UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 16th August 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Polity

How Inclusive is EC’s Special Revision Exercise?

Why in News?

The Election Commission of India’s (ECI) Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls has sparked significant debate, highlighting concerns beyond routine updates. The ECI's requirement for specific identity and citizenship proofs, particularly the birth certificate, raises critical discussions about the potential for widespread voter exclusion, conflicting with the democratic principle of including all eligible citizens. Recent data from a Lokniti-CSDS survey conducted in five states and one Union Territory underscores the challenges and inclusivity issues related to the SIR exercise.

Key Takeaways

• The SIR poses a risk of excluding eligible voters, undermining universal adult suffrage.
• Over half of respondents lack essential documents, creating significant barriers to voter registration.
• Socio-economic disparities significantly affect vulnerable groups, particularly women and lower economic strata.

Additional Details

• Documentation Burden: More than 50% of respondents do not possess a birth certificate, while a similar percentage lack domicile or caste certificates. Approximately two-thirds lack parental birth certificates.
• Widespread Lack of Awareness: Only 36% of respondents were informed about the SIR exercise and its document requirements, indicating a substantial information gap.
• No Document Citizens: 5% of respondents had none of the required documents, with this group predominantly comprising women and individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
• State Variation in Document Possession: In Madhya Pradesh, only 11% have a birth certificate, contrasting with 49% in West Bengal, highlighting significant administrative disparities.
• Impact on Democracy: The rigorous documentation requirements threaten the integrity of free and fair elections, potentially disenfranchising legitimate voters.

In conclusion, while the goal of cleansing electoral rolls is valid, the current SIR framework lacks inclusivity. The reliance on documents that many citizens do not possess, coupled with socio-economic disparities, increases the risk of excluding eligible voters. A more flexible and pragmatic approach is necessary to accommodate India's diverse population and ensure that the democratic process remains accessible to all.

GS3/Science and Technology

Launch of e-Sushrut@Clinic

Why in News?

Recently, the National Health Authority (NHA) and the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to implement e-Sushrut@Clinic, a new initiative aimed at enhancing healthcare delivery in outpatient settings.

Key Takeaways

• e-Sushrut@Clinic is a lightweight, cloud-based Hospital Management Information System (HMIS) tailored for outpatient clinics.
• This initiative supports small and medium healthcare providers and is a vital component of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM).
• The application is designed to facilitate easy onboarding for healthcare providers, allowing them to manage patient records efficiently.

Additional Details

• Features: The system includes modules for outpatient management, pharmacy, and nursing, providing essential functionalities at a low per-user cost.
• Healthcare providers can register on e-Sushrut@Clinic directly if they are not yet part of the Health Facility Registry (HFR) or Health Professionals Registry (HPR).
• This platform simplifies access to patient health records, telemedicine services, diagnostics, and prescriptions for both public and private clinics.
• Utilization of the AIIMS Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) for hypertension and diabetes will be available, enhancing patient care by aiding doctors in diagnosis and treatment.

The launch of e-Sushrut@Clinic represents a significant advancement in the digitization of healthcare services in India, making it easier for small and medium healthcare providers to adopt modern medical practices and improve patient outcomes.

GS2/Polity

National Gopal Ratna Award

Why in News?

The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD), part of the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, has opened nominations for the esteemed National Gopal Ratna Awards 2025, recognizing excellence in the livestock and dairy sectors.

Key Takeaways

• The National Gopal Ratna Award is a prestigious honor in the dairy and livestock industry.
• It was initiated under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission in 2021.
• The awards focus on promoting indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds to enhance productivity and sustainability.

Additional Details

• Aim: The awards encourage outstanding contributions from various stakeholders including:
  • Milk-producing farmers
  • Dairy cooperatives
  • Milk Producer Companies (MPCs)
  • Dairy Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)
  • Artificial Insemination Technicians (AITs)
• Categories: The awards will be presented in the following categories:
  • Best Dairy farmer rearing indigenous cattle/buffalo breeds.
  • Best Dairy Cooperative Society (DCS)/Milk Producer Company (MPC)/Dairy Farmer Producer Organization (FPO).
  • Best Artificial Insemination Technician (AIT).
• A special award will be given for the North Eastern Region (NER) and Himalayan States to promote dairy development in these areas.
• The National Gopal Ratna Awards 2025 will include a certificate of merit, a memento, and a monetary prize for the first two categories (Best Dairy Farmer and Best DCS/FPO/MPC).

These awards not only recognize individual excellence but also aim to boost the overall development of the dairy sector in India, particularly focusing on indigenous breeds which are vital for the economy.

