All questions of Union and its Territory for UPSC CSE Exam

Overview of Puducherry's Cession
In 1954, the Union Territory of Puducherry was ceded to India from French colonial rule. This significant historical event marked the end of French presence in India, which had lasted for nearly three centuries.
Historical Background
- France established several colonies in India, including Puducherry, Karaikal, Yanam, and Mahe.
- After World War II, India’s independence movement gained momentum, leading to discussions about the status of these territories.
Key Events Leading to Cession
- In 1947, India gained independence from British rule, and the Indian government initiated talks with the French government regarding the future of French territories in India.
- By 1954, an agreement was reached, resulting in the transfer of Puducherry and its adjacent regions to India.
Significance of Cession
- The cession of Puducherry was part of a larger trend in the mid-20th century, where colonial powers were retreating from their colonies worldwide.
- It allowed Puducherry to integrate fully into the Indian Union, leading to its establishment as a Union Territory in 1963.
Current Status
- Today, Puducherry is known for its unique blend of French and Indian cultures, evident in its architecture, cuisine, and bilingual population.
- The territory is also recognized for its tourism potential, attracting visitors to its scenic beaches and heritage sites.
In conclusion, the cession of Puducherry was a pivotal moment in Indian history, symbolizing the end of colonialism and the beginning of a new era for the region.

The state of Sikkim was established by the Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975.

The 100th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2015 was enacted for acquiring certain territories by India and transferring some territories to Bangladesh. This involved the transfer of enclaves between the two countries.

Article 2 of the Indian Constitution:
Article 2 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Parliament to admit new states or establish new states. This article deals with the admission or establishment of new states within the Indian Union.

Key points:
- Article 2 gives the Parliament the authority to admit new states into the Indian Union or establish new states on such terms and conditions as it deems fit.
- This provision is important as it allows for the creation of new states within the Indian Union, based on various factors such as administrative convenience, linguistic or cultural considerations, or other reasons.
- The Parliament has the power to specify the boundaries of new states, alter the boundaries of existing states, or merge two or more states to form a new state.
In conclusion, Article 2 of the Indian Constitution plays a crucial role in the process of admitting new states or establishing new states within the country, providing the necessary legal framework for such actions to be taken by the Parliament.

Main Condition for Formation of New States
The formation of new states in India is governed by Article 3 of the Constitution. This article outlines the process and conditions under which new states can be created or existing states can be altered.
Key Requirement: Prior Recommendation of the President
- Article 3 mandates that any proposal for the formation of a new state must be initiated with the prior recommendation of the President of India.
- This ensures that the process is aligned with the broader national interest and is subject to the oversight of the central government.
Process Overview
- The President's recommendation is crucial as it acts as a gatekeeper to ensure that proposals are examined for their viability and impact.
- After the President agrees to the proposal, it is presented to Parliament, where it can be debated and voted upon.
Why Other Options Are Not Valid
- Consent of All Affected States: While consultation may occur, it is not a mandatory condition for the formation of new states.
- Approval of the Supreme Court: The judiciary does not play a direct role in the legislative process regarding state formation.
- Approval of the Prime Minister: Although the Prime Minister may influence the process, formal approval is not a constitutional requirement.
Conclusion
In summary, Article 3 clearly emphasizes that the prior recommendation of the President is the main condition for the formation of new states in India, establishing a procedure that balances state autonomy with national governance.

Integration of Hyderabad into India through Police Action
Hyderabad was integrated into India through a military operation known as "Police Action" in September 1948. This operation was undertaken by the Indian armed forces to address the issue of Hyderabad's reluctance to join the Indian Union after gaining independence from British rule.

Background:
- Hyderabad was a princely state ruled by the Nizam, who was not in favor of joining India or Pakistan after independence.
- The Nizam's decision to remain independent was met with opposition from the majority Hindu and other communities in the state who wanted to accede to India.

Police Action:
- In response to the Nizam's reluctance to accede to India, the Indian government decided to integrate Hyderabad by force.
- The operation involved the Indian Army entering Hyderabad and disarming the Nizam's forces, leading to the annexation of the state into the Indian Union.

Outcome:
- The successful integration of Hyderabad into India through Police Action marked a significant milestone in the consolidation of the Indian Union after independence.
- It demonstrated the Indian government's determination to uphold the principle of territorial integrity and ensure the accession of princely states to India.
In conclusion, the integration of Hyderabad into India through Police Action was a crucial event in India's post-independence history, as it helped in bringing about the unification of the country and the establishment of a strong and united nation.

The Fazal Ali Commission, also known as the States Reorganization Commission (SRC), was established in 1953 by the Government of India to recommend the reorganization of states based on linguistic and cultural factors. The commission was headed by Justice Fazal Ali, and its recommendations formed the basis for the reorganization of states in India.

The Fazal Ali Commission laid down several principles for the reorganization of states, which aimed to ensure the security, unity, and development of the country. These principles included:

a) Security and unity of the country: This principle emphasized the need to maintain the security and territorial integrity of India. It aimed to avoid the creation of small, politically unstable states that could be easily influenced by external forces.

b) Financial, economic, and administrative viability: This principle focused on creating states that were financially, economically, and administratively viable. It aimed to ensure that the new states would be able to sustain themselves and effectively govern their territories.

c) Linguistic and cultural homogeneity: This principle formed the cornerstone of the commission's recommendations. It recognized the importance of language and culture in defining the identity of different regions and communities. The commission advocated for the reorganization of states along linguistic lines to promote better governance and to address the grievances of linguistic minorities.

