All questions of Daily Current Affairs MCQs for UPSC CSE Exam

With reference to the Assamese Gamosa, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a hand-woven rectangular cotton piece of cloth with red borders and motifs.
  2. The gamosa which is exchanged during the Bihu festival is known as Bihuwan.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Sagar Chavan answered
Assamese Gamosa:

Assamese Gamosa is a traditional cloth of Assam and is an essential part of Assamese culture. It is widely used in Assam for various purposes such as wiping the face, wrapping the head, as a waistband, etc. It is also used as a gift during festivals and ceremonies.

Statement 1:

The first statement is correct. The Assamese Gamosa is a hand-woven rectangular piece of cotton cloth with red borders and motifs. The motifs are usually in the form of flowers, animals, birds, or geometric patterns. The red border is an essential feature of the gamosa, and it is believed to represent the blood of the Assamese people who sacrificed their lives for the state.

Statement 2:

The second statement is also correct. The gamosa which is exchanged during the Bihu festival is known as Bihuwan. Bihu is the most popular festival in Assam, and it is celebrated three times a year - Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu in April, Kati Bihu in October, and Magh Bihu or Bhogali Bihu in January. During the festival, people exchange gamosas as a symbol of love, respect, and goodwill.

Conclusion:

Hence, both statements 1 and 2 are correct, and the correct answer is option C, i.e., Both 1 and 2.

With reference to the Quasars, consider the following statements:
  1. These are formed by the energy emitted by materials spiralling around a black hole.
  2. These are very luminous objects located in faraway galaxies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
According to a new study Quasars the brightest and the most powerful objects in the universe - have a violent origin story.
  • The quasi-stellar radio sources (Quasars) were first discovered six decades ago.
  • These are very luminous objects in faraway galaxies that emit jets at radio frequencies.
  • They are located in supermassive black holes, which sit in the centre of galaxies.
  • These are formed by the energy emitted by materials spiralling around a black hole right before being sucked into it.  
  • Most quasars are larger than our solar system. A quasar is approximately 1-kilo parsec in width.
  • When galaxies collide, it pushes the gas from the outer reaches of the galaxies to the centre.
  • As the supermassive black hole gorges on the gas, it releases ferocious fountains of energy in the form of radiation, leading to the quasar.
Hence both statements are not correct.

With reference to the India-WRIS portal, consider the following statements:
  1. It is an initiative of the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India.
  2. The data of this portal is maintained and updated by the National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, the Minister of State for Jal Shakti informed Rajya Sabha about the Water Heritage sites of India.
  • The Committee under the Ministry of Jal Shakti has recommended 75 water heritage structures, which include 5 Water Heritage structures from Gujarat and 4 Water Heritage structures from Andhra Pradesh respectively.
  • In this connection, the "Jal-Itihas" sub-portal under the India-WRIS portal, showcasing the 75 WHS, was launched at the 1st All India State Ministers Conference on Water at Bhopal. 
  • India-WRIS portal is a web-enabled Water Resources Information System popularly known as India-WRIS.
  • It was initiated through a Memorandum of Understanding between the Central Water Commission (CWC), the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (now Ministry of Jal Shakti) and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
  • The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS), under the National Hydrology Project, launched the first version of the India Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS) in July 2019.
  • The MoJS has established a dedicated organization, National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC) to maintain and update India WRIS.
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to the Periyar Tiger Reserve, consider the following statements:
  1. It is drained by the rivers Mullayar and Periyar.
  2. It is located in the southern region of the Western Ghats.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
The Nodal Centre for Biological Invasions (NCBI) at the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) has come out with a management plan to eradicate Senna spectabilis.
  • It is nestled in the southern region of Western Ghats in the state of Kerala.
  • It is drained by the rivers Mullayar and Periyar.
  • Flora: tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests and grasslands.
  • Fauna: Tiger, Elephant, Lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri Tahr etc.
Hence both statements are correct.

With reference to the Garbh-Ini programme, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a collaborative interdisciplinary programme of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
  2. It promotes maternal and child health and develops prediction tools for preterm birth.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
Recently, the Indian scientists working in the Garbh-Ini programme have identified 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or genetic markers, that are associated with preterm or premature birth.
  • It promotes Maternal and Child Health and develops prediction tools for preterm birth.
  • It is an initiative under the Department of Biotechnology of the Union Ministry of Science and Technology as a collaborative interdisciplinary programme.
  • This program is led by the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech cluster, Faridabad.
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation among people.
  • Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide.
  • For example, an SNP may replace the nucleotide cytosine (C) with the nucleotide thymine (T) in a certain stretch of DNA.
  • Most commonly these are found in the DNA between genes.
  • Significance:
  • These help in predicting an individual’s response to certain drugs, susceptibility to environmental factors such as toxins, and risk of developing diseases.
  • These can also be used to track the inheritance of disease-associated genetic variants within families.
Hence only statement 2 is correct

With reference to the ‘D4 Drone system’ recently seen in news, consider the following statements:
  1. It is the first indigenously developed anti-drone system to be inducted into the Indian Armed Forces.
  2. It is developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
The D4 anti-drone system which was used for security during the Republic Day parade is one of the products to be showcased at Aero India 2023.
Key facts about D4 Drone system:
  • What is it? The Drone Detect, Deter and Destroy system (D4S) is the first indigenously developed anti-drone system to be inducted into the Indian Armed Forces.
  • It is developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
  • Purpose: To detect rogue drones that are likely to attack most vulnerable places.
  • Features:
  • D4 system can instantly detect and jam micro drones (Soft kill) and use a laser-based kill mechanism to terminate targets (Hard kill).
  • It uses DRDO's RF/Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to detect the frequency which is being used by the controller and the signals are then jammed.
  • It can detect and jam micro-drones at a distance of up to 3 km.
  • It can lase a target 1-1.25 km far depending on the wattage of the laser weapon.
Hence both statements are correct.