GS3/Environment

Satpura Tiger Reserve

Why in News?

Recently, a tiger was discovered dead in the Satpura Tiger Reserve (STR) located in the Narmadapuram district of Madhya Pradesh. Officials believe the cause of death is linked to a territorial fight among tigers.

Key Takeaways

• The Satpura Tiger Reserve is situated in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh.
• The reserve covers an area of 2,133 square kilometers and includes three protected areas.
• It features a rugged terrain with significant geological formations and a diverse ecosystem.

Additional Details

• Location and Geography: The reserve is part of the Satpura ranges in the Central Indian Landscape, lying south of the Narmada River. The name "Satpura," meaning "Seven Folds," indicates its role as a watershed between the Narmada and Tapti Rivers.
• Protected Areas: The reserve encompasses three significant areas: Satpura National Park, Bori Wildlife Sanctuary, and Pachmarhi Sanctuary.
• Flora: STR is characterized as a mixed deciduous forest, hosting a variety of species typical of the Central Indian Highlands, such as teak, bamboo, and Indian ebony. It is also home to 26 species from the Himalayan region and 42 species from the Nilgiri area.
• Fauna: The reserve is rich in wildlife, including tigers, leopards, sloth bears, Indian gaurs, and sambar deer. Additionally, it hosts a variety of bird species like the Indian peafowl and the crested serpent eagle.
• The area also contains more than 50 rock shelters that serve as historical evidence of human evolution, dating back 1,500 to 10,000 years.

In summary, the Satpura Tiger Reserve is not only crucial for tiger conservation but also plays a significant role in preserving biodiversity and historical heritage in Central India.

GS3/Defence & Security

PM Modi Champions Self-Reliance in Energy and Defence

Why in News?

In his Independence Day address from the Red Fort, PM Modi emphasized the urgent need for India to achieve self-reliance in energy and critical minerals. He highlighted the significant burden of the country's petroleum import bill, stressing that such dependency drains resources that could be better utilized for development, agriculture, and poverty alleviation.

Key Takeaways

• India's heavy reliance on energy imports affects its economic growth.
• The government plans to expand nuclear energy capacity significantly by 2047.
• Operation Sindoor and Mission Sudarshan Chakra demonstrate India's commitment to defence self-reliance.

Additional Details

• India's Heavy Energy Import Dependence: In 2024-25, India spent approximately $137 billion on crude oil imports, $24 billion on petroleum products, and $15 billion on liquefied natural gas (LNG). Together, energy imports constituted 22.3% of total imports, slightly down from 23% in the previous year. This dependency highlights the potential for redirecting these funds towards infrastructure, agriculture, and poverty alleviation.
• Critical Mineral Self-Reliance: PM Modi announced over 1,200 exploration sites under the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM). The Ministry of Mines has auctioned 24 blocks and aims to auction 100 more by 2030. However, operationalizing these blocks could take years due to regulatory challenges.
• Nuclear Energy Expansion: The government plans to increase nuclear energy capacity tenfold by 2047, moving from the current 8.8 GW installed capacity that contributes just under 2% of total electricity generation. Recent budget provisions allow private companies to partner in financing and building Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) for captive use.
• Defence Self-Reliance Initiatives: Operation Sindoor showcased India's growing defence capabilities, utilizing indigenous weapons to dismantle terror networks. The initiative, inspired by Lord Krishna's legendary weapon, aims to enhance India's defensive and offensive capabilities.

In summary, PM Modi's focus on self-reliance in energy and defence marks a pivotal shift in India's strategic approach, aiming to bolster the nation's economic independence and security through domestic resource development and innovation.

GS3/Economy

Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana

Why in News?

The Prime Minister has recently introduced the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana, aimed at enhancing formal job creation through direct financial incentives for both employees and employers.

Key Takeaways

• The scheme aims to create over 3.5 crore jobs in two years.
• It offers direct cash incentives to first-time employees and employers.

Additional Details

• Part A – Support to First-Time Employees:
  • This component targets first-time employees registered with the EPFO.
  • Eligible employees will receive a one-month EPF wage up to Rs 15,000 in two installments.
  • Employees with a salary of up to Rs 1 lakh can qualify for these incentives.
  • The first installment is paid after 6 months of service, while the second installment is given after 12 months of service and completion of a financial literacy program.
  • A portion of the incentive will be deposited in a savings account, promoting the habit of saving.
• Part B – Incentives for Employers:
  • This segment encourages the creation of additional jobs across all sectors, particularly in manufacturing.
  • Employers can receive incentives of up to Rs 3000 per month for each new employee with a salary of up to Rs 1 lakh, sustained for at least six months.
  • Incentives in the manufacturing sector may extend into the 3rd and 4th years as well.
• Incentive Payment Mechanism:
  • Payments to first-time employees under Part A will be made via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) using the Aadhar Bridge Payment System (ABPS).
  • Employers will receive payments directly into their PAN-linked accounts.

