UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 20th August 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Economy

Minimum Public Shareholding (MPS)

Why in News?

SEBI has released a consultation paper proposing changes in the norms governing Minimum Public Shareholding (MPS) and Minimum Public Offer (MPO) for listed companies, aiming to enhance market participation and stability.

Key Takeaways

• SEBI's proposal aims to ease share release rules for large companies.
• Companies will have extended timelines to meet the MPS requirements.
• The initial Minimum Public Offer (MPO) for very large companies will be reduced.

Additional Details

• Minimum Public Offer (MPO): Refers to the requirement for a company to sell a minimum number of shares to the public during its Initial Public Offer (IPO). This ensures sufficient share distribution, akin to a shop displaying enough goods for customers.
• Minimum Public Shareholding (MPS): This mandates that at least 25% of a company's shares must be owned by the public, fostering broader ownership and accountability while helping stabilize share prices.
• Proposed Changes: Large companies valued between ₹50,000 and ₹1,00,000 crore will now have up to 10 years to achieve the MPS of 25%, with a milestone of 15% in the first 5 years.

The proposed changes by SEBI are significant as they aim to enhance market stability. A gradual share release prevents price drops, encouraging more companies to list in India and allowing investors to enter the market without sudden shocks.

Consider the following statements:

I. India accounts for a very large portion of all equity option contracts traded globally, thus exhibiting a great boom.

II. India’s stock market has grown rapidly in the recent past, even overtaking Hong Kong’s at some point in time.

III. There is no regulatory body either to warn small investors about the risks of options trading or to act on unregistered financial advisors in this regard.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) I and II only
• (b) II and III only
• (c) I and III only
• (d) I, II and III

Answer: Option A

GS2/Polity

The Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025

Why in News?

The Union Home Minister is preparing to introduce three significant bills in the Lok Sabha aimed at establishing a legal framework for the removal of the Prime Minister, Union Ministers, Chief Ministers, and Ministers in States and Union Territories (UTs) who are arrested and detained due to serious criminal charges.

Key Takeaways

• The three bills include the 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, and Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill.
• The 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill specifically addresses the conditions under which leaders must resign if detained.

Additional Details

• Scope: The bill applies to the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, and Ministers at the Union, State, and Union Territory levels.
• Grounds for Removal: A leader must resign if arrested and in custody for 30 consecutive days on charges punishable by five years or more.
• Reappointment: Leaders can be reappointed after their release from custody.
• Objective: To prevent prolonged tenures of arrested leaders in office, exemplified by cases like that of Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal.
• Amendments to Articles:
  • Article 75: Introduces a provision for the automatic resignation of Union Ministers if detained for serious offenses.
  • Article 164: Similar provisions for Chief Ministers and State Ministers regarding automatic removal upon detention.
  • Article 239AA: New Section 5A specifies that the CM and Ministers of Delhi cease office if detained for 30 days under serious charges.
• The rationale behind this bill is to ensure that office bearers maintain public trust and do not compromise governance during periods of detention.

This bill promotes the integrity of democracy by aligning ministerial positions with constitutional morality and accountability.

Consider the following statements:

• 1. According to the Constitution of India, a person who is eligible to vote can serve as a minister in a State for six months even if not a member of the State Legislature.
• 2. According to the Representation of People Act, 1951, a person convicted of a criminal offense and sentenced to imprisonment for five years is permanently disqualified from contesting elections, even after release.

Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: Option D

GS3/Environment

Key Facts about Saltwater Crocodile

Why in News?

The estimated population of saltwater crocodiles, recognized as one of the largest reptiles globally, has seen an increase in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) according to a recent survey conducted by the State’s Forest Department.

Key Takeaways

• Saltwater crocodiles are the largest and heaviest living reptiles.
• Scientific Name: Crocodylus porosus
• Commonly referred to as the estuarine crocodile, marine crocodile, or saltie.
• They are apex predators with an opportunistic hypercarnivorous diet.

Additional Details

• Distribution: These crocodiles are native to saltwater habitats and brackish wetlands, found along India's east coast, across Southeast Asia, and extending to the Sundaic region, northern Australia, and Micronesia.
• Physical Features:
  • The average male saltwater crocodile measures about 5 meters in length and weighs around 500 kg.
  • Females are smaller, averaging just under 3 meters in length and weighing less than 100 kg.
  • They typically have a dark, greenish-brown coloration with lighter underbellies, aiding in camouflage within their aquatic environments.
  • Equipped with thick, armored skin made of tough scales for protection.
  • These reptiles are solitary, particularly adult males, and are known for being highly territorial.
• Conservation Status: Listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
• Recent reports indicate 213 direct sightings of saltwater crocodiles in the Sundarbans in 2025.

