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IMF द्वारा क्रय शक्ति समता की गणना के लिए आमतौर पर किस पद्धति का उपयोग किया जाता है?
  • a)
    सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद
  • b)
    शुद्ध घरेलू उत्पाद
  • c)
    सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद
  • d)
    सकल घरेलु उत्पाद
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Method used by IMF to calculate purchasing power parity

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses the method of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) to calculate purchasing power parity. This method involves comparing the prices of goods and services in different countries to determine the relative value of currencies.

Explanation

Purchasing power parity is a measure of the economic productivity of a country that takes into account the differences in prices between countries. It is used to compare the standard of living of different countries by calculating the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with a given amount of money.

The method used by the IMF to calculate PPP involves the following steps:

1. Comparing prices: The prices of a basket of goods and services are compared between different countries. This basket of goods includes food, clothing, housing, and other consumer goods.

2. Measuring currency exchange rates: The exchange rates between currencies are measured to determine the relative value of currencies.

3. Calculating GDP: The GDP of each country is calculated based on the prices of the basket of goods and services and the exchange rates.

4. Adjusting for inflation: The GDP figures are adjusted for inflation to ensure that the prices of goods and services remain constant over time.

5. Comparing GDP: The GDP figures are then compared between countries to determine the purchasing power parity.

Conclusion

The method used by the IMF to calculate purchasing power parity is a useful tool for comparing the standard of living between countries. It takes into account the differences in prices and exchange rates and provides a more accurate picture of the relative value of currencies.

The position of both, an electron and a helium atom is known within 1.0 mm. Further more the momentum of the electron is known within 5.0 x 10-26 kg ms-1. The minimum uncertainty in the measurement of the momentum of the helium atom is
  • a)
    50.0 kg ms-1
  • b)
    80.0 kg ms-1
  • c)
    80.0 x 10-26 kg ms-1
  • d)
    5.0 x 10-26 kg ms-1
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Nabanita Singh answered
Given,
Position of both an electron and a Helium atom = 1 nm
The momentum of an electron = 
Uncertainty principle: It is defined as the position and the momentum both can not be determined simultaneously.
According to the Uncertainty principle,

h = Planck`s constant

When the position of an electron and helium atom is the same and the momentum of an electron is known then the momentum of the helium atom is equal to the momentum of an electron.
Therefore, the momentum of the Helium atom is 5.0 x 10-26 kg ms-1

Identify the plans shown in figure and select correct option.

A
(a) Sphagnum
(b) Selaginella
(c) Selsginella
(d) Cycas
B
(a) Dictyota
(b) Ginkgo
(c) Salvinia
(d) Ginkgo
  • a)
    a
  • b)
    b
  • c)
    c
  • d)
    d
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
Plants given in the figure are A- Selaginella and B-Ginkgo respectively. Selaginella is a trailing, hanging or erect evergreen lycopod(Pteridophyte).
Ginkgo biloba(a Gymnosperm) has not changed for the last several millions of years since its appearance in triassic period. It is also called living fossil. The plant has survived due to interest shown by horticulturists. It has natural immunity to several plant diseases.

The spread of living pteridophytes is limited and is restricted to narrow geographical region because of 
  • a)
    gametophytic growth needs cool, damp and shady places 
  • b)
    requirement of water for fertilization
  • c)
    absence of stomata in leaf and absence of vascular tissue
  • d)
    both (a) and (b)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aditi Datta answered
Introduction:
The spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions due to certain requirements and limitations in their growth and reproduction. The correct answer is option 'D', which states that the spread of living pteridophytes is limited due to the need for cool, damp, and shady places for gametophytic growth, as well as the requirement of water for fertilization. Let's delve into the details of each of these factors.

Explanation:

Gametophytic growth needs cool, damp, and shady places:
- The gametophytic phase of pteridophytes is an independent, free-living phase where fertilization occurs.
- The gametophytes of pteridophytes require a suitable environment to grow and reproduce.
- Cool, damp, and shady places provide the necessary conditions for the survival and growth of gametophytes.
- These conditions ensure sufficient moisture and protection from direct sunlight, which can be detrimental to gametophytic growth.
- Therefore, the spread of living pteridophytes is limited to regions that offer such environments, restricting their geographical distribution.

Requirement of water for fertilization:
- Pteridophytes are non-flowering plants, and their reproductive process involves the need for water for fertilization.
- The male gametes (sperm) are flagellated and require water to swim to the female gametes (eggs) for fertilization.
- This water-dependent mode of fertilization restricts the dispersal of pteridophyte species.
- Pteridophytes cannot reproduce in dry environments or areas lacking sufficient water bodies.
- Therefore, the geographical spread of living pteridophytes is limited to regions with abundant water sources, such as near rivers, streams, or damp habitats.

Conclusion:
The limited spread of living pteridophytes is primarily due to the requirement of cool, damp, and shady places for gametophytic growth and the necessity of water for fertilization. These factors restrict their geographical distribution and confine them to specific regions that offer suitable environmental conditions for their survival and reproduction.

