All questions of CBT II for Civil Engineering (CE) Exam

Gypsum is a rock, mica, and quartz are minerals.

The system of a building comprising of slabs, beams, and load-bearing walls are known as a load-bearing structure.

Consider an element of disc at a distance r and having width dr.

Head loss due to the sudden expansion ⇒h_e=(V₁−V₂)²/2g

Carrots are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A(from beta-carotene), biotin, vitamin K (phylloquinone), potassium and vitamin B6. Vitamin A: Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body.

Soda lime glass is commonly used in doors and windows.

Explanation:
Soda Lime Glass:
- Soda lime glass is a type of glass that is made from a mixture of soda (sodium carbonate), lime (calcium oxide), and silica (silicon dioxide).
- It is the most common type of glass used in everyday applications due to its low cost and versatility.
- Soda lime glass is transparent and has good optical properties, making it suitable for use in doors and windows.
- It is also relatively easy to manufacture, making it a popular choice for large-scale production.

Properties and Advantages of Soda Lime Glass:
1. Transparency: Soda lime glass is highly transparent, allowing light to pass through it. This property makes it ideal for use in doors and windows, as it allows natural light to enter the space and provides a clear view of the outside world.
2. Strength: Soda lime glass is relatively strong and can withstand normal handling and use. It is resistant to impact and provides a barrier against weather conditions, making it suitable for exterior applications such as windows and doors.
3. Thermal Insulation: Soda lime glass has good thermal insulation properties, meaning it helps to keep the interior of a building warm in cold weather and cool in hot weather. This property contributes to energy efficiency and can help reduce heating and cooling costs.
4. Versatility: Soda lime glass can be easily shaped and molded into various forms, making it suitable for different types of doors and windows. It can be made into different sizes, thicknesses, and designs to meet specific requirements.
5. Cost-Effective: Soda lime glass is relatively inexpensive compared to other types of glass, such as lead glass or boro-silicate glass. This cost-effectiveness makes it a popular choice for doors and windows in both residential and commercial buildings.

In conclusion, soda lime glass is commonly used in doors and windows due to its transparency, strength, thermal insulation properties, versatility, and cost-effectiveness.

National Mission on Pollution Control is not a part of National Action Plan on Climate Change.

According to depth, the manholes are classified as shallow manholes, normal manholes, and deep manholes.

In chain surveying, following lines are used

In order to convert pan evaporation value into lake evaporation value a pan coefficient is used.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the most important unit, where all the processing jobs take place. CPU is the control centre of the computer and hence it is said to be the brain of the computer. CPU has three main components:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It performs all the arithmetic operations like addition (+), multiplication (*), subtraction (-), division (/) on the numerical data directed by the control unit. All the logical operations, like less than (<), greater="" than="" (="">), equal to (ALU also carries out =), not equal to (≠) etc..
2. Control Unit (CU): It controls and coordinates all the operations taking place in the system. It controls the flow of data and information from one unit to the other.
3. Registers/Memory Unit (MU): To execute a program, data and instructions need to be stored temporarily. This storage is done in the MU. The data and instructions are retrieved from MU by Control Unit to supply ALU as required by the program.
   

Framed structure comprises slabs resting on beams that are supported by a network of columns.

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established by the Central Government in 2003 to implement India’s Biological Diversity Act (2002). The NBA with its headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India delivers its mandate through a structure that comprises of the Authority, Secretariat, SBBs, BMCs and Expert Committees.

Understanding Maximum Abrasion Value
The maximum abrasion value for a base course in Water Bound Macadam (WBM) with bituminous surfacing is a crucial specification in railway construction and maintenance.
What is Abrasion Value?
- The abrasion value indicates the resistance of aggregates to wear and tear due to traffic loads and environmental factors.
- A higher abrasion value signifies better durability and longevity of the road or track surface.
Importance of Base Course in WBM
- The base course provides structural support and distributes loads to the subgrade.
- It plays a vital role in ensuring the stability and performance of the bituminous surfacing above it.
Specifications for Railways
- For WBM with bituminous surfacing, the maximum allowable abrasion value is set to ensure that the surface can withstand the demands of heavy rail traffic.
- The value is determined based on studies and standards that assess the wear characteristics of materials under operational conditions.
Conclusion: Why Option D is Correct
- The correct maximum abrasion value being 50% indicates that the chosen aggregates must be robust enough to endure the stresses of railway operations.
- This specification helps in prolonging the life of the railway track and reducing maintenance costs.
In summary, the maximum abrasion value of 50% for a base course in WBM with bituminous surfacing is essential for achieving durability and performance in railway infrastructure. Proper adherence to this specification ensures reliable operations and safety in rail transport.