Overall, the thriving population of saltwater crocodiles in the Sundarbans highlights the success of conservation efforts in the region.

GS2/Governance

NAVYA Initiative

Why in News?

The Minister of State (Independent Charge), Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), recently provided information to the Lok Sabha regarding the NAVYA Initiative, which aims to empower young adolescent girls through vocational training.

Key Takeaways

• The NAVYA Initiative focuses on adolescent girls aged 16-18 years in aspirational districts.
• It is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and the Ministry of Women & Child Development.
• The initiative plans to train 3,850 girls under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0).
• Training will include both traditional and non-traditional job roles, as well as essential life skills.

Additional Details

• Objective: The initiative aims to provide demand-driven vocational training aligned with various sectors, enhancing employability and promoting self-employment.
• Holistic Development: It includes training modules on health, nutrition, hygiene, financial literacy, life skills, and legal awareness.
• Target Areas: The program covers 19 states and 27 districts, focusing on underserved and remote regions.
• Training Focus: Skills will be imparted in digital marketing, cybersecurity, AI-enabled services, green jobs, and other emerging sectors.
• Supportive Environment: The initiative aims to establish a gender-inclusive training atmosphere that promotes safety and support for all participants.

The NAVYA Initiative represents a significant step towards bridging the gap between education and employment for adolescent girls, equipping them with vital skills to thrive in modern job markets.

GS3/Environment

Snow Leopard

Why in News?

A recent three-year camera trapping study has confirmed the year-round presence and breeding activities of snow leopards in Jammu & Kashmir, with a particular emphasis on the Kishtwar Himalayas.

Key Takeaways

• The snow leopard is a medium-sized big cat native to the rugged terrains of Central and South Asia.
• It is known for its adaptations to cold, mountainous environments, earning it the nickname "ghost of the mountains."

Additional Details

• Distribution:Snow leopards prefer steep, rugged terrains with rocky outcrops and ravines, typically found at elevations of 3,000-5,000 meters or higher in the Himalayas. They inhabit 12 countries, including:
  • China
  • Bhutan
  • Nepal
  • India
  • Pakistan
  • Russia
  • Mongolia
• In India, snow leopards are primarily located in the high-altitude, cold, arid, and rugged terrains of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Features: The snow leopard has pale grey fur with dark rosettes, providing camouflage against rocky environments. It can grow to a length of about 7 feet (2.1 meters), with its tail accounting for nearly half of that length. This tail aids in balance during climbing and provides warmth when resting.
• Snow leopards are solitary animals, preferring to live alone except during mating or when raising young.

The conservation status of the snow leopard is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, listed in CITES Appendix I, and included in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972.

GS3/Environment

Asian Palm Civet

Why in News?

Recently, the proceedings of the Kerala High Court’s Chamber 1 were interrupted due to an unpleasant odor caused by the Asian Palm Civet, highlighting its unusual impact in urban settings.

Key Takeaways

• The Asian Palm Civet is also known as the Toddy Cat or Common Palm Civet.
• This small, nocturnal mammal is native to South and Southeast Asia, including countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.
• It plays a significant role in the coffee production process due to its unique ability to digest coffee beans.

Additional Details

• Scientific Classification: The scientific name of the Asian Palm Civet is Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.
• Physical Characteristics: This species has a long, slender body, short legs, and a pointed snout, weighing between 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11 lbs) and measuring approximately 53 to 71 cm (21 to 28 inches) in length, including the tail.
• Diet: As a nocturnal animal, it consumes a diverse diet that includes insects, small mammals, and fruits.
• Conservation Status: According to the IUCN Red List, the species is classified as Least Concern.

The Asian Palm Civet's interesting behaviors and ecological contributions, particularly in coffee cultivation, make it a noteworthy species despite its recent notoriety in Kerala.

GS2/Polity

Control of Election Officials: EC vs States

Why in News?

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is currently in a dispute with the West Bengal government regarding the disciplinary authority over election officials. The state has declined to take action against four officials accused of electoral roll tampering, citing that no elections have been announced and the Model Code of Conduct is not applicable. This disagreement has reignited the ongoing debate about the extent of the ECI's control over state officials assigned to election duties.

Key Takeaways

• The ECI's authority over election officials is constitutionally backed and has evolved through amendments and legal frameworks.
• The ongoing standoff between the ECI and West Bengal highlights persistent tensions over the enforcement of disciplinary measures.
• Historical conflicts, notably during T N Seshan's tenure, underline the challenges faced by the ECI in asserting its authority.