This scheme is expected to formalize the workforce in the country, enhancing social security coverage for millions of young individuals.

GS3/Environment

Kishtwar Flash Floods: Role of Climate Change in J&K’s Extreme Weather

Why in News?

Recently, Kishtwar in Jammu & Kashmir faced devastating flash floods after heavy rainfall, resulting in the tragic loss of at least 65 lives and leaving over 50 people missing. This calamity occurred near the Machail Mata temple route, highlighting the increasing frequency of extreme weather events in the region.

Key Takeaways

• Jammu & Kashmir has witnessed a surge in extreme weather events, with significant impacts attributed to climate change.
• Between 2010 and 2022, the region recorded 2,863 extreme weather events, causing 552 fatalities.
• Heavy snowfall has been the deadliest weather phenomenon, leading to 182 deaths during this period.

Additional Details

• Extreme Weather Events: The most common events in J&K include thunderstorms (1,942 incidents) and heavy rain (409 incidents), with landslides (186 incidents) also posing notable threats.
• Key Drivers of Extreme Weather: The primary factors contributing to these events are rising temperatures, changes in Western Disturbances, and the region's unique topography.
• Since 2000, the western Himalayas have warmed at twice the rate of the Indian subcontinent, intensifying precipitation and increasing the frequency of severe rainfall.
• Glacial shrinkage has led to the formation of unstable glacial lakes, which pose risks of sudden floods when heavy rain occurs.
• Western Disturbances: These weather systems are now affecting regions outside their traditional winter months, increasing the likelihood of heavy rainfall and floods.
• The topographical features of Jammu & Kashmir, including its mountainous terrain, exacerbate the impact of climate change, making the area more susceptible to flash floods and landslides.

The increasing incidence of extreme weather events in Jammu & Kashmir underscores the significant impact of climate change on the region, necessitating urgent attention and action to mitigate these disasters.

GS2/Polity

PM Modi’s Independence Day 2025 Speech Highlights

Why in the News?

PM Modi’s speech on Independence Day 2025 introduced significant reforms aimed at economic growth and self-reliance, including GST rationalisation, a Rs. 1 lakh crore jobs scheme, a Demography Mission, and an emphasis on semiconductor and tech innovation.

Key Takeaways

• Longest speech by PM Modi at 103 minutes, outlining various reforms and initiatives.
• Focus on self-reliance as a cornerstone for a developed India by 2047.
• Introduction of a high-powered task force for next-generation economic reforms.

Additional Details

• Next-Generation Economic Reforms: A new task force will review outdated regulations to ease compliance burdens, particularly benefiting MSMEs, startups, and cottage industries.
• GST Rationalisation: The announcement of second-generation GST reforms aims to simplify tax compliance and reduce costs for essential goods.
• Employment Scheme: The Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana will allocate Rs. 1 lakh crore to create jobs, offering incentives for employers and support for first-time private sector employees.
• Protection of Farmers: PM Modi emphasized safeguarding the interests of farmers and fishermen amid international trade pressures, ensuring their livelihoods are prioritized in policymaking.
• National Security: The launch of a Demography Mission seeks to address security concerns related to demographic changes, particularly in border areas.
• Technology and Innovation: PM Modi highlighted the importance of technology, announcing the launch of Made-in-India semiconductor chips and encouraging innovation in AI and cybersecurity.

PM Modi's Independence Day speech set the tone for India's future, focusing on economic empowerment, national security, and technological advancement to ensure holistic development leading up to 2047.

GS3/Economy

What is PM SVANidhi Yojana?

Why in News?

The Prime Minister has recently praised the achievements of the PM SVANidhi Yojana, emphasizing its role in empowering street vendors across the nation.

Key Takeaways

• Launched on June 1, 2020, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
• Aimed at providing affordable working capital loans to street vendors affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.
• Implementation managed by the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).

Additional Details

• Loan Amount: Vendors can access a working capital loan of up to Rs. 10,000, to be repaid in monthly installments over a tenure of one year.
• Interest Subsidy: On timely or early repayment, an interest subsidy of 7% per annum is credited to beneficiaries' accounts through Direct Benefit Transfer on a quarterly basis.
• No penalties are imposed for early repayment of the loan, encouraging financial discipline.
• The scheme promotes digital transactions by offering cashback incentives of up to Rs. 100 per month.
• Vendors can also benefit from the escalation of their credit limit upon timely repayments.
• Usage of Loan: The loan can be used for various purposes related to street vending, such as purchasing raw materials, paying rent, or acquiring equipment.