Consider the following statements regarding National Agriculture Market (e-NAM):
  1. It is a pan-India electronic trading portal to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
  2. Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is the lead agency for implementing e-NAM.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Aashna Bose answered
Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'C' - Both 1 and 2. Let's understand the statements and their correctness in detail:

Statement 1: It is a pan-India electronic trading portal to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
This statement is correct. The National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) is indeed a pan-India electronic trading portal launched by the Government of India in 2016. It aims to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities by integrating the existing Agriculture Produce Market Committee (APMC) mandis across the country. The e-NAM platform provides a common online platform for buyers and sellers to trade in agricultural commodities, eliminating geographical barriers and ensuring transparency and competitive prices.

Statement 2: Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is the lead agency for implementing e-NAM.
This statement is also correct. The Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is the lead agency responsible for implementing the e-NAM initiative. SFAC is an autonomous society under the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India. SFAC plays a crucial role in the implementation, monitoring, and coordination of e-NAM across the country. It works closely with the State Agricultural Marketing Boards, State Agricultural Marketing Federations, and other stakeholders to ensure the smooth functioning of the e-NAM platform.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) is a pan-India electronic trading portal, and the Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is the lead agency for implementing e-NAM.

With reference to the Salt marsh, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a coastal wetland formed by flooding and draining of salt water brought in by the tides.
  2. It is formed only in the equatorial regions of the earth.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ujwal Dasgupta answered
Salt marsh is a coastal wetland formed by flooding and draining of salt water brought in by the tides. It is an ecosystem that is found in temperate and high latitudes of the earth. Let's discuss the given statements in detail:

Statement 1: It is a coastal wetland formed by flooding and draining of salt water brought in by the tides.

This statement is correct. Salt marshes are formed in coastal areas where the land is low-lying and close to the sea. They are flooded and drained by the tides, creating a habitat for a variety of plant and animal species. Salt marshes are important ecosystems as they provide a buffer against storm surges and sea level rise, and they also help to filter pollutants from the water.

Statement 2: It is formed only in the equatorial regions of the earth.

This statement is incorrect. Salt marshes are not found in the equatorial regions of the earth as they require a temperate or high latitude climate to thrive. They are found in places like the North Atlantic coast of North America, the Baltic Sea, and the East Asian coast.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A, i.e., 1 only.

With reference to the Ballistic missile interceptor, consider the following statements:
  1. India entered an elite club of nations with the capability to fire a Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) interceptor from a naval platform.
  2. India launched the BMD program after Kargil war in 1999 to counter the enemy nation’s widening spectrum of ballistic missiles that usually delivered both conventional and nuclear warheads.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, The DRDO and Indian Navy successfully conducted a maiden flight trial of sea-based endo-atmospheric interceptor missile off the coast of Odisha.
  • India entered an elite club of nations with the capability to fire a Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) interceptor from a naval platform.
  • Prior to this, DRDO has successfully demonstrated land-based ballistic missile defence system with capability to neutralize ballistic missile threats, emerging from adversaries.
India’s Ballistic Missile Defence Programme:
  • India launched the BMD program after Kargil war in 1999 to counter the enemy nation’s widening spectrum of ballistic missiles that usually delivered both conventional and nuclear warheads.
Two-tires of BMD system
Prithvi Air Defence missile
  • It was originally tested in 2006 and is capable of intercepting and destroying missiles at exo-atmospheric altitudes ranging from 50 to 180 kilometres.
  • The Pradyumna interceptor has already replaced the Prithvi Air Defence BMD.
  • Exo-atmospheric missiles are capable of completing missions in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
Advanced Air Defence Missile
  • The second layer is Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception.
  • It was first tested in 2007 and designed to knock down hostile missiles in the endo-atmosphere at altitudes of 15-40 KM.
  • The endo-atmospheric missiles are the ones that operate within the earth's atmosphere that covers an altitude below 100 KM.
Hence both statements are correct.

Consider the following statements regarding the Anji Khad Bridge:
  1. It is an under-construction rail bridge in Uttarakhand.
  2. It will be the first cable-stayed railway bridge in the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
All 96 cables on the first cable-stayed bridge in India, the Anji Khad bridge, have been fully installed in a record time of 11 months.
About Anji Khad Bridge:
  • It is an under-construction rail bridge in Jammu & Kashmir on the Indian Railways Jammu – Baramulla rail line.
  • It will connect the Union Territory of Kashmir with the rest of the country by train.
  • It is constructed over the Anji River, a tributary of the Chenab River between Katra and Reasi.
  • Anji Khad Bridge will be the first cable-stayed railway bridge in the country.
  • It is an asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge balanced on the axis of a central pylon
  • The total length of the structure is 473.25 metres.
  • It stands at a height of 331 meters above the river bed.
  • The bridge has a single-line railway track and a 3.75-metre-wide service road. 
  • The project is being executed by Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) and Hindustan Construction Company.
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to the Shingles disease, consider the following statements:
  1. It is caused by a virus called varicella-zoster.
  2. There is no vaccine available to treat this disease.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Recently, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals (GSK India) announced the much-awaited launch of its globally top-selling shingles vaccine Shingrix in India.
  • It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus the same virus that causes chickenpox.
  • It can occur anywhere in the human body.
  • It typically looks like a single stripe of blisters that wraps around the left side or the right side of your torso.
  • It is not contagious means it can’t be spread from one person to another.
  • The risk of shingles goes up as you get older and it is most common in people over age 50.
  • Symptoms: Pain, burning, tingling sensitivity to touch etc.
  • There is a vaccine called Shingrix available which helps in preventing shingles and its complications.
Hence only statement 1 is correct

With reference to Zero Shadow Day, consider the following statements:
  1. It occurs when the sun's rays are hitting a particular point on the earth exactly perpendicular to the surface. 
  2. It is observed in places that lie in the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, Bengaluru experienced a ‘Zero Shadow Day’, when vertical objects appear to cast no shadow.
  • What it is? It is a sub-solar point where the sun is directly overhead at a particular latitude.
  • When the sun is at the zenith (the highest point in the sky) its rays will be hitting a particular point exactly perpendicular to the surface
  • This will make the shadow of a person exactly under him, making it look like there are no shadows. 
  • There are two zero shadow days every year in May and July/August, observed in places that lie between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.
  • One falls during the Uttarayan (when the Sun moves northwards), and the other is during Dakshinayan (when the Sun moves southwards).
  • It lasts for a small part of a second, but the effect can be seen for a minute to a minute-and-a-half.
Hence both statements are correct.