∑ Fx = 80 – 100 cos 60° - 120 cos 30°

Liquidated damages: These are damages defined in the construction contract and chargeable against funds due to the contractor for each day the contractor fails to complete the project beyond the contract completion date.

Because the horizontal component of velocity are the same for both car and ball, so they cover equal horizontal distances in the given time interval.

Carbon monoxide, when mixed with blood cells in the human body, leads to the formation of Carboxyhemoglobin which is Pink in colour. It decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity.

Standard Rail Length for Broad-Gauge Tracks in Indian Railways

The standard rail length for a broad-gauge track as per Indian Railways is 12.80 meters (m).

Explanation:
- Broad-gauge is one of the three major types of track gauges used in the Indian railway network, with the other two being meter-gauge and narrow-gauge. Broad-gauge tracks have a greater distance between the rails compared to meter-gauge and narrow-gauge tracks.
- Indian Railways, one of the largest railway networks in the world, operates on a broad-gauge track system that spans across the country.
- The standard rail length for a broad-gauge track in Indian Railways is 12.80 meters (m).
- This standard length is used for manufacturing and laying rail tracks in various parts of the country.
- The rail length is measured from end to end and includes both the head and the foot of the rail.
- The standard rail length ensures uniformity and compatibility in the railway network, allowing for smooth and efficient train operations.
- The broad-gauge tracks are designed to handle heavier loads and higher speeds compared to meter-gauge and narrow-gauge tracks.
- The rails used in broad-gauge tracks are made of steel and are typically manufactured in large steel plants.
- These rail tracks are laid on a bed of ballast, which consists of crushed stone or gravel, to provide stability and support to the tracks.
- The tracks are fixed on wooden or concrete sleepers that are placed at regular intervals along the track alignment.
- The standard rail length of 12.80 meters is carefully chosen to ensure the stability, strength, and durability of the tracks, considering factors such as train weight, speed, and track alignment.
- The 12.80-meter rail length has been standardized by Indian Railways to facilitate efficient maintenance, replacement, and expansion of the broad-gauge track network.
- It is worth noting that the standard rail length may vary in special cases or specific sections of the railway network where different requirements or conditions exist.

Overall, the standard rail length of 12.80 meters is essential for the smooth functioning and development of the broad-gauge track system in Indian Railways.

In annealing, hot steel is cool gradually make the steel soft which makes it ductile. The internal thermal stresses are relieved and resist fracture under sudden stresses i.e. toughness increases.

Catenation is the bonding of atoms of the same element into a series, called a chain.

Formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, the Keoladeo National Park lies between two of India's most historic cities, Agra and Jaipur. It was declared a national park in 1982 and then later tagged as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. The park is home to over 370 species of birds and animals such as the basking python, painted storks, deer, Nilgai and more. It is mainly known for migrated Siberian cranes.

Source code is the fundamental component of a computer program that is created by a programmer. It can be read and easily understood by a human being.

Explanation:

Pile driving hammers are heavy machinery used in construction and civil engineering projects to drive piles into the ground. They are designed to deliver a high impact force to the top of the pile, which helps to drive it into the ground effectively.

The weight of a pile driving hammer is an important factor in its performance and efficiency. A heavier hammer can deliver a greater impact force and drive the pile deeper into the ground. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the weight of the hammer accurately.

The correct answer to the question is option 'D', which states that a pile driving hammer weighs about 350 kg. This weight is an average estimate and can vary depending on the specific model and design of the hammer. Some pile driving hammers may weigh slightly less or more than 350 kg, but this option provides a reasonable approximation.

Pile driving hammers are typically made of heavy-duty steel and are designed to withstand the high impact forces generated during the driving process. The weight of the hammer is distributed evenly to ensure stability and balance during operation.

Having a precise weight for the pile driving hammer is crucial for various reasons:

1. Impact Force: The weight of the hammer directly affects the impact force it can deliver. A heavier hammer will generate a more significant impact force, allowing it to drive piles into the ground more effectively.

