All questions of Forest and Wildlife Resources for Class 10 Exam

Endemic species are species which are found isolated by geographical barriers.

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted for protection of plants and animal species. Before 1972, India only had five designated national parks.

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72 zoological parks zoos in India | nature wildlife in India.

Understanding Reserved Forests
Reserved forests are crucial components of forest management and conservation. They are areas designated specifically for the growth of trees and the sustainable harvesting of forest products. Here’s why option 'A' is the correct match:
Definition of Reserved Forests
- Reserved forests are legally designated areas where the government has full control over the management and conservation of the forest.
- These areas are protected from deforestation and are meant for the sustainable extraction of timber and non-timber products.
Purpose of Reserved Forests
- They serve multiple purposes, including biodiversity conservation, habitat protection for wildlife, and providing resources for local communities.
- By designating these areas as reserved, the government ensures that they are not exploited unchecked, allowing for responsible forestry practices.
Comparison with Other Types of Forests
- Protected Forests: These are often managed by local communities, particularly in regions like the Northeastern states of India, but they do not have the same level of legal protection as reserved forests.
- Unclassed Forests: These are not formally classified and can include areas that may or may not be managed by the Forest Department.
- Permanent Forests: This term typically refers to forests intended for long-term use, but it does not specifically denote a geographical location like Odisha or Rajasthan.
Conclusion
The accurate matching of reserved forests with their definition emphasizes their role in sustainable forestry and environmental conservation. Understanding the distinctions between various types of forests is essential for effective ecological management.

Species which are facing high risk of extinction are called endangered species.

Understanding Khadar Soil
Khadar soil is a vital type of soil used for intensive agriculture, particularly in regions with alluvial plains. Here’s a detailed look at why Khadar soil is preferred for farming.
Characteristics of Khadar Soil
- Khadar soil is typically found in river valleys and floodplains.
- It is rich in nutrients due to the deposition of silt during floods.
- This soil has a fine texture, which facilitates good water retention and drainage.
Suitability for Intensive Agriculture
- Nutrient-Rich: The high nutrient content in Khadar soil supports the growth of diverse crops.
- Moisture Retention: Its ability to retain moisture is crucial for crops, especially in areas with varying rainfall.
- High Fertility: Khadar soil is known for its fertility, making it ideal for growing cash crops and food grains.
Comparison with Other Soil Types
- Kankar Soil: Contains hard nodules of calcium carbonate, making it less suitable for intensive agriculture.
- Bhanger Soil: Generally found in older alluvial plains, it is less fertile and not as suitable for high-yield crops.
- Bhabhar Soil: Located in foothill regions, it has a coarse texture and poor water retention, which limits agricultural productivity.
Conclusion
Khadar soil stands out as the preferred choice for intensive agriculture due to its rich nutrients, good moisture retention, and overall fertility. This makes it essential for sustaining high agricultural outputs in suitable regions.

Overview of the Himalayan Yew
The Himalayan yew, scientifically known as *Taxus wallichiana*, is a medicinal plant that has garnered attention due to its therapeutic properties and is currently facing threats of extinction.
Medicinal Properties
- The Himalayan yew is primarily known for its bark and needles, which contain compounds like paclitaxel, commonly used in cancer treatment.
- Paclitaxel is effective against various cancers, including breast and ovarian cancer, making the Himalayan yew invaluable in modern medicine.
Threats to Extinction
- Overharvesting: Due to its medicinal value, the Himalayan yew has been extensively harvested, leading to reduced populations in its natural habitat.
- Habitat loss: Environmental changes, deforestation, and development activities have contributed to the decline of its natural ecosystems.
Conservation Efforts
- Efforts are being made to conserve the Himalayan yew, including creating protected areas and promoting sustainable harvesting practices.
- Research and cultivation programs aim to ensure that this vital plant can continue to provide its medicinal benefits without endangering its existence.
Conclusion
The Himalayan yew is a critical medicinal plant at risk of extinction. Its unique properties and the ongoing threats it faces highlight the need for conservation and sustainable practices to protect this valuable species for future generations.