With reference to the Scrub typhus, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a viral disease spread through the bites of infected larval mites.
  2. There is no vaccine available for this disease.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Nisha Chavan answered
Scrub Typhus: Explanation of the statements

Scrub typhus is a bacterial disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected larval mites. Let's examine the given statements one by one.

Statement 1: It is a viral disease spread through the bites of infected larval mites.

This statement is incorrect because scrub typhus is not a viral disease, but a bacterial disease. The causative agent of scrub typhus is a type of bacteria called Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected larval mites.

Statement 2: There is no vaccine available for this disease.

This statement is correct. Currently, there is no vaccine available for scrub typhus. Therefore, the best way to prevent the disease is to avoid getting bitten by infected mites. This can be done by wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and avoiding areas where mites are known to be present.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the correct answer is option B - only statement 2 is correct. Scrub typhus is a bacterial disease transmitted through the bites of infected larval mites. There is currently no vaccine available to prevent the disease.

With reference to the Kamakhya temple, consider the following statements:
  1. It is located in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh.
  2. It is modelled based on the Nilachala Style of Architecture.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
Recently, the Prime Minister of India appreciated Assam’s landmark Maa Kamakhya temple corridor initiative.
  • It is situated on Nilachal Hill and adjoining the southern bank of the Brahmaputra River in Guwahati, Assam.
  • It is one of the most revered centres of Tantric practices.
  • It is regarded as one of the oldest of the 51 Shakti Peethas in India. 
  • Temple Architecture:
  • It had been modelled out of a combination of two different styles namely, the traditional nagara or North Indian and Saracenic or Mughal style of architecture.
  • This unusual combination has been named the Nilachala Style of Architecture.
  • This is the only temple of Assam having a fully developed ground plan.
  • It consists of five chambersgarbhagriha or sanctuary, antarala or vestibule, Jagan Mohan or principal chamber, bhogmandir or ritual chamber and natmandir or opera hall for performing traditional dance and music associated with sukti temples.
Hence only statement 2 is correct

With reference to the Pench Tiger Reserve, consider the following statements:
  1. It is located in the Vindyan mountain ranges of India.
  2. This reserve has tropical mixed deciduous forests.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
As many as 129 species of butterflies were recorded during a citizen science-based survey at Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Maharashtra's Nagpur district.
  • It is located in the Nagpur district of Maharashtra which derives its name from its lifeline - the River Pench.
  • Pench River divides the reserve into almost two halves.
  • The Reserve is located in the southern reaches of the Satpura hills in the Seoni and Chhindwara districts in Madhya Pradesh and continues in Nagpur district in Maharashtra as a separate Sanctuary. 
  • Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, Sloth bear, Indian gaur, Wild dog, wolf etc.
  • Flora: It has a mixture of Southern dry broadleaf teak forests and tropical mixed deciduous forests are present.
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to the Additional Tier-1 (AT1) bond, consider the following statements:
  1. It is an unsecured and perpetual tenor bond.
  2. It is only issued by the Reserve bank of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Recently, The Bombay High Court Friday quashed the write-off of Additional Tier-1 (AT1) bonds worth Rs 8,400 crore issued by Yes Bank Ltd, bringing relief to investors.
  • These bonds are unsecured bonds that have perpetual tenors, are issued by banks and have no maturity date.
  • They have a call option, which can be used by the banks to buy these bonds back from investors. These bonds are typically used by banks to bolster their core or tier-1 capital.
  • These AT1 bonds are subordinate to all other debt and only senior to common equity.
  • These bonds were introduced by the Basel accord after the global financial crisis to protect depositors.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

With reference to the Mahabali frog, consider the following statements:
  1. It is endemic to the Eastern Ghats.
  2. It is categorized as a Near Threatened species under the IUCN Red List.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Athira Patel answered
Mahabali Frog - Endangered Species

Introduction:
Mahabali frog is a species of frog that is found in the Eastern Ghats of India. It is a rare and endangered species that is under threat due to habitat loss and fragmentation.

Statement Analysis:
1. It is endemic to the Eastern Ghats - Correct
The Mahabali frog is found only in the Eastern Ghats of India. It is confined to a small area and is not found anywhere else in the world.

2. It is categorized as a Near Threatened species under the IUCN Red List - Correct
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has categorized the Mahabali frog as a Near Threatened species under the Red List. This means that the species is not yet threatened with extinction, but could become so in the near future if appropriate conservation measures are not taken.

Conclusion:
Both the statements are correct. The Mahabali frog is an endemic species of the Eastern Ghats and is categorized as a Near Threatened species under the IUCN Red List. It is important to take appropriate conservation measures to protect this rare and endangered species from extinction.

With reference to Charge Sheet, consider the following statements:
  1. A Charge Sheet is a report generated by police officers after investigating a case.
  2. Charge Sheets filed by investigating agencies in India are considered public documents and must be put in public domain.
Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
The Supreme Court recently said that the chargesheet filed by investigating agencies in a criminal case in court is not a public document which could be directed to be put in public domain by uploading it on a website and also it cannot be revealed under Right to Information Act.
What is a Chargesheet?
  • According to Section 173 of Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), a charge sheet is a report generated by police officers after investigating a case.
  • It contains all the stringent records right from the commencement of investigation procedure of lodging an FIR to till the completion of investigation and preparation of final report.
  • It contains the names of the people brought in the custody, the charges they are brought in for and the identity of the accusers.
  • Once the charge sheet has been submitted to a court of law, prosecution proceedings against the accused begin.
  • Time limit for filing a Charge Sheet:
  • It is to be filed within 60 days from the date of arrest of the accused in cases triable by lower courts and 90 days in cases triable by Court of Sessions.
  • If the charge sheet is not filed within the prescribed time mentioned above, the accused has a right to default bail.
  • A charge sheet is distinct from the First Information Report (FIR).
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