Additional Details

• Constitutional Vision for the ECI: During the Constituent Assembly debates, it was emphasized that the Chief Election Commissioner should have protections akin to those of a Supreme Court judge, ensuring independence from the executive branch.
• 1988 Amendments: These amendments to the Representation of the People Acts of 1950 and 1951 formally placed election officials under the ECI's supervision, granting it clear authority over them during elections.
• Historical Context: The conflict peaked during the 1993 Ranipet by-election, where T N Seshan's demand for central forces led to a temporary halt of numerous elections until the issue was resolved.
• Supreme Court Intervention: The judicial system intervened to affirm the ECI's authority, leading to a negotiated settlement in 2000 that clarified the ECI's disciplinary powers.
• Current Options for the ECI: In light of the West Bengal government's resistance, the ECI can summon the Chief Secretary, involve the Centre, or approach the courts to enforce compliance.

This ongoing situation illustrates that while the ECI's authority is legally recognized, practical challenges remain as state governments sometimes resist its directives, demonstrating the complexities of electoral governance in India.

GS2/International Relations

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Why in News?

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has recently announced a temporary suspension of the process to facilitate the repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees.

Key Takeaways

• The UNHCR is a global agency focused on protecting refugees and facilitating their return or resettlement.
• Established in 1950, the agency arose in response to the displacement caused by the Second World War.
• It operates under the governance of the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

Additional Details

• Governance Structure: The UNHCR is overseen by the UN General Assembly and the ECOSOC. The agency's biennial programs and budgets are approved by the Executive Committee, with proposals presented by the UNHCR's appointed Commissioner.
• Funding: The agency relies on voluntary contributions from governments, private donors, and organizations for its funding.
• Notable recognitions include the Nobel Peace Prizes awarded in 1954 and 1981 for its humanitarian efforts.
• The Nansen Refugee Award, initiated in 1954, honors exceptional service to refugees and displaced individuals.
• Headquarters: The UNHCR is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

This recent suspension highlights the ongoing challenges faced by refugees and the complexities surrounding their repatriation processes, reinforcing the need for continued international support and attention to their plight.

GS2/Polity

Office of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC)

Why in News?

The Opposition, represented by the INDI Alliance bloc, is contemplating a motion to remove the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) in Parliament, highlighting concerns over election management and integrity.

Key Takeaways

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a permanent constitutional body established on 25 January 1950, recognized annually as National Voters Day.
• The ECI is governed by Articles 324 to 329 in Part XV of the Constitution, responsible for conducting elections at various levels including the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies.

Additional Details

• Establishment: The Election Commission was established on 25 January 1950 and plays a crucial role in maintaining the democratic process in India.
• Structure: Since 1993, the ECI operates as a three-member body consisting of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners.
• Status of CEC: The Chief Election Commissioner enjoys the same salary, status, and perks as a judge of the Supreme Court of India, ensuring independence and authority.
• Appointment Process: The CEC and other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India based on recommendations from a selection committee led by the Prime Minister.
• Tenure: The CEC serves a term of six years or until reaching 65 years of age, whichever comes first.
• Removal Process: The CEC can only be removed on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity, similar to the procedure for a Supreme Court judge, requiring a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament.

The integrity and functioning of the Election Commission are paramount to maintaining democratic values in India. Any motion for the removal of the CEC underscores the critical nature of fair election practices in the country.

GS3/Economy

“Anna-Chakra” Supply Chain Optimisation Tool for PDS

Why in News?

The Union Minister of State for the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has recently provided significant updates regarding the Anna-Chakra Tool in Parliament.

Key Takeaways

• The Anna-Chakra is a digital tool designed to optimize the supply chain of the Public Distribution System (PDS).
• It has been developed by the World Food Programme (WFP) in collaboration with the Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (IIT-Delhi).
• Currently, the tool is implemented in 30 States and Union Territories, excluding Manipur.
• It supports approximately 4.37 lakh Fair Price Shops and 6,700 warehouses.
• The tool aims to reduce logistics and fuel costs, with annual savings estimated at around ₹250 crore.
• By optimizing routes, the Anna-Chakra can decrease travel distances by 15% to 50%, which in turn cuts CO₂ emissions.

