All questions of Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution for Class 9 Exam

Conservatism (or conservativism) is any political philosophy that favors tradition (in the sense of various religious, cultural, or nationally-defined beliefs and customs) in the face of external forces for change, and is critical of proposals for radical social change.

Your question is same as the q below
your name is munish goyal
....true or false....
correct opt is 'true' explain why

Lenin thinks that they all were not parts of socialists movement because there are some peasants who were rich and some are poor.

**Answer:**

**Capitalists believed in profit and private property.**

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of property and the pursuit of profit. Capitalists are individuals or businesses that own and control the means of production, such as factories, land, and machinery. They seek to maximize their profits through the production and sale of goods and services.

**Private Property:**

Capitalists believe in the importance of private property rights. Private property refers to the ownership of assets by individuals or businesses rather than by the state or society as a whole. Capitalists argue that private property rights incentivize individuals to invest in and improve their property, leading to increased productivity and economic growth. They believe that individuals should have the right to use, sell, or rent their property as they see fit, without interference from the state.

**Profit:**

Profit is a key motivation for capitalists. They believe that by taking risks and investing capital, they should be able to earn a return on their investment. Capitalists seek to maximize their profits by producing goods and services that are in demand and selling them at a price higher than the cost of production. They argue that the pursuit of profit drives innovation, efficiency, and economic growth.

**Competition:**

Capitalists believe in the importance of competition as a mechanism for allocating resources and driving economic growth. They argue that competition forces businesses to constantly improve their products and services, lower prices, and become more efficient. This benefits consumers by providing them with a wider range of choices and better quality products at lower prices.

**Limited Government Intervention:**

Capitalists generally advocate for limited government intervention in the economy. They believe that free markets, with minimal government interference, are the most efficient way to allocate resources and generate wealth. They argue that excessive regulation and government control can stifle innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth.

**Conclusion:**

In summary, capitalists believe in the pursuit of profit and the importance of private property rights. They argue that profit incentives and private ownership of property lead to economic growth and prosperity. Capitalists also emphasize competition and limited government intervention as key principles of a successful capitalist system.

The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a major organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia.

The answer is option c.During the February Revolution, Czar Nicholas II, ruler of Russia since 1894, is forced to abdicate the throne by the Petrograd insurgents, and a provincial government is installed in his place.

Crowned on May 26, 1894, Nicholas was neither trained nor inclined to rule, which did not help the autocracy he sought to preserve in an era desperate for change. The disastrous outcome of the Russo-Japanese War led to the Russian Revolution of 1905, which the czar diffused only after signing a manifesto promising representative government and basic civil liberties in Russia. However, Nicholas soon retracted most of these concessions, and the Bolsheviks and other revolutionary groups won wide support. In 1914, Nicholas led his country into another costly war, and discontent in Russia grew as food became scarce, soldiers became war-weary, and devastating defeats on the eastern front demonstrated the czar’s ineffectual leadership.

Karl Marx and Engels, Option D

On 2nd March 1917

The first secret police, called the Cheka, was established in December 1917 as a temporary institution to be abolished once Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks had consolidated their power. The original Cheka, headed by Feliks Dzerzhinskii, was empowered only to investigate “counterrevolutionary” crimes.

Rights and land reformc)They were strongly opposed to the Bolsheviks and their seizure of power in 1917d)They believed in maintaining the existing social and economic system and opposed any form of revolution

d)They believed in maintaining the existing social and economic system and opposed any form of revolution. This statement is not true because the Socialist Revolutionary Party was a revolutionary socialist party that believed in the overthrow of the existing social and economic system and the establishment of a socialist society.

The October Manifesto officially The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order is a document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's first constitution, which would be adopted the next year. The Manifesto was issued by Emperor Nicholas II, under the influence of Sergei Witte, on 30 October  1905 as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. Nicholas strenuously resisted these ideas, but gave in after his first choice to head a military dictatorship,Grand Duke Nicholas, threatened to shoot himself in the head if the Tsar did not accept Witte's suggestion. Nicholas reluctantly agreed, and issued what became known as the October Manifesto, promising basic civil rights and an elected parliament called the Duma, without whose approval no laws were to be enacted in Russia in the future. According to his memoirs Witte did not force the Tsar to sign the October Manifesto, which was proclaimed in all the churches.

Both liberals and radicals firmly believed in value of individual effort, labour and enterprise. They were in favour of privileges based on merit not birth.

Formation of Central Powers during WWI

The Central Powers were a group of countries that fought against the Allied Powers during the First World War. Let's have a look at the formation of the Central Powers.