With reference to the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, consider the following statements:
  1. It is an advisory body to the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
  2. It is mandated to deal with only cultural issues of Indigenous People.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, the 22nd session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues was held in New York.
  • It is a high-level advisory body to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.
  • It was established on 28 July 2000. 
  • Mandate: To deal with indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, the environment, education, health and human rights.
  • The first meeting of the Permanent Forum was held in May 2002, with yearly sessions thereafter.
  • It is one of three UN bodies that is mandated to deal specifically with indigenous peoples’ issues.
  • The others are the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of indigenous peoples.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

With reference to the Galapagos Island, consider the following statements:
  1. It is located in the Pacific Ocean.
  2. It is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Recently, a scientific expedition has discovered a previously unknown coral reef with abundant marine life off Ecuador's Galapagos Islands. 
  • Location: It is situated in the Pacific Ocean some 1,000 km from the Ecuadorian coast.
  • It is distributed on either side of the Equator with an underwater wildlife spectacle with abundant life.
  • Geology of the Island:
    • It begins at the sea floor and emerges above sea level where biological processes continue.
    • Three major tectonic plates Nazca, Cocos and Pacific meet at the basis of the ocean, which is of significant geological interest.
    • In comparison with most oceanic archipelagos, the Galapagos are very young with the largest and youngest islandsIsabela and Fernandina, with less than one million years of existence, and the oldest islands, Española and San Cristóbal, somewhere between three to five million years. 
  • It is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978.
  • Mount Azul at 5,541 feet is the highest point of the Galapagos Islands. 
Hence both statements are correct

Consider the following statements regarding the Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN):
  1. It is a 10-digit identification number accorded to a land parcel.
  2. The identification is based on the longitude and latitude coordinates of the land parcel.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
The Rural Development Ministry recently said that ULPIN has been adopted by 26 states and union territories so far.
About Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN):
  • It is part of the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP).
  • ULPIN or Bhu-Aadhar is a 14-digit identification number accorded to a land parcel.
  • It would uniquely identify every surveyed parcel of land and prevent land fraud, especially in rural Indiawhere land records are outdated and disputed.
  • The identification is based on the longitude and latitude coordinates of the land parcel and depends on detailed surveys and geo-referenced cadastral maps.
  • It aims to compile every detail pertaining to different properties from across the country.
  • ULPIN is a Single, Authoritative Source of Truth for information on any parcel of land or property to provide Integrated Land Services to the citizens as well as all stakeholders.
  • Various types of data relating to the landed properties, which are currently under the possession of different ministries and departments, too will be linked with the ULPIN.
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

Consider the following statements regarding Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS), recently seen in the news:
  1. It is a snake-like robot that can move through rough terrain.
  2. It is being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
US space agency NASA, is developing a snake-like robot known as Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS) which it says can boost space exploration through its diverse adaptability to various terrains.
About Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS):
  • What is it? It is a mobile instrument platform conceived to explore internal terrain structures, assess habitability and ultimately search for evidence of life
  • It is designed to be adaptable to traverse ocean-world-inspired terrain, fluidized media, enclosed labyrinthian environments and liquids.
  • It is a snake-like robot that can move through rough terrain.
  • Its purpose is to examine the surface of Saturn's moon and determine whether life is present.
  • EELS allows for deeper exploration into areas that were once unattainable.
  • Features:
  • It is made of multiple, identical, segments containing both the actuation and propulsion mechanisms as well as the power and communication electronics to drive them.
  • EELS uses first-of-a-kind rotating propulsion units that act as tracks, gripping mechanisms and propeller units underwater, enabling the robot to access a plume vent exit and follow it to its ocean source.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

With reference to the LockBit Ransomware, consider the following statements:
  1. It is known as a crypto-virus due to forming its ransom requests around financial payment in exchange for a decryption.
  2. It is a self-spreading malware which does not require additional instructions once it has successfully infiltrated the device.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Recent reports emerged that for the first time, the LockBit Ransomware was found to be targeting Mac devices.
  • It is malicious software designed to block user access to computer systems in exchange for a ransom payment.
  • It was formerly known as “ABCD” ransomware, but it has since grown into a unique threat within the scope of extortion tools.
  • It is a subclass of ransomware known as a ‘crypto virus’ due to forming its ransom requests around financial payment in exchange for decryption.
  • It focuses mostly on enterprises and government organizations rather than individuals.
  • It works as a self-spreading malware, not requiring additional instructions once it has successfully infiltrated a single device with access to an organisational intranet.
  • It is also known to hide executable encryption files by disguising them in the.PNG format, thereby avoiding detection by system defences.
  • Attackers use phishing tactics and other social engineering methods to impersonate trusted personnel or authorities to lure victims into sharing credentials
Hence both statements are correct

With reference to the Neglected Tropical Diseases, consider the following statements:
  1. These diseases are caused only by viruses.
  2. Chikungunya is one such disease which is affecting Subtropical countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
The recent World Health Organization (WHO) report said that Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) continue to disproportionately impact the most impoverished members of the international community.
  • Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical infections which are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
  • They are caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitic worms (helminths).
  • There are a diverse group of 20 diseases that are affecting more than 1 billion people who live in impoverished communities.
  • They include Buruli ulcer, Chagas Dengue, Chikungunya, Echinococcosis; foodborne trematodes; human African trypanosomiasis; leishmaniasis; leprosy; Lymphatic filariasis, mycetoma, etc.
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

Consider the following statements regarding the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP):
  1. It is a free trade agreement (FTA) between all the members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
  2. United States and China are also members of CPTPP.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Mohit Saini answered
Introduction:
The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is a free trade agreement (FTA) between certain countries in the Asia-Pacific region. It is important to understand the correct details about the CPTPP and its membership in order to answer the given question accurately.

Statement 1: It is a free trade agreement (FTA) between all the members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
The first statement is incorrect. The CPTPP is not a free trade agreement between all the members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC is a regional economic forum that promotes economic cooperation and trade among its 21 member economies, including countries such as the United States, China, Japan, Australia, and Canada. However, not all APEC members are part of the CPTPP.