Evergreen forests are found in the Assam Valley, the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Manipur, where the rainfall exceeds 2,300 mm (91 in) per annum.

Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The assertion states that India's biodiversity is vital for ecological balance and supports various life forms. This highlights the importance of biodiversity in sustaining ecosystems, which is indeed true.
Significance of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity contributes to ecosystem stability.
- It provides essential services such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation.
- A healthy biodiversity is crucial for food security and medical resources.
Evaluating the Reason
The reason claims that the majority of species in India are well-documented and do not face extinction threats. This statement is misleading.
- Many species in India are not well-documented; significant gaps in biological knowledge exist.
- Numerous species are currently facing threats due to habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, and over-exploitation.
Conclusion
Given this context:
- Assertion (A) is true; biodiversity is critical for ecological balance in India.
- Reason (R) is false; many species are under threat, and not all are well-documented.
Thus, the correct answer is option C: Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The Assertion (A) states that local communities in India have effectively implemented conservation strategies based on their traditional knowledge. The Reason (R) provides examples, such as the Chipko movement and sacred groves, showing how traditional beliefs contribute to biodiversity conservation.
Analysis of Assertion (A)
- Local communities in India, especially in rural areas, have a deep-rooted understanding of their environment.
- They utilize traditional practices that promote sustainable use of natural resources.
- Successful initiatives like community-managed forests and organic farming are examples of this assertion.
Analysis of Reason (R)
- The Chipko movement, which began in the 1970s, involved villagers hugging trees to prevent deforestation.
- It showcased how local people mobilized to protect their forests, demonstrating the power of traditional ecological knowledge.
- Sacred groves serve as ecological sanctuaries where specific trees and species are protected based on cultural beliefs, promoting biodiversity.
Connection Between A and R
- Both the Assertion and the Reason highlight the successful integration of traditional knowledge into conservation efforts.
- The Chipko movement and sacred groves are clear examples that validate the Assertion, making the Reason a correct explanation of the Assertion.
Conclusion
Given the alignment of traditional practices with effective conservation strategies, the answer is:
- Option A: Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
This demonstrates how cultural beliefs can lead to successful conservation outcomes, emphasizing the importance of local knowledge in biodiversity preservation.

The sangai is an endemic and endangered subspecies of brow-antlered deer found only in Manipur, India. It is also the state animal of Manipur. Its common English name is Manipur brow-antlered deer or Eld's deer and the scientific name is Rucervus eldii eldii. Its original natural habitat is the floating marshy grasslands of the Keibul Lamjao National Park, located in the southern parts of the Loktak Lake, which is the largest freshwater lake in eastern India.

Bengal tigers, scientifically known as Panthera tigris tigris, are specifically found in the Delta area. Here is an explanation of why this is the correct answer:

Bengal Tigers
- Bengal tigers are one of the six tiger subspecies and are native to the Indian subcontinent.
- They are known for their distinct orange coat with black stripes, which provides excellent camouflage in their habitat.

Distribution
- Bengal tigers are primarily found in India, with the largest population residing in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in the Ganges Delta.
- The Sundarbans is a vast delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers, and it spans across India and Bangladesh.
- This delta region is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site and is home to the largest population of Bengal tigers.

Habitat
- The Delta area provides a unique habitat for Bengal tigers due to its combination of mangrove forests, freshwater swamps, and tidal mudflats.
- The tigers are adapted to this specific environment, where they can swim, wade through water, and move through the dense vegetation.
- The mangroves serve as an ideal hunting ground for the tigers, as they provide cover and attract prey such as deer, wild boar, and various types of birds.

Threats and Conservation
- Despite being found in a specific region, Bengal tigers are classified as an endangered species due to various threats.
- Habitat loss, poaching for their body parts, and human-wildlife conflict are some of the major challenges faced by these tigers.
- Conservation efforts, including protected areas, anti-poaching measures, and community involvement, are crucial for the survival of Bengal tigers.

In conclusion, Bengal tigers are specifically found in the Delta area, particularly in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of the Ganges Delta. This region provides the perfect habitat for these majestic creatures, allowing them to thrive and maintain their population.