Eligibility Criteria

• Street vendors must possess a Certificate of Vending or Identity Card issued by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
• Vendors identified in the survey but without a Certificate of Vending/Identity Card are also eligible.
• Vendors who were not included in the ULB-led identification survey or have started vending afterward can apply if they have a Letter of Recommendation (LoR) from the ULB/Town Vending Committee (TVC).
• Street vendors from peri-urban or rural areas vending within ULB limits can also qualify with the appropriate LoR.

The PM SVANidhi Yojana is a significant initiative aimed at supporting street vendors, aiding them in resuming their businesses and achieving self-reliance in the aftermath of the pandemic.

GS1/History & Culture

Red Fort as the Venue for Independence Day

Why in News?

On August 15, 2025, the Prime Minister delivered the longest Independence Day speech, lasting 103 minutes, from the historic Red Fort. This event continues a tradition initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1947. The choice of the Red Fort as the venue highlights its importance as Delhi's seat of power and a symbol of India’s sovereignty.

Key Takeaways

• The Red Fort has been the site of India's Independence Day celebrations since 1947.
• It serves as a significant symbol of India's history and sovereignty.

Additional Details

• Construction: Built in 1648 by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, the fort served as the palace fortress of Shahjahanabad, his newly established capital.
• Material: The fort is characterized by massive red sandstone walls, which enclose royal pavilions and apartments.
• Water Feature: It originally contained the Nahr-i-Behisht, or "Stream of Paradise," a continuous water channel enhancing its beauty.
• Architectural Value: The Red Fort is a prime example of Mughal architecture, merging Islamic styles with Indian craftsmanship.
• Recognition: In 2007, it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Historically, Delhi has been the seat of power for nearly a thousand years, regarded as the "capital of all Hindustan" by Babur. The Red Fort was inaugurated in 1648 and remained central to governance even after the decline of the Mughal Empire. The British took control during the 1857 Revolt, which marked the end of Mughal rule, and the Red Fort was repurposed into a military garrison, significantly damaging its interiors.

Significantly, the Red Fort hosted the INA trials in 1946, stirring nationalist sentiments. On August 15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the national flag here, marking the first Independence Day address. This tradition has continued, with every Prime Minister addressing the nation from its ramparts, symbolizing India's reclamation of sovereignty from colonial rule.

In summary, the Red Fort stands not only as a historical monument but as a powerful symbol of India's independence and democratic values.

GS2/Polity

Supreme Court’s Intervention in Electoral Roll Revision - Continuity with Past Judgments

Why in News?

The Supreme Court’s (SC) recent ruling in the case of Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) vs Election Commission of India (2025) addresses the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar, reflecting its earlier landmark decision in Lal Babu Hussain vs Electoral Registration Officer (1995). This case highlights critical issues surrounding citizenship verification, voter exclusion, and the constitutional right to franchise.

Key Takeaways

• The SC emphasized that voters should not be required to prove citizenship without credible evidence against them.
• The SC directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to enhance transparency in the electoral roll revision process.
• The ruling shifts the burden of proof back to the state, reinforcing citizens' rights.

Additional Details

• Historical Parallel - Lal Babu Hussain Case (1995): In this case, the ECI sought to declare certain voters non-citizens. The SC ruled that electoral registration officers must conduct thorough inquiries and consider all evidence provided by the voters.
• Present Issue - Special Intensive Revision (SIR), Bihar: The SIR lacks explicit statutory backing under the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1950, and the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960. ECI aimed to remove non-citizens but relied solely on the 2003 electoral roll and a narrow set of identity documents, shifting the burden of proof to citizens.
• Supreme Court’s 2025 Order: The SC mandated that the ECI make draft electoral rolls accessible and searchable, provide reasons for voter exclusions, and accept a wider range of identity documents, including Aadhaar and Electoral Photo ID Cards (EPIC).
• Democratic Principles at Stake: The SC’s decision aims to uphold the principles of universal adult suffrage, contrasting the risks of exclusionary practices presented by the SIR.

In conclusion, the SC’s insistence on transparency and fairness in electoral roll revisions is expected to fortify citizen-centric democracy in India. As the nation progresses towards Viksit Bharat@2047, reforms in voter registration must evolve to create a robust, inclusive, and legally accountable system that upholds universal suffrage.