Statement 2: United States and China are also members of CPTPP.
The second statement is incorrect. The United States and China are not members of the CPTPP. The CPTPP was originally known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and included the United States as one of its signatories. However, the United States withdrew from the agreement in 2017 under the Trump administration. China, on the other hand, has not joined the CPTPP.

Correct Answer:
Neither statement 1 nor statement 2 is correct. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - Neither 1 nor 2.

Conclusion:
The CPTPP is a free trade agreement between certain countries in the Asia-Pacific region, but it does not include all the members of APEC. The United States and China are not members of the CPTPP. It is important to have accurate information about the membership of international agreements in order to understand their scope and implications.

With reference to the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board, consider the following statements:
  1. It was formed under the Environment Protection Act, of 1986.
  2. It works under the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anuj Nair answered
Explanation:

Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) is the regulatory body responsible for regulating oil and gas activities in India. Let's analyse the given statements:

Statement 1: It was formed under the Environment Protection Act, of 1986.
This statement is incorrect. The PNGRB was formed under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006. This act was enacted by the Parliament of India to provide for the establishment of a Board to regulate the refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas.

Statement 2: It works under the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
This statement is also incorrect. The PNGRB is an independent regulatory body and it does not work under any ministry. It functions under the aegis of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.

Hence, the correct answer is option D - Neither 1 nor 2.

Consider the following statements regarding Sanchi Stupa:
  1. It was built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the fifth century A.D.
  2. It enshrines religious relics or remains of the Buddha and his most revered disciples.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Sanchi, a world heritage site located in Madhya Pradesh, is all set to become India's first solar city.
About Sanchi:
  • Location:
  • It is located in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.
  • It lies in an upland plateau region just west of the Betwa River.
  • Importance:
  • Sanchi is a religious place with historical and Archaeological significance.
  • It has India’s best-preserved group of Buddhist monuments, collectively designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1989.
  • Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi?
  • The site of Sanchi comprises a group of Buddhist monuments (monolithic pillars, palaces, temples and monasteries), all in different states of conservation, most of which date back to the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. 
  • It is the oldest Buddhist sanctuary in existence and was a major Buddhist centre in India until the 12th century A.D.
  • The most prominent stupa found here is the Sanchi Stupa, also known as the Great Stupa.
  • Other remains at the site include several smaller stupas, an assembly hall (chaitya), an Ashokan pillar with inscriptions, and several monasteries (4th–11th century CE).
Key Facts about Sanchi Stupa:
  • It was built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the third century BC. 
  • It enshrines religious relics or remains of the Buddha and his most revered disciples.
  • Structure:
  • It is enclosed by a massive stone railing pierced by four gateways, which are adorned with elaborate carvings (known as Sanchi sculpture).
  • The stupa itself consists of a base bearing a hemispherical dome (anda), symbolizing the dome of heaven enclosing the earth.
  • It is surmounted by a squared rail unit (harmika) representing the world mountain, from which rises a mast (yashti), symbolizing the cosmic axis. 
  • The mast bears umbrellas (chatras) that represent the various heavens (devaloka).
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Interbank Consortium, consider the following statements:
  1. It was established after the 2008 Global financial crisis.
  2. The first meeting of this consortium was held under India’s presidency in New Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ritika Basu answered
Incorrect. The first statement is incorrect as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Interbank Consortium was established in 2005, before the 2008 global financial crisis. The second statement is also incorrect as the first meeting of the consortium was not held under India, but rather in Beijing, China in 2016.

Consider the following statements regarding the Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme:
  1. It allows the duty-free import of capital goods for the purpose of export production in India.
  2. Second-hand goods are also permitted under the scheme.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Partho Saini answered
Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme

Overview of EPCG Scheme
The Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme is an export promotion scheme that allows duty-free import of capital goods for the purpose of export production in India. The EPCG Scheme is one of the schemes under the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) of India.

Statement Analysis
Statement 1: It allows the duty-free import of capital goods for the purpose of export production in India.
This statement is correct. The EPCG Scheme allows the duty-free import of capital goods for the purpose of export production in India. The scheme helps Indian exporters to import capital goods at zero customs duty, thereby making them more competitive in the global market.

Statement 2: Second-hand goods are also permitted under the scheme.
This statement is incorrect. Second-hand goods are not permitted under the EPCG Scheme. Only new capital goods are allowed to be imported under the scheme. The capital goods imported under the EPCG Scheme should not be older than 10 years.

Conclusion
In conclusion, only statement 1 is correct, and statement 2 is incorrect. The EPCG Scheme allows the duty-free import of capital goods for the purpose of export production in India, but second-hand goods are not permitted under the scheme.

With reference to the Bombay Natural History Society, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a wildlife research organization established in 1883.
  2. It is designated as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO) by the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Over 30 Indian cities are set to participate in the City Nature Challenge, an app-based competition that records observations of nature. 
  • Under this initiative, participants can use the iNaturalist app (available for Android and Apple phones) to click and upload a photo of natural flora and fauna.
  • The app uses Artificial Intelligence to suggest the species name. Community members will collaborate to confirm these suggestions.
  • GPS coordinates for the observation are picked up automatically from the image data.
  • Once an observation is confirmed, it becomes available to scientists and researchers who can use this data to research different plant and animal species or determine the biodiversity in a region.
  • The Bombay Natural History SocietyWorld Wide Fund for Nature-India, and The Naturalist School have partnered to lead this event.
  • Bombay Natural History Society is a pan-India wildlife research organization, that has been promoting the cause of nature conservation since 1883.
  • It is the partner of BirdLife International in India. BirdLife International is a global partnership of conservation organisations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity.
  • It has been designated as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO) by the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
Hence both statements are correct

With reference to Vector-borne diseases, consider the following statements:
  1. These diseases are caused mainly by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors.
  2. These diseases are highly affecting tropical and subtropical countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, in order to prevent the spread of vector-borne infections in the city, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) announced to launch of a pilot project called ‘Eco Biotraps.
  • Eco Biotraps is pegged as an eco-friendly trap with ‘attractants’ that attract female mosquitoes and lay eggs in its water.
  • Eco Biotraps are made from recycled cardboard.
  • It consists of a small bag containing a mixture of attractant and insecticide.
  • These traps are filled with water and placed in mosquito-infested areas.
  • The attractant and insecticide (Insect Growth Regulator granules) in the trap bag are immediately mixed with water. After which, the attractant in the water attracts the female mosquito to lay her eggs there.
  • The insecticide present in the water destroys the mosquito eggs.
  • Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors.
  • The burden of these diseases is highest in tropical and subtropical areas, and they disproportionately affect the poorest populations.
Hence both statements are correct