2. Stability: The weight of the hammer helps to stabilize it during operation. The additional weight provides a counterbalance to the force generated during the driving process, preventing excessive vibrations and ensuring accurate and efficient pile driving.

3. Equipment Compatibility: Knowing the weight of the hammer is essential for selecting compatible equipment, such as cranes or pile drivers, to lift and operate the hammer safely. It ensures that the equipment used can handle the weight and perform the necessary tasks without any issues.

4. Safety Considerations: The weight of the hammer affects the overall safety of the operation. Proper weight distribution and balance are crucial for preventing accidents and maintaining a secure working environment.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a pile driving hammer weighs about 350 kg on average. This weight is an estimation and can vary depending on the specific model and design of the hammer. The weight of the hammer directly impacts its performance, stability, equipment compatibility, and overall safety during pile driving operations.

Concrete in Sea-water (as per IS 456: 2000)

Derrick cranes consist of a mast, a boom, and a bull wheel on which the boom rotates about a vertical axis and guys or supporting members. These cranes are either electrically operated, diesel operated or diesel-electrically operated.

Centre of Pressure from the surface of the liquid is given by

A brick of standard size–(190 mm × 90 mm × 90 mm) is recommended by BIS with mortar thickness, the size of such brick becomes (200 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm), and it is known as nominal size of a modular brick.

Static Indeterminacy (D_S)

The slope of the straight line for Newtonian fluid refers to the relationship between shear stress and shear rate. This relationship is described by Newton's law of viscosity.

Newton's Law of Viscosity states that the shear stress between two layers of a fluid is directly proportional to the velocity gradient between the layers. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

Shear Stress = Viscosity x Shear Rate

Where:
- Shear Stress is the force per unit area acting tangentially to the direction of flow.
- Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
- Shear Rate is the rate at which the fluid is deforming or shearing.

In this equation, the slope of the straight line represents the viscosity of the fluid. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Newtonian Fluid:
- A Newtonian fluid is a type of fluid that follows Newton's law of viscosity.
- It has a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate, resulting in a straight line on a graph.
- Examples of Newtonian fluids include water, air, and most common liquids and gases.

2. Shear Stress:
- Shear stress refers to the force per unit area acting tangentially to the direction of flow.
- It is a measure of the internal resistance of a fluid to flow when subjected to an external force.
- Shear stress is represented on the y-axis of a graph.

3. Shear Rate:
- Shear rate represents the rate at which the fluid is deforming or shearing.
- It is defined as the velocity gradient between two layers of fluid.
- Shear rate is represented on the x-axis of a graph.

4. Viscosity:
- Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
- It determines how easily a fluid can be deformed by an applied force.
- Viscosity is represented by the slope of the straight line on a graph of shear stress versus shear rate.
- The steeper the slope, the higher the viscosity of the fluid.

5. Slope of the Straight Line:
- The slope of the straight line represents the viscosity of the fluid.
- It can be calculated by dividing the change in shear stress by the change in shear rate.
- A higher slope indicates a higher viscosity, while a lower slope indicates a lower viscosity.

In conclusion, the slope of the straight line for a Newtonian fluid represents its viscosity. This relationship is described by Newton's law of viscosity, which states that shear stress is directly proportional to shear rate. The slope of the line determines the viscosity of the fluid, where a higher slope indicates a higher viscosity.

River Godavari: The Vridha Ganga of India

The river Godavari is known as Vridha Ganga, which means "Old Ganges." It is the longest river in peninsular India and the second longest river in India after the Ganges. Let's explore some key details about the Godavari river:

Origin and Course:
- The Godavari river originates from Trimbak in the Nashik district of Maharashtra.
- It flows eastward across the Deccan Plateau and passes through the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and finally merges into the Bay of Bengal.
- The river has a total length of about 1,465 kilometers.

Significance:
- The Godavari river is considered sacred by Hindus and holds immense religious significance.
- It is often referred to as Dakshin Ganga (Ganges of the South) due to its importance in Hindu mythology and rituals.
- The river is associated with various legends and is believed to have cleansing powers.
- Many important Hindu pilgrimage sites, such as Nashik, Trimbakeshwar, Bhadrachalam, and Rajahmundry, are located along its banks.