Belligerents of the Central Powers

The countries that formed the Central Powers were:

- Germany: Germany was the leading country in the Central Powers. Its aggressive foreign policy and military build-up were among the main causes of the war.
- Austria-Hungary: Austria-Hungary was an empire that included modern-day Austria, Hungary, and parts of the Balkans. It was an ally of Germany and shared its interest in maintaining the balance of power in Europe.
- Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire, also known as Turkey, joined the Central Powers in 1914. It hoped to regain lost territories and expand its influence in the Middle East.
- Bulgaria: Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915. It was motivated by its territorial ambitions in the Balkans.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Central Powers were formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. They fought against the Allied Powers, which included France, Britain, Russia, and later the United States. The war lasted from 1914 to 1918 and resulted in the defeat of the Central Powers. The consequences of the war were far-reaching and included the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, the emergence of new states in Europe, and the rise of the United States as a global power.

Soviet Union break up In 1991,When the Soviet Union's oil and gas revenue dropped dramatically, the USSR began to lose its hold on Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, Gorbachev's reforms were slow to bear fruit and did more to hasten the collapse of the Soviet Union than to help it.

False

Explanation:
The Cheka, GPU, and NKVD were not punishing those who supported the Bolsheviks. The secret police were created to suppress counterrevolutionary activities and root out opposition to the Soviet government. The Cheka was established in 1917 as the first Soviet secret police organization, and it was responsible for arresting and executing thousands of people suspected of being anti-Bolshevik. The GPU was created in 1922 to replace the Cheka, and it continued its predecessor's work. The NKVD was created in 1934 and was responsible for internal security and the suppression of dissent. While they did target those who opposed the Soviet government, they also targeted anyone deemed a threat to the government, including political dissidents, intellectuals, and ordinary citizens. Therefore, the statement that the secret police punished those who supported the Bolsheviks is false.

Socialists were against private property 

Reason for changing the name of St. Petersburg to Petrograd after 1914

Background: St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia and was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great. It was named after the patron saint of Peter, Saint Peter. However, during World War I, the name of the city was changed to Petrograd.

Reason: The reason for changing the name of St. Petersburg to Petrograd after 1914 was due to the anti-German sentiments during the war. The name 'St. Petersburg' sounded too German, and the Russians wanted to distance themselves from anything that had German associations.

Impact: The change of name had a significant impact on the citizens of the city. It signified the importance of the war and how it affected the country. The change also helped in creating a sense of nationalism and unity among the citizens.

Other factors: Although anti-German sentiment was the main reason for the name change, there were other factors as well. The Russian monk Rasputin may have advised the Tsar to change the name, but this claim is not backed up by any historical evidence. Some Russians may have also wanted a shorter and simpler name for the city.

Aftermath: The name of the city was changed again after the death of Lenin in 1924 to Leningrad. This change was made to honor the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution. The name was reverted to St. Petersburg in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In conclusion, the change of name from St. Petersburg to Petrograd was due to anti-German sentiments during World War I. The change had a significant impact on the citizens of the city, and it helped in creating a sense of nationalism and unity.

Christianity was the religious self-identification of 47.1% of the Russian population in 2012. Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion of the country, and, besides it, Old Believers and Lutheranism also have had a considerable role in the multiethnic history of Russia.

Communism is a system of government where all the property is public and the government owns and controls the manufacturing and transportation industries. People share equally from the benefits of labor and they receive the things they need from the government. 

Explanation:

Socialists believe that private property is the root of all evils in society. This is because they view private property as a source of inequality and exploitation. Socialists argue that private property enables the wealthy and powerful to accumulate wealth and resources at the expense of the poor and working-class.

Private property and inequality:

Socialists believe that private property creates inequality in society. They argue that private ownership of property allows individuals to accumulate wealth and resources, which in turn leads to economic inequality. Socialists believe that this inequality is unfair and unjust, as it denies the less fortunate members of society access to basic necessities such as food, housing, and healthcare.

Private property and exploitation:

Socialists also argue that private property enables the wealthy and powerful to exploit the poor and working-class. They believe that private property allows capitalists to extract surplus value from workers, who are forced to sell their labor in order to survive. Socialists view this as a form of exploitation, as workers are not paid the full value of their labor.

Socialist alternative:

In order to address these issues, socialists advocate for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a socialist society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production. In a socialist society, resources and wealth would be distributed according to need rather than profit. Socialists believe that this would create a more equal and just society, free from the inequalities and exploitation caused by private property.

The question is incomplete as it does not list the statements that need to be evaluated. Please provide the statements to determine which one is not correct.

The Second International (1889–1916), the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on 14 July 1889. At the Paris meeting, delegations from twenty countries participated.The International continued the work of the dissolved First International, though excluding the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and unions and by 1922 April 2 at a major post-World War I conference it began to reorganize into the Labor and Socialist International.