With reference to Project ELLORA, consider the following statements:
  1. It is helping to create digital ecosystems for Indian languages.
  2. It is being implemented by Microsoft.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Microsoft Research is helping preserve 'rare' Indian languages with its Project ELLORA in India. 
  • Microsoft researchers under this project have been working toward creating digital ecosystems for Indian languages that do not have enough presence online.
  • The main goal of the Project? To impact underserved communities through enabling language technology by creating economic opportunities, building technological skills, enhancing education and preserving local languages and cultures for future generations.
  • Microsoft Research (MSR) has chosen to focus on three languages namely; Gondi, Mundari and Idu Mishmi.
Hence both statements are correct.

Consider the following statements regarding Hemophilia:
  1. It is a viral infection that affects the body’s ability to form blood clots.
  2. Males are much more likely to have hemophilia than females.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Devansh Yadav answered
False.

Hemophilia is not a viral infection. It is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to form blood clots, leading to excessive bleeding and easy bruising. Hemophilia is caused by a deficiency in the clotting factors VIII or IX.

With reference to the Aptamers, consider the following statements:
  1. They are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA (ssDNA or ssRNA) molecules that can selectively bind to a specific target, including proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, small molecules, toxins, and even live cells.
  2. They can be used as an antibody alternative in a variety of therapeutic, diagnostic, and target-binding applications.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
A team of researchers recently developed an electronic biosensor based on DNA aptamers that can detect biomarkers in whole blood samples without the use of reagents.
About Aptamers:
  • They are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA (ssDNA or ssRNA) molecules that can selectively bind to a specific target, including proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, small molecules, toxins, and even live cells.
  • Aptamers assume a variety of shapes due to their tendency to form helices and single-stranded loops. 
  • They can be used as an antibody alternative in a variety of therapeutic, diagnostic, and target-binding applications.
  • They can also be readily conjugated to gold nanoparticles or quantum dots as a basis for point-of-care diagnostics.
  • Aptamers have been successfully used for the diagnosis and therapy of a broad spectrum of pathogens including bacteria, parasites, and viruses.
What is a Biomarker?
  • It is a biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease
  • A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition.
Hence both statements are correct.

With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga Project, consider the following statements:
  1. It was launched in 2021.
  2. It will cater to the energy requirements of five states namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Recently, Prime Minister praised the completion of Bihar portion of Barauni- Guwahati pipeline under Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga Project.
About Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga Project:
  • The project is also known as Jagdishpur – Haldia & Bokaro – Dhamra Pipeline Project (JHBDPL) project.
  • It was launched in 2016 and will cater to the energy requirements of five states namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal.
  • This pipeline will connect six districts in Bihar to the National Gas Grid. The project will provide access to clean natural gas for industries, CNG for vehicles and PNG for homes, promoting a sustainable lifestyle.
  • Total length of pipeline under Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga Project is approx. 3,384 km, out of which 766 km of pipeline is in Odisha state and the balance 2,618 km is in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal & Assam.
  • The seven main station cities include Varanasi, Patna, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Kolkata, Ranchi, Bhubaneswar and Cuttack as the major beneficiaries of the project.
  • The project is being implemented by GAIL.
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to the Blue hole, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a type of underwater sinkhole found in low-lying coastal karst regions.
  2. Taam Ja Blue Hole is located on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, scientists have discovered a massive blue hole off the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.
  • A blue hole is a type of underwater sinkhole or vertical cave that is typically found in low-lying coastal karst platform regions.
  • These are formed when limestone or other carbonate rock is dissolved by slightly acidic groundwater over a long period.
  • Features of Taam Ja Blue hole
  • It is around 900 feet deep and scientists have dubbed it the second-deepest blue hole found on the planet.
  • It has a nearly circular shape at its surface with steep sides that form a large conic structure covered by biofilms, sediments, limestone, and gypsum ledges.
  • It was found in the central portion of Chetumal Bay, where submerged coastal karstic sinkholes locally named ‘pozas’ have been reported.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

Consider the following statements regarding Epstein-Barr virus (EBV):
  1. It spreads through bodily fluids, especially saliva (spit). 
  2. There is no vaccine to protect against EBV infection.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
A recent study shows that Epstein-Barr virus that is primarily spread through saliva can evolve into cancer.
About Epstein-Barr virus (EBV):
  • It is one of the most common human viruses in the world.
  • It spreads through bodily fluids, especially saliva (spit). 
  • SymptomsFatigue, fever, inflamed throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, enlarged spleen, swollen liver, rash.
  • EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis, also called mono, and other illnesses.
  • There is no vaccine to protect against EBV infection.
Hence both statements are correct.

Consider the following statements regarding Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS):
  1. Only the Central Government may notify areas of biodiversity importance as BHS.
  2. The State Government, in consultation with the Central Government, may frame rules for the management and conservation of BHS.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
West Bengal recently notified four more biodiversity heritage sites (BHS), taking the tally in the state to eight.
About Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS):
  • BHS are unique ecosystems having rich biodiversity comprising of any one or more of the following components:
  • Richness of wild as well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories.
  • High endemism.
  • Presence of rare and threatened species, keystone species, and species of evolutionary significance.
  • Wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species or their varieties.
  • Past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds and having significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values and are important for the maintenance of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of human association with them.
  • Under Section-37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, the State Government, in consultation with local bodies, may notify areas of biodiversity importance as BHS.
  • The State Governmentin consultation with the Central Government, may frame rules for the management and conservation of BHS.
  • The creation of BHS may not put any restriction on the prevailing practices and usages of the local communities other than those voluntarily decided by them. 
  • The purpose of declaring BHS is to enhance the quality of life of the local communities through the conservation of such sites.
  • In 2007, the Nallur Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru, Karnataka, was designated as India's first BHS. 
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to the National Panchayat Awards, consider the following statements:
  1. It is given to the best-performing Panchayats by assessing their performance in the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.
  2. The award was instituted in 1992 just after passing the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of the Indian constitution.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
The President of India recently presented the National Panchayat Awards and inaugurated the National Conference on Incentivization of Panchayats in New Delhi.
  • The award was given to the best-performing Panchayats by assessing their performance in the attainment of SDGs.
  • These annual awards were first instituted in 2011.
  • The Awardee Panchayats under various categories of National Panchayat Awards–2023 namely,
  • Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (DDUPSVP) for the performance under individual LSDG themes,
  • Nanaji Deshmukh Sarvottam Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (NDSPSVP) for the aggregate performance under all 9 LSDG themes and green initiative-related Special Categories.
  • Gram Urja Swaraj Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar.
  • Carbon Neutral Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