The Concept of Extinction
Extinction refers to the complete disappearance of a species from the planet. This can occur naturally over time or can be accelerated by human activities. Understanding species that are no longer found in their known habitats is crucial for conservation efforts.
Definition of Extinct Species
- An extinct species is one that has no living individuals left.
- They cannot be found despite extensive searches in their known or potential habitats.
Reasons for Extinction
- Habitat Loss: Destruction of natural habitats due to urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation.
- Climate Change: Alterations in climate can make environments unsuitable for certain species.
- Overexploitation: Unsustainable hunting, fishing, and harvesting practices can lead to population declines.
- Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native species can disrupt local ecosystems and outcompete native species.
Importance of Recognizing Extinct Species
- Understanding extinction helps in wildlife conservation and biodiversity preservation.
- Identifying extinct species raises awareness about the fragility of ecosystems and the consequences of human actions.
Conclusion
In summary, species that are not found after thorough searches in their known habitats are classified as extinct. This classification highlights the importance of biodiversity and the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect remaining species before they face a similar fate. Recognizing these extinct species can serve as a reminder of what has been lost and emphasize the need for sustainable practices to prevent further extinctions.

A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve. Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction of the species home.

The correct answer is option 'C': Insensitivity to our environment.

Explanation:
Insensitivity to our environment refers to the lack of awareness and concern for the impact of human activities on the environment. This insensitivity leads to actions that harm the diverse flora and fauna of the planet.

1. Destruction of habitats: Insensitivity to our environment often results in the destruction of natural habitats. Forests are cleared for agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization, leading to the loss of habitat for many plant and animal species. This destruction disrupts ecosystems and threatens the survival of various species.

2. Deforestation: Insensitivity to our environment also contributes to deforestation. Trees are cut down for timber, agriculture, and other purposes, causing the loss of important ecosystems and habitats. Deforestation reduces biodiversity and negatively affects the flora and fauna that rely on forest ecosystems.

3. Overexploitation: Insensitivity to our environment leads to the overexploitation of natural resources. This includes overfishing, illegal hunting, and the unsustainable harvesting of plants. Overexploitation can result in the depletion of certain species and disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems.

4. Pollution: While pollution is not the correct answer in this case, it is worth mentioning that insensitivity to our environment also contributes to increasing pollution levels. Pollution from various sources, such as industrial waste, agricultural run-off, and improper waste management, can harm both plants and animals. It contaminates water bodies, degrades air quality, and affects the health and survival of species.

5. Climate change: Although global warming is not the correct answer, it is important to note that insensitivity to our environment also contributes to climate change. Activities such as deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, and the release of greenhouse gases are major contributors to climate change. Climate change has significant impacts on ecosystems, altering temperature and precipitation patterns, and affecting the distribution and survival of plant and animal species.

In conclusion, insensitivity to our environment plays a significant role in the threat faced by the diverse flora and fauna of the planet. It leads to the destruction of habitats, deforestation, overexploitation, and ultimately disrupts ecosystems and biodiversity. It is essential for individuals and societies to become more aware and sensitive to the environment to ensure the protection and conservation of our valuable natural resources.

Endangered Plant Species in India
India is home to a rich diversity of flora, but several plant species are facing the threat of extinction. The number of endangered plant species is a significant concern for conservationists and environmentalists.
Statistics on Endangered Species
- According to the latest assessments, approximately 1,500 plant species in India are classified as endangered.
- This figure highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts and awareness among the public.
Reasons for Endangerment
- Habitat Loss: Rapid urbanization and agricultural expansion have led to significant habitat destruction.
- Overexploitation: Many plants are harvested for medicinal, ornamental, or commercial purposes, leading to their decline.
- Climate Change: Alterations in climate patterns affect plant growth and distribution, putting additional stress on vulnerable species.
Conservation Efforts
- Protected Areas: India has established numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to protect endangered flora.
- Research and Education: Institutions are engaged in research to understand and mitigate the factors contributing to plant endangerment.
- Community Involvement: Local communities are encouraged to participate in conservation initiatives, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices.
Conclusion
Understanding the status of endangered plant species in India is crucial for preserving the country's biodiversity. With about 1,500 species at risk, collective efforts in conservation, awareness, and sustainable practices can make a significant difference in protecting these vital plants.