Hydroelectric Projects:
- The Godavari river is utilized for the generation of hydroelectric power.
- Several major dams and hydroelectric projects have been constructed on the river, including the Jayakwadi Dam, Sriram Sagar Dam, Polavaram Dam, and Dowleswaram Barrage.
- These projects help in irrigation, water supply, and electricity generation, contributing to the development of the region.

Biodiversity and Ecology:
- The Godavari river basin is known for its rich biodiversity.
- The river and its tributaries support diverse ecosystems and are home to a wide range of flora and fauna.
- The Godavari river delta is one of the largest in India and provides a fertile habitat for various species of plants, birds, and aquatic life.

Conclusion:
The Godavari river, also known as Vridha Ganga, is a significant river in India. It holds religious importance, supports hydroelectric projects, and sustains diverse ecosystems. Its cultural and ecological significance makes it a prominent feature in the geography of India.

Here, velocity field V = (x² – 2xy) i + v j

Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary notified as such in April 1981 and subsequently denotified in 1995 with the reduced area, It is a unique ecosystem near Narayan Sarovar in the Lakhpat taluka of Kutch district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is most famous for Chinkara.

Dyke: It is an earthen embankment of trapezoidal section constructed approximately parallel to the bank of the river to confine the flood water to the minimum possible cross-section of the river in between the embankments.

A computer is an electronic, digital device used to process data, converting the data into information that is useful to the people/Users.

The expected completion time (tE)

Conventional concrete is modified by random dispersal of particles of short discrete fibres. These fibres may be of steel, glass, carbon, asbestos etc. Such concrete is known as fibre reinforced concrete. Asbestos cement fibres so far have proved to be commercially successful.

Cyclones is called Typhoons in Japan and the Philippines. A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin.

Hauling is defined as the movement of materials from one place to another. The equipment used for transportation of materials are known as hauling equipment or simply haulers.

As per IRC, the maximum allowable superelevation is taken to be

Excessive deflection in prestressed concrete beams occurs in the post-cracking stage.

Explanation:
- Prestressed concrete beams are designed to withstand high loads and resist cracking. They are constructed by applying compressive forces to the concrete before the loads are applied, which helps to counteract the tensile forces that lead to cracking.
- However, even with prestressing, some cracking may still occur due to various reasons such as shrinkage, temperature changes, or construction errors. These cracks are typically small and do not affect the overall structural integrity of the beam.
- In the pre-cracking stage, the prestressed concrete beam behaves elastically and shows minimal deflection. The prestressing forces are distributed evenly, and the beam remains in its original shape.
- In the plastic stage, the beam starts to deform beyond its elastic limits. The prestressing forces are no longer sufficient to counteract the applied loads, and the beam begins to yield and experience plastic deformation. The deflection increases, but it is still within acceptable limits.
- However, in the post-cracking stage, when cracks have formed in the beam, the deflection becomes excessive. The cracks introduce additional flexibility into the beam, reducing its stiffness and increasing its deflection under load. This excessive deflection can lead to structural problems, such as excessive vibrations, reduced load-carrying capacity, or even failure.
- To mitigate excessive deflection in the post-cracking stage, additional measures are taken, such as providing additional reinforcement or limiting the maximum allowable crack widths.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - excessive deflection occurs in the post-cracking stage of prestressed concrete beams.

The correct answer to the question is option 'C', which states that the Battle of Chillianwala was fought in 1849.

The Battle of Chillianwala was a major conflict that took place during the Second Anglo-Sikh War, which occurred between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company. This war lasted from 1848 to 1849 and played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of the Indian subcontinent.

The Battle of Chillianwala was fought on January 13, 1849, in the region of Chillianwala, which is now located in present-day Pakistan. It was a significant battle that resulted in a stalemate between the Sikh and British forces.

Here is a breakdown of the key events and factors leading up to the Battle of Chillianwala:

1. Background:
- The Sikh Empire, under the rule of Maharaja Duleep Singh, had been engaged in conflicts with the British East India Company.
- The British sought to expand their influence in the region and gradually annex Punjab, a powerful Sikh state.

2. The British Invasion:
- In 1848, the British launched a military campaign to conquer Punjab and remove the Sikh leadership.
- The British forces, led by General Sir Hugh Gough, aimed to secure control over Punjab and weaken the Sikh Empire.

3. Initial Battles:
- The British forces achieved initial success in battles such as the Battle of Ramnagar and the Battle of Sadulapur.
- These victories allowed the British to advance further into Punjab.