Consider the following statements regarding India’s first indigenous quadruped robot, recently seen in the news;
  1. They are four-legged robots made for navigating in unstructured terrains.
  2. The robots can carry more than a tonne in payload and walk along with the soldier.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Hyderabad-based Svaya Robotics has developed India’s first indigenous quadruped (four-legged) robot and exoskeleton for the defense sector as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
About India’s first indigenous quadruped robot and exoskeleton:
  • The indigenous robots and wearable exoskeletons were developed by Hyderabad-based Svaya Robotics in collaboration with the DRDO Labs,  Research and Development Establishment (R&DE), Pune, and the Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bengaluru, as technology demonstrators with their design inputs.
  • Both are dual-use robots and have multiple use cases in both Industry and healthcare.
  • Quadruped robots:
  • They are four-legged robots that can walk or run on uneven and rough terrains.
  • The robots can carry 25 kg in payload and walk along with the soldier.
  • It is made for navigating in unstructured terrains to provide remote reconnaissance and inspection, which otherwise are not safe for humans to operate in.
  • Exoskeleton:
  • It is developed to suit Indian soldiers’ anthropometry and augment soldier strength for walking long distances.
  • These active exoskeletons, when worn by soldierscan carry heavy loads without expending much effort.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

With reference to the Khadi and Village Industries Commission, consider the following statements:
  1. It works under the Union Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
  2. It is a statutory body.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, the Chairman of Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) distributed live Bee Colonies, Bee-keeping equipment and 200 Bee-Boxes to the trained beneficiaries at Sulia at Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka under the RE-HAB Project.
  • It is a statutory body established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, of 1956.
  • The KVIC is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.
  • It works under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
Hence both statements are correct.

Consider the following statements regarding Sloth Bear:
  1. More than 50% of the global Sloth Bear population is found in India.
  2. They are classified as Endangered under the IUCN Red List.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Sharma answered
The Kerala forest department has come under intense criticism after it bungled the rescue of a male sloth bear that had fallen into the well.
About Sloth Bear:
  • Sloth bears are one of the eight bear species found across the world.
  • Scientific Name: Melursus ursinus
  • Distribution:
  • Their range includes India, Sri Lanka and southern Nepal.
  • 90% of the global Sloth Bear population is found in India.
  • Habitat: They live in a variety of dry and moist forests and in some tall grasslands, where boulders, scattered shrubs and trees provide shelter.
  • Features:
  • They have long, shaggy dark brown or black fur and curved claws, which are the longest out of any of the bear species.
  • They use their claws to excavate termites and ants.
  • Size: They grow 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 2 meters) long, stand 2 to 3 feet (0.5 to 1 meters) high at the shoulder, and weigh, on average, 90 to 140 kilograms.
  • They have poor senses of sight and hearing but a good sense of smell.
  • Sloth bears' nostrils can close completely, protecting the animals from dust or insects when raiding termite nests or beehives.
  • Conservation Status:
  • IUCN: Vulnerable
  • Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule 1
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

With reference to the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, consider the following statements:
  1. It is drained by only the river Arkavathi.
  2. It is home to the Endangered Asiatic Wild Dog.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Recently a partial albino dhole (Cuon alpinus) has been photo-documented in Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • It is extended over three districts, namely, Chamarajanagar, Mandya and Ramanagara in Karnataka.
  • The sanctuary provides a vital link between Bannerghatta National Park in the north and BRT Tiger Reserve and Male Mahadev Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in the south.
  • The area is drained by three rivers, namely, Cauvery, Arkavathi and Shimsha.
  • Flora: The forest is primarily of dry deciduous and scrub types, but a wide range of forest types including moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen, shola, riverine, Hardwicke forest, etc.
  • Fauna: Important animals found in the sanctuary are tigers, elephants, leopards, bison, wild dog etc.
Hence only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to seamount, consider the following statements:
  1. It is an underwater mountain formed through volcanic activity.
  2. It provides information related to the earth’s mantle’s composition and how tectonic plates evolve.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
Recently, in an astonishing discovery, scientists have reported finding 19,325 new seamounts after poring through new high-resolution data. 
  • Seamount is an underwater mountain formed through volcanic activity.
  • These are recognised as hotspots for marine life. Like volcanoes on land, seamounts can be active, extinct or dormant volcanoes.
  • These are formed near mid-ocean ridges, where the earth’s tectonic plates are moving apart, allowing molten rock to rise to the seafloor.
  • The planet’s two most-studied mid-ocean ridges are the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise.
  • Some seamounts have also been found near intraplate hotspots – regions of heavy volcanic activity within a plate – and oceanic island chains with a volcanic and seismic activity called island arcs.
  • Significance of seamounts
    • They provide information about the mantle’s composition and how tectonic plates evolve.
    • Oceanographers also study seamounts to understand their influence on how water circulates and absorbs heat and carbon dioxide.
    • Seamounts are home to diverse biological communities. They are good places for life because they can cause localised ocean upwelling – the process by which nutrient-rich water from deep within the ocean moves up to the surface.
Hence both statements are correct.