The given diagram shows:
  • a)
    An alga that lacks flagellated cells
  • b)
    A liverwort
  • c)
     A heterosporous pteridophyte
  • d)
    A gymnosperm with non motile sperms
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively
 A heterosporous pteridophyte
SALVINIA

The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as in ________or large (macrophylls) as in _________.
  • a)
    Selaginella, ferns
  • b)
    ferns,Selaginella
  • c)
    Selaginella, equisetum
  • d)
    salvinia, equisetum
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns. The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls.

Assertion (A): The development of zygotes into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes.
Reason (R): This event is a precursor to the seed habit, considered an important step in evolution
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Solution:
Correct answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The development of the zygote within the female gametophyte provides protection and nourishment to the embryo, which is a key evolutionary step leading to the development of seeds in higher plants. Thus, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.
Topic in NCERT: GYMNOSPERMS
Line in NCERT: "The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution."

Gametophyte in the pteridophytes
(i) Small, inconspicuous.
(ii) unicellular.
(iii) Mostly photosynthetic thalloid
(iv) need water for fertilisation
How many statements are correct with respect to gametophyte?
  • a)
     Two 
  • b)
    Three
  • c)
    Four 
  • d)
    One
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

The correct answer is B: Three.
 The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus. These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow. Because of this specific restricted requirement and the need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions.

Therefore, three statements are correct regarding the gametophyte in pteridophytes.

देश के सकल घरेलू उत्पाद के निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार करें:
(i) सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद एक देश की जीडीपी है जिसे विदेशों से आय के साथ जोड़ा जाता है।
(ii) जीएनपी हमेशा अपने जीडीपी से कम होता है।
(iii) भारत में, जीएनपी हमेशा अपने जीडीपी से अधिक है
इनमें से कौन सा कथन सही है?
  • a)
    केवल 1
  • b)
    केवल 1 और 3
  • c)
    केवल 1 और 2
  • d)
    ऊपर के सभी
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pranav Shah answered
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are both important measures of a country's economic performance. In this question, we are asked to identify the correct relationship between GDP and GNP.

1. GDP:
GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period, usually a year. It is calculated by adding up the value of consumer spending, government spending, investment, and net exports (exports minus imports). GDP represents the economic output of a country and is commonly used to measure its overall economic health.

2. GNP:
GNP, on the other hand, is the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents, whether within the country or abroad, during a specific period. GNP includes the income earned by a country's residents from their investments and work abroad. It also takes into account the income earned by foreign residents within the country. GNP provides a broader view of a country's economic performance as it includes both domestic and international economic activities involving its residents.

3. Relationship between GDP and GNP:
Based on the definitions of GDP and GNP, it is clear that GNP includes GDP as a component. This is because GNP takes into account the income earned by a country's residents from their investments and work abroad, which is already included in GDP. Therefore, we can say that GDP is a subset of GNP.

Answer: a) 1

In conclusion, GDP is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders, while GNP takes into account the income earned by a country's residents from their investments and work abroad. Since GNP includes GDP as a component, the correct relationship between GDP and GNP is that GDP is a subset of GNP.

Wavelength associated with an electron having KE 3.0 x 10-25 J is x *10-7 m.
Q. What is the value of x? (Round of to nearest integer)
Correct answer is '9'. Can you explain this answer?

Understanding the Problem
To find the wavelength of an electron with a given kinetic energy (KE), we will use the de Broglie wavelength formula. The kinetic energy is provided as 3.0 x 10-25 J.
De Broglie Wavelength Formula
The de Broglie wavelength (λ) is given by the equation:
- λ = h / p
Where:
- h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10-34 J·s)
- p is the momentum of the electron, which can be calculated using:
- p = sqrt(2 * m * KE)
Here, m is the mass of the electron (approximately 9.11 x 10-31 kg).
Calculating the Momentum
- Substitute the known values:
- KE = 3.0 x 10-25 J
- m = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
- Calculate p:
- p = sqrt(2 * 9.11 x 10-31 kg * 3.0 x 10-25 J)
Calculating the Wavelength
- Now substitute p back into the de Broglie formula:
- λ = h / p
- Substitute h = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s and the calculated momentum to find λ.
Final Calculation and Conversion
- After performing the calculations, you will find that λ is approximately 9 x 10-7 m when expressed in the desired format (x x 10-7 m).
Conclusion
Thus, the value of x is 9, confirming that the wavelength associated with the electron having a KE of 3.0 x 10-25 J is indeed 9 x 10-7 m.

If n is a unit vector in the direction of the vector then
  • a)
  • b)
  • c)
  • d)
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Mira Joshi answered
Unit vector is vector with magnitude unity but having specific direction.
Value of unit vector is given by:
Where,
 = unit vector
A = vector a
∣A∣ = magnitude of vector a

 Identify the parts labelled A and B in the given figure of Equisetum and select the correct option.

(A)
(a) Strobilus
(b) Sporophylls
(c) Sporangia
(d) Sporophyte
(B)
(a) Rhizome
(b) Tuber
(c) Rhizome
(d) Tuber
  • a)
    a
  • b)
    b
  • c)
    c
  • d)
    d
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
In Equisetum plant body is differentiated into stem, leaves and roots. Adventitious roots develop in whorls over the nodes of rhizome. Aerial branches develop terminal strobili. In E. arvense, there are two types of aerial branches, green sterile and brown fertile. Terminal strobili occur only on fertile branches.

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