The brown bear—the Himalayan brown bear is an endangered animal that can be found in some of the most remote mountain regions of Nepal, India, Pakistan and Tibet.

The species which are not found after searching known areas where they may occur is said to have undergone extinction.

• Extinction in biology or ecology means the end of organism or group of organisms.
• Some of the animals that faced extinction are woolly mammoth, stellar sea cow, dodo etc.

Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly, for ex- wind energy, solar energy etc.

Launched in 1971, UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an Intergovernmental Scientific Programme that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments.

Among the given options, India Rhino is an endangered animal. In 2012, the IUCN Red List included 3079 animal and 2655 plant species as endangered (EN) worldwide.

The burning of fossil fuels like coal natural gas, petroleum in automobiles, industries and thermal plants leads to increase in air pollution.

Laterite has been derived from the Latin word 'later' which means brick.

Objective of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, enacted in 1972, aims to conserve and protect wildlife and their habitats across India. The primary focus of this legislation is to ensure that endangered species are safeguarded from various threats, particularly hunting.
Prohibition of Hunting
- The act explicitly prohibits hunting of specified endangered species, making it illegal to kill or capture these animals.
- This prohibition is crucial as hunting poses a direct threat to wildlife populations, leading to declines in numbers and potential extinction.
- By banning hunting, the act seeks to create a safe environment for wildlife to thrive and recover from previous exploitation.
Additional Measures
While the act primarily focuses on hunting, it also encompasses other protective measures, including:
- Habitat Protection: Although not the primary focus, the act includes provisions to protect the habitats of endangered species.
- Trade Regulation: The act regulates the trade of wildlife and wildlife products, further contributing to the protection of species.
- Pollution Control: While pollution is detrimental to wildlife, it is not the main objective of this act; however, it is addressed under other environmental laws.
Conclusion
In summary, while the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act addresses various aspects of wildlife conservation, its primary objective is to prohibit hunting, thereby ensuring the survival of endangered species. The act serves as a vital legal framework for wildlife protection in India, promoting biodiversity and ecological balance.

Correct Answer: Option C
The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan is renowned for its strong commitment to environmental conservation, particularly regarding wildlife protection.
Key Points about Bishnoi Villages:
- Wildlife Protection: The Bishnoi people are known for their reverence for nature and are particularly protective of blackbuck, nilgai, and peacocks, which are considered sacred animals.
- Historical Significance: Their conservation efforts date back to the 18th century, inspired by their founder, Guru Jambeshwar, who preached the importance of living in harmony with nature.
- Cultural Practices: The Bishnois follow 29 tenets (hence the name 'Bishnoi', meaning 29) which emphasize the protection of flora and fauna. This includes prohibition against harming animals and cutting down trees.
Comparison with Other Options:
- Option A: Mundas and Santhal tribes do have cultural practices involving nature but do not specifically worship tamarind and mango trees as a primary aspect of their beliefs.
- Option B: While tribals in Odisha and Bihar do engage in worship involving local flora, it's not specifically about mahua and kadamba trees in the same way as the Bishnois protect wildlife.
- Option D: The assertion about people in Alwar district establishing Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri' to promote hunting is incorrect; instead, this community is more focused on conservation and protecting wildlife.
Conclusion:
The Bishnoi community’s proactive measures in wildlife conservation make them exemplary figures in environmental protection, which solidifies option C as the correct answer.

Himalayan Yew is a medicinal plant. It is found in Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. It is used in making drugs. These drugs are used for treating some types of cancer.

Under conditions of heavy rainfall, the laterite soil is formed. Due to alternate wet and dry cycles, they are the result of extreme leaching. Heavy rainfall leaches out all soluble materials, leaving behind a high proportion of residual (remaining), insoluble iron and aluminium oxides in the soil from the top layer of the soil. Laterite soil is considered such soil. It is built in regions that receive heavy rainfall. Thus, the correct answer is option 'A'.