With reference to the Sukhna wildlife sanctuary, consider the following statements:
  1. It is located in the Shivalik Hill ranges.
  2. The Sukhna Lake which is a part of this sanctuary is a Ramsar site.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
The recent judgment of the Supreme Court modifying its June 2022 order related to the eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) will help the Haryana and Punjab Forest departments, which are firm to declare only 100 metres as ESZ of the Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • It is located in the Chandigarh Union Territory.
  • It forms the part of Sukhna Lake catchment area falling in Shivalik hills.
  • Fauna: Sambar deer, Barking deer, and wild boar, as well as several species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
  • Flora: The sanctuary is characterized by a mix of forests, grasslands, and wetlands, with the Sukhna Lake forming an important part of the ecosystem.
  • Shivalik Hills is also called Siwalik Range or Outer Himalayas.
  • It extends for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km).
  • It has an average elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet (900 to 1,200 metres).
  • It rises abruptly from the plain of the Indus and Ganges (Ganga) rivers (south) and parallels the main range of the Himalayas (north), from which it is separated by valleys.
  • Sukhna Lake is not a Ramsar site.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

Consider the following statements regarding the Bar Council of India:
  1. It is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act 1961.
  2. It conducts the All India Bar Examination (AIBE) to grant a 'Certificate of Practice' to advocates practising law in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ashutosh Gupta answered
The correct answer is option C, i.e., both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct. Let's understand each statement in detail:

1. It is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act 1961:
The Bar Council of India (BCI) is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act, 1961. The Act was enacted to provide for the constitution of Bar Councils and to confer certain rights and privileges on advocates. The BCI is the apex regulatory body for the legal profession in India and it regulates the legal education and practice of law in the country.

2. It conducts the All India Bar Examination (AIBE) to grant a Certificate of Practice to advocates practicing law in India:
The BCI conducts the All India Bar Examination (AIBE) to assess the capability and competence of advocates who wish to practice law in India. The AIBE is a mandatory examination for all law graduates seeking to practice law in India. It is conducted in multiple languages and tests the basic knowledge of law, ethics, and professional standards. Upon passing the AIBE, advocates are granted a Certificate of Practice, which enables them to practice law in India.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Bar Council of India is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act, 1961, and it conducts the All India Bar Examination to grant a Certificate of Practice to advocates practicing law in India.

With reference to the National Mission in Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a comprehensive mission which addresses technology development in cyber-physical Systems and other associated technologies.
  2. It is being implemented under the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Alok Sengupta answered
Statement 1: It is a comprehensive mission which addresses technology development in cyber-physical Systems and other associated technologies.
Statement 2: It is being implemented under the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

The correct answer is option 'A' - 1 Only.

Explanation:
The National Mission in Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) is a comprehensive mission that aims to address technology development in cyber-physical systems and other associated technologies. It is a mission that focuses on interdisciplinary research and development in areas such as Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, and other related fields.

However, the second statement is incorrect. The NM-ICPS is not implemented under the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. It is actually implemented under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), which is a part of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The DST is responsible for the overall coordination and implementation of the mission.

The NM-ICPS was launched in 2018 with an approved outlay of Rs. 3660 crore for a period of five years. Its main objectives include creating a strong research ecosystem in the country, developing indigenous technologies, and promoting interdisciplinary research and innovation in the field of cyber-physical systems.

The mission aims to bring together various stakeholders from academia, industry, and government to collaborate and work towards the development of cutting-edge technologies. It also focuses on capacity building, skill development, and creating a workforce that is equipped to tackle the challenges and opportunities in the field of cyber-physical systems.

The NM-ICPS has identified several thrust areas for research and development, including smart manufacturing, smart agriculture, healthcare, transportation, energy, and infrastructure. It aims to develop technologies that can address the specific needs and challenges of these sectors and contribute to the overall growth and development of the country.

In conclusion, the National Mission in Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems is a comprehensive mission that aims to address technology development in cyber-physical systems and associated technologies. It is implemented under the Department of Science and Technology, not the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

With reference to Rongali Bihu, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a major festival of Assam which is celebrated during the month of April.
  2. It marks the onset of the Assamese New Year.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Explanation:

Rongali Bihu:
Rongali Bihu is a major festival celebrated in Assam, marking the onset of the Assamese New Year. It is one of the most important cultural festivals in the state and is usually observed in the month of April.

Correct Statements:
1. It is a major festival of Assam which is celebrated during the month of April: This statement is correct as Rongali Bihu is indeed a significant festival in Assam celebrated in April. It is also known as Bohag Bihu.
2. It marks the onset of the Assamese New Year: This statement is also accurate as Rongali Bihu signifies the beginning of the Assamese New Year. It is a time of joy and celebration, with various cultural activities, traditional dances, music, and feasting.
Therefore, both statements are correct, making option (c) "Both 1 and 2" the correct answer. Rongali Bihu is a festival that brings people together to celebrate the harvest season and welcome the New Year with enthusiasm and joy.

With reference to Light Combat Aircraft Tejas, consider the following statements:
  1. It is a multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft.
  2. It has a maximum payload capacity of 40000 kg.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted a maiden flight test of the Power Take off (PTO) Shaft on Light Combat Aircraft (LCA Tejas) Limited Series Production (LSP) -3 aircraft in Bengaluru. 
  • It is the lightest, smallest and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft in its class.
  • This aircraft is designed to carry a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided, weapons.
  • It has the air-to-air refuelling capability.
  • The maximum payload capacity of Tejas is 4000 kg.
  • Speed: Mach 1.8.
Hence only statement 1 is correct.

With reference to Leprosy, consider the following statements:
  1. It is caused by the Mycobacterium leprae.
  2. It is one of the neglected tropical diseases.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
World Leprosy Day is observed on the last Sunday of January every year.
  • It is a chronic infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria, Mycobacterium leprae.
  • The disease predominantly affects the skin and peripheral nerves if left untreated, the disease may cause progressive and permanent disabilities.
  • Transmission: The bacteria are transmitted via droplets from the nose and mouth during close and frequent contact with untreated cases.
  • The majority of annual new case detections are from South-East Asia.
  • It is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) which still occurs in more than 120 countries, with more than 200 000 new cases reported each year.
Hence both statements are correct.

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