Additional Details

• Public Distribution System (PDS): A government initiative that provides subsidized food grains to low-income households, ensuring food security.
• Historical Context: The PDS originated during the inter-war years and expanded significantly after the food shortages of the 1960s.
• Reforms: The PDS was revamped in 1992, extending its coverage to rural and poverty-stricken areas.
• Structure: The system is managed by the Centre (Food Corporation of India), which is responsible for procurement, storage, transportation, and bulk allocation of food grains to families through Fair Price Shops.
• The PDS serves about 800 million people through over 5 lakh Fair Price Shops.
• Items Distributed: Includes wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene; some states also distribute pulses and oils.
• Significance: The PDS plays a crucial role in shielding poor households from fluctuations in food prices and economic distress.

In summary, the Anna-Chakra tool represents a significant advancement in optimizing the efficiency of the Public Distribution System, promoting sustainability and economic savings while ensuring food security for the population.

UPSC 2008 Question:

Consider the following statements:

• 1. Regarding the procurement of food grains, the Government of India follows a procurement target rather than an open-ended procurement policy.
• 2. The Government of India announces minimum support prices only for cereals.
• 3. For distribution under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), wheat and rice are issued by the Government of India at uniform Central issue prices to the States/Union Territories.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• Options: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3* (d) 3 only

Answer: Option C

GS3/Economy

GST Reforms to Unlock Long-Term Revenue Gains for India

Why in News?

S&P Global Ratings has pointed out that the proposed two-tier Goods and Services Tax (GST) structure could reduce the effective taxation rate while enhancing long-term fiscal revenues for India. The central government is preparing to discuss this proposal with states in an upcoming meeting, aiming to simplify GST by reducing the existing slabs to just 5% and 18%, along with a special 40% rate for select luxury or sin goods. This reform is anticipated to streamline compliance, reduce complexity, and potentially boost government revenues over time, although the short-term impact on collections and affordability is still uncertain.

Key Takeaways

• The proposed GST reform aims to transition from the current four-rate system to two main slabs, plus a special rate for sin goods.
• The reform is expected to be implemented by the end of 2025, simplifying compliance and reducing indirect tax distortions.
• S&P Global Ratings supports the reform, suggesting it will not harm fiscal revenues despite a potential reduction in tax rates.

Additional Details

• Proposed Two-Slab System: The central government intends to move from the current GST structure of four rates (5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%) to a simplified two-slab system. This change is expected to decrease classification disputes and litigation, as well as eliminate duty inversion.
• Declining Effective GST Rates: Since its introduction in 2017, the weighted average GST rate has decreased from 14.4% to 11.6%, according to an RBI study from 2019. This trend is likely to continue under the new structure.
• S&P emphasizes that while tax rates may be lower, the simplicity of implementation and better accounting practices could lead to improved revenue collection in the long run.
• Despite potential revenue losses for state governments estimated at ₹7,000-9,000 crore annually, these losses may be counterbalanced by stronger GDP growth, which would increase both direct and indirect tax revenues.

In summary, the proposed GST reforms are positioned as a strategic move to simplify the tax structure, enhance compliance, and ultimately support the fiscal health of the government. While challenges may arise in the short term, the long-term outlook suggests potential for increased revenue generation and economic stability.

GS3/Environment

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

Why in News?

A recent comprehensive faunal survey at the Thattekad Bird Sanctuary in Ernakulam, Kerala, has expanded the official biodiversity checklist by adding nine new species records. This development highlights the sanctuary's ecological significance and ongoing efforts in wildlife conservation.

Key Takeaways

• Thattekad Bird Sanctuary is the first bird sanctuary in Kerala.
• It is also known as the Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, named after India's renowned ornithologist.
• The sanctuary was officially notified in 1983.
• It is situated on the banks of the Periyar River at the foothills of the Western Ghats.

Additional Details

• Vegetation:The sanctuary features a variety of ecosystems, including:
  • Tropical Evergreen Forests
  • Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests
  • Moist Deciduous Forests
• Natural Habitats:Key habitats include:
  • The Periyar River
  • Lagoons and marshes formed by the Bhootattankettu dam reservoir
  • Tropical semi and evergreen forests of the Western Ghats
• Major Peaks: The sanctuary is home to notable peaks such as Thoppimudi and Nyayapillimudi.
• Flora:Significant plant species include:
  • Myristica dactyloides
  • Hopea parviflora
  • Tetrameles nudiflora
  • Teak
  • Rosewood
  • Mahogany
• Fauna: The sanctuary is renowned for its diverse bird population, including endemic and rare species such as the Ceylon Frogmouth, Black Baza, Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher, and Bay Owl.

This survey not only enriches the biodiversity knowledge of the Thattekad Bird Sanctuary but also underscores its importance as a vital habitat for numerous bird species.