathematicians under 40, it is regarded as the most prestigious global mathematics award, established in 1936.
• Abel Prize: Instituted by the King of Norway in 2001, this annual award recognizes lifetime achievements in mathematics and is often considered the closest equivalent to the Nobel Prize in this field.
• Wolf Prize in Mathematics: Awarded annually since 1978 by the Wolf Foundation in Israel, it honors exceptional accomplishments across all branches of mathematics and is ranked just below the Fields and Abel Prizes in prestige.

In popular culture, a recent film titled "The Man Who Knew Infinity" is based on the biography of the renowned mathematician S. Ramanujan.

GS3/Environment

World Court’s Advisory Opinion Boosts Climate Action

Why in News?

Climate change is a critical issue that poses a severe threat to humanity, affecting people regardless of national boundaries or political affiliations. In this context, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the main judicial body of the United Nations, has issued a significant advisory opinion detailing the legal responsibilities of states in addressing climate change.

Key Takeaways

• The ICJ affirms that states have legal obligations to protect the global climate system.
• States cannot ignore their duties regarding climate action; these are binding obligations rather than mere political preferences.
• The ruling integrates climate obligations with established principles of international law.
• The opinion emphasizes the importance of human rights in climate policies and the accountability of states for their emissions.

Additional Details

• Legal Obligations: The ICJ's opinion clarifies that states are required to adhere to international treaties such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement, establishing a legal basis for climate action.
• Accountability: By rejecting the notion that states have unlimited discretion in setting their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the ruling emphasizes that these contributions must meet legally enforceable standards.
• Intersection with Human Rights: The ICJ highlights that climate policies should respect the rights of vulnerable populations, indicating that states cannot withdraw from obligations even if they exit treaties.
• Strategic Implications: The advisory opinion serves as a critical tool for small island developing states and the Global South to advocate for stronger climate action and equitable climate finance.

The ICJ's advisory opinion marks a transformative moment in international climate law by reinforcing the legal responsibilities of states, narrowing the scope for inaction, and highlighting the relationship between environmental protection and human rights. This ruling empowers nations and advocates, signaling that failing to act on climate change is not just a political choice but a violation of legal duties.

GS3/Environment

Indian Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata)

Why in News?

The Social Forestry Department of Vadodara has recently rescued an albino Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata) from a freshwater lake located in Chikhodra, Gujarat. This incident highlights the conservation challenges faced by this species.

Key Takeaways

• The Indian flapshell turtle is a small freshwater softshell turtle native to South Asia.
• It is recognized for its unique femoral flaps that cover its limbs when retracted.
• This turtle species is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and is protected under various conservation laws.

Additional Details

• Geographic Range: The Indian flapshell turtle is found across several countries including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar.
• River Systems: It inhabits major river basins such as the Indus, Ganges, Irrawaddy, and Salween.
• Habitat: This turtle prefers shallow, quiet freshwater environments like rivers, ponds, lakes, marshes, and canals with sandy or muddy bottoms ideal for burrowing.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
  • CITES Listing: Appendix II
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I (maximum protection)
• Major Threats:
  • Poaching for meat and use in traditional medicine.
  • Illegal trade for fishing bait, livestock feed, leather, and as exotic pets.
  • Habitat loss due to pollution, encroachment, and destruction of water bodies.
  • Albino individuals are particularly targeted in the illegal pet market.

The Indian flapshell turtle’s situation emphasizes the need for increased conservation efforts and awareness to protect this vulnerable species from ongoing threats.

GS3/Environment

Triple Disaster in Upper Bhagirathi Valley - A Wake-Up Call on Himalayan Climate Vulnerability and Policy Negligence

Why in News?

On August 5, 2025, three successive climate-related disasters struck the upper Bhagirathi (Ganga) river valley in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, causing significant devastation in Dharali, Harshil, and nearby settlements. This incident highlights the climate vulnerability of the Himalayas, the impact of global warming on glacial systems, and the governance failures in enforcing eco-sensitive zone regulations.

Key Takeaways

• Three disasters occurred within a short timeframe, showcasing the region's susceptibility to climate change.
• 4 reported deaths and 60 to 70 individuals missing, including military personnel.
• Rescue operations involved multiple agencies, including the Army and National Disaster Response Force.

Additional Details

• First Incident - Dharali Flood: A suspected cloudburst flood at around 1:00 PM resulted in the destruction of houses, shops, and crowds at a local festival.
• Second Incident - Flash Flood in Harshil: Occurred around 3:00 PM in a small mountain stream valley.
• Third Incident - Harshil Helipad Flood: At approximately 3:30 PM, key relief infrastructure was submerged.
• Geological Triggers: The area's steep slopes, deodar forests, and cirques contributed to the disasters through avalanches caused by intense summer monsoons and rising temperatures.
• Policy Failures: The Eco-Sensitive Zone (BESZ) regulations established in 2012 have seen poor enforcement, exacerbated by government decisions that ignored environmental assessments.
• Highway Controversy: Plans to widen the Char Dham highway in the BESZ disregarded expert recommendations, putting deodar forests at risk.
• Historical Context: This disaster follows a pattern of climate-related catastrophes in the region, including the Kedarnath tragedy and multiple recent avalanches.

The triple disaster in Uttarkashi serves as a stark reminder of the dangerous intersection of climate change effects, fragile Himalayan geography, and the negligence in policy implementation. It underscores the urgent need for climate-resilient, ecologically sensitive development that respects the carrying capacity of Himalayan ecosystems. Without significant policy changes and adherence to scientific warnings, such tragedies are likely to become more frequent.