However, the Fazal Ali Commission did not lay down the principle of racial and religious homogeneity as a basis for the reorganization of states. The commission recognized the diverse racial and religious composition of India and focused primarily on linguistic and cultural factors in its recommendations.

The exclusion of racial and religious homogeneity as a guiding principle was a conscious decision by the commission to avoid any form of religious or racial discrimination. The commission aimed to promote inclusivity and ensure equal rights and opportunities for all citizens, regardless of their race or religion.

In conclusion, the Fazal Ali Commission did not lay down the principle of racial and religious homogeneity as the basis for the reorganization of states. Instead, it focused on principles such as security and unity of the country, financial viability, and linguistic and cultural homogeneity to guide the reorganization process.

Reasons why India is described as a 'Union of States' in its constitution:
India is described as a 'Union of States' in its constitution primarily because:

Convenience:
- The country and its people are divided into different states for administrative convenience. Each state has its own government and can make laws on subjects listed in the State List of the Constitution.
- The division of the country into states allows for better governance, as the states can address local issues more effectively.

Unity and Diversity:
- The concept of a 'Union of States' emphasizes the unity of the country despite its diverse cultures, languages, and traditions.
- Each state in India has its own unique identity, but they all come together to form a unified whole under the Indian Union.

Federal Structure:
- India follows a federal system of government where powers are divided between the central government and the state governments.
- The states have their own elected governments and legislatures, which work in tandem with the central government to ensure effective governance.

Conclusion:
India's designation as a 'Union of States' in its constitution highlights the harmonious coexistence of diverse states within a unified nation. This concept underscores the importance of administrative convenience, unity in diversity, and a federal structure in the governance of the country.

Background of Punjab's Bifurcation
In 1966, the Indian government undertook a significant reorganization of states, particularly affecting Punjab. This bifurcation aimed to cater to the linguistic and cultural diversity in the region.
Creation of Haryana
- State Formation: Haryana was carved out from the Indian state of Punjab on November 1, 1966.
- Linguistic Basis: The bifurcation was primarily based on linguistic lines, with Haryana being predominantly Hindi-speaking.
Impact of the Bifurcation
- Cultural Identity: The creation of Haryana allowed for the promotion of the Hindi language and the cultural identity of the people living in that region.
- Administrative Efficiency: It aimed to enhance administrative efficiency by creating smaller, more manageable states.
Himachal Pradesh and Other States
- Himachal Pradesh: This state was established earlier, in 1950, and is not a result of the bifurcation of Punjab.
- Uttarakhand: Formed in 2000, Uttarakhand was created from the northern part of Uttar Pradesh, not Punjab.
- Telangana: Established in 2014, Telangana was bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh, unrelated to Punjab’s history.
Conclusion
The bifurcation of Punjab in 1966 led to the formation of Haryana, a state that embodies the cultural and linguistic identity of its residents. This restructuring was significant in addressing regional demands and ensuring better governance.

Sikkim was admitted into the Union of India as a state as a result of the 36th Amendment Act in 1975. This amendment introduced Article 371F, which provided special provisions relating to the admission of Sikkim.

Linguistic basis
Telangana was created as a new state primarily on the basis of linguistic considerations. The Telangana region, comprising mainly Telugu-speaking people, felt a sense of linguistic and cultural identity separate from the rest of Andhra Pradesh. This led to demands for a separate statehood to protect the interests and promote the development of the Telangana region.

Historical Context
The demand for a separate Telangana state gained momentum in the 1950s and 1960s during the 'Telangana Movement'. This movement was primarily driven by the feeling of neglect and discrimination faced by the people of Telangana in terms of political representation, economic development, and overall welfare.

Linguistic Reorganization of States
The linguistic reorganization of states in India played a significant role in the creation of Telangana. The States Reorganization Act of 1956 aimed to reorganize states based on linguistic and cultural homogeneity. Telangana's linguistic distinctiveness from the coastal Andhra region was a key factor in the decision to create a separate state.

Socio-Economic Disparities
The socio-economic disparities between Telangana and the rest of Andhra Pradesh also fueled the demand for statehood. Telangana region felt that its resources were being exploited for the benefit of the more prosperous Andhra region, leading to feelings of marginalization and injustice.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the linguistic basis was the main foundation for the creation of the new state of Telangana. The linguistic and cultural identity of the Telangana region, coupled with historical grievances and socio-economic disparities, played a crucial role in the formation of the state.

Article 3 of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution provides a framework for the formation of new states and the alteration of state boundaries. Article 3 specifically empowers the Parliament to create new states or modify the boundaries of existing states.
Key Provisions of Article 3:
- Formation of New States:
Parliament can form a new state by separating territory from an existing state.
- Alteration of Boundaries:
It allows the alteration of the boundaries of existing states, which can involve merging two or more states.
- Change in Status:
The Constitution also allows for the change in the status of a state, such as converting a Union Territory into a state