4. The Battle of Chillianwala:
- On January 13, 1849, the Sikh and British armies clashed at Chillianwala.
- The battle lasted for several hours and resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.
- Despite the British having superior firepower, the Sikh forces fiercely resisted their advances.

5. Outcome and Significance:
- The Battle of Chillianwala ended inconclusively, with neither side achieving a clear victory.
- The heavy losses suffered by the British forces raised concerns about their military capabilities in India.
- However, the battle did not deter the British from their objective of annexing Punjab.

Overall, the Battle of Chillianwala was a significant event during the Second Anglo-Sikh War, highlighting the determination and resilience of the Sikh forces against the British.

Incorrect Assumption in the Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation:
The assumption that the flow is unsteady is incorrect in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation.

Explanation:
- Ideal Fluid: The assumption of an ideal fluid is valid in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation as it simplifies the analysis and is often a good approximation for many fluid flow situations.
- Unsteady Flow: The assumption of unsteady flow implies that the flow parameters vary with time. However, Bernoulli’s equation is derived for steady flow, where the flow parameters do not change with time. Therefore, assuming unsteady flow would lead to inconsistencies in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation.
- Incompressible Flow: This assumption is valid in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation as it simplifies the analysis by neglecting changes in fluid density.
- Irrotational Flow: The assumption of irrotational flow means that the fluid particles do not rotate as they move along their paths. This assumption is also valid in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation as it simplifies the analysis and is often applicable in many fluid flow situations.
In conclusion, the assumption of unsteady flow is incorrect in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation. It is important to consider the conditions under which the equation is derived to ensure its accuracy and applicability to the given fluid flow situation.

Address as a Storage Location Identifier
Address is a name or number used to identify a storage location devices. In computer systems, an address is a unique identifier for a memory location where data is stored. It allows the CPU to access and retrieve information from specific locations in the computer's memory.

Explanation
- Memory Storage: In computer systems, data is stored in memory locations, each of which has a unique address. These addresses are used by the CPU to locate and retrieve data when needed.
- Addressing: When a program is executed, the CPU uses addresses to access instructions and data stored in memory. The CPU fetches the data from the memory location specified by the address.
- Storage Devices: Addresses are also used to identify storage devices such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and optical drives. Each storage device is divided into sectors or blocks, each with its own unique address.
- Input/Output: Addresses are also used in input/output operations to identify specific devices connected to the computer, such as printers, scanners, and external storage devices.

Conclusion
In conclusion, an address is a crucial component in computer systems that allows for the efficient storage, retrieval, and management of data. It serves as a unique identifier for memory locations and storage devices, enabling the CPU to access the required information quickly and accurately.

In a capitalist economy, the factors of production are owned individually. This means that private individuals, rather than the government or society as a whole, own and control the resources necessary for production. Let's explore this concept in more detail:

1. Factors of production: The factors of production refer to the resources and inputs used in the production of goods and services. They typically include land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Land represents natural resources, labor refers to human effort and skills, capital includes physical and financial assets, and entrepreneurship involves the organization and management of these resources.

2. Individual ownership: In a capitalist economy, these factors of production are owned and controlled by private individuals. This means that individuals have the right to own property, including land, buildings, equipment, and financial assets. They are free to use these resources in whatever way they deem fit, within the boundaries of the law.

3. Private enterprise: Capitalism is characterized by private enterprise, where businesses are owned and operated by individuals or groups of individuals. These individuals have the freedom to start businesses, make investments, and engage in trade and commerce. They can hire workers, acquire capital goods, and make decisions regarding production, pricing, and distribution.

4. Profit motive: In a capitalist economy, the primary motivation for economic activity is the pursuit of profit. Individuals and businesses aim to maximize their financial gains by producing goods and services that are in demand and selling them at a higher price than the cost of production. This profit motive serves as an incentive for innovation, efficiency, and productivity.

5. Market-based allocation: In a capitalist economy, the allocation of resources is primarily determined by market forces of supply and demand. Prices play a crucial role in signaling information and coordinating economic decisions. The interaction of buyers and sellers in competitive markets influences the allocation of resources, the production of goods and services, and the distribution of income.

Overall, in a capitalist economy, the factors of production are owned individually, and economic decisions are driven by private individuals and businesses pursuing their self-interest and maximizing profit. This system promotes individual freedom, competition, and market efficiency.