GS3/Environment

District Flood Severity Index (DFSI)

Why in News?

Researchers from IIT Delhi and IIT Gandhinagar have introduced the District Flood Severity Index (DFSI). This index aims to enhance flood planning by utilizing historical data along with indicators reflecting human impact.

Key Takeaways

• The DFSI serves as a comprehensive, data-driven assessment of flood severity across various districts in India.
• It focuses on district-level analysis, which is crucial for effective disaster management planning and implementation.

Additional Details

• Data Collection: The index is based on long-term data collected annually by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) since 1967, specifically regarding major flood events.
• Significance: The DFSI addresses the absence of a national index that evaluates not only the magnitude of floods but also other critical factors.
• Key Parameters Used in DFSI:
  • Mean flood duration (in days) per district.
  • Percentage of district area historically affected by floods.
  • Total deaths and injuries attributed to floods.
  • District population, which is used to evaluate the per capita impact of flooding.
  • A 40-year curated dataset from IIT Delhi for historical flood mapping.
• Key Insights from the Index:
  • Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) recorded the highest number of flood events (231) but is not among the top 30 severely impacted districts according to the DFSI.
  • Patna (Bihar) ranks #1 on the severity index, primarily due to a higher population impact and extensive flood spread.
  • Assam districts such as Dhemaji, Kamrup, and Nagaon frequently experience high flood instances (over 178 events), yet their ranking is contingent on a combination of various indicators.

The District Flood Severity Index represents a significant advancement in understanding and managing flood risks at the district level in India, enabling better preparedness and response strategies.

GS3/Science and Technology

Yashoda AI Literacy Program

Why in News?

The National Commission for Women (NCW) has launched the “Yashoda AI” program, aimed at equipping women with essential skills in cybersecurity, digital privacy, and safe online practices. This initiative is part of a broader effort to promote digital inclusion across India.

Key Takeaways

• The program was introduced in May 2025 as an Artificial Intelligence Literacy Program specifically for women.
• It is a joint initiative by Future Shift Labs.
• To date, over 2,500 women have been trained through this program.

Additional Details

• Focus Areas: The training covers AI-driven crimes, digital safety, and practical risk mitigation strategies.
• Beneficiaries: Participants include members of Self-Help Groups, local representatives (such as Sarpanchs and Mayors), and frontline workers like Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA workers).

This initiative not only empowers women with critical digital skills but also aims to foster a safer online environment for all. The NCW continues to play a vital role in advocating for women's rights and their participation in digital spaces.

Back2Basics: National Commission for Women

Status:

The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body established in 1992 under the NCW Act of 1990.

Composition and Structure

• Composition: The commission consists of a Chairperson, 5 members, and a Member-Secretary, all appointed by the Central Government.
• Term: All members serve a term of 3 years.

Powers

• The NCW holds civil court powers during inquiries, which include:
• Summoning individuals and enforcing attendance.
• Examining witnesses under oath.
• Demanding records and receiving affidavits.
• Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents.

Vidyanjali Yojana: Purpose

What is the purpose of Vidyanjali Yojana?

• 1. To enable renowned foreign campuses to operate in India.
• 2. To enhance the quality of education in government schools by collaborating with the private sector and community.
• 3. To encourage voluntary monetary donations from private individuals and organizations to improve infrastructure in primary and secondary schools.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• Options: (a) 2 only
• (b) 3 only
• (c) 1 and 2 only
• (d) 2 and 3 only

GS2/International Relations

Mending ties: On state visit of Philippines President to India

Why in News?

The recent visit of Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. to India has significantly strengthened the bilateral relationship through the signing of a Strategic Partnership Agreement. This visit emphasizes cooperation in defense, Indo-Pacific security, and future trade collaboration, aligning with broader strategic objectives in ASEAN and Indo-Pacific diplomacy.

Key Takeaways

• The Philippines is now the fifth country to sign a Strategic Partnership Agreement with India, following Japan, Vietnam, Australia, and South Korea.
• Joint maritime exercises between the Indian Navy and the Philippine Navy were conducted in the South China Sea.
• India supports the 2016 UNCLOS Arbitration Award favoring the Philippines in its dispute with China.
• Direct flights and eased visa restrictions will facilitate greater connectivity between the two nations.
• Bilateral trade is projected at $3.3 billion for 2024-25, with rising investments in technology and pharmaceuticals.

Additional Details

• Strategic Partnership Agreement: This agreement marks a significant step in India-Philippines relations, focusing on maritime and defense cooperation, and enhancing economic ties.
• India's initiative to revise the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) reflects its commitment to renewed trade diplomacy.
• The Philippines, as the incoming chair for ASEAN in 2026, positions itself as a key partner for India in enhancing engagement with the ASEAN bloc.
• Historical ties date back to the establishment of diplomatic relations on November 26, 1949, and the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1952.
• Both countries share common challenges, including the South China Sea dispute and the need for cooperation against terrorism.

The elevation of India-Philippines ties underscores a mutual commitment to addressing regional security concerns, enhancing strategic autonomy, and fostering economic cooperation. As geopolitical dynamics evolve, such partnerships are crucial for stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

Mains Practice Question:

Discuss the significance of the recent elevation of India-Philippines relations to a Strategic Partnership in the context of ASEAN, regional security, and India’s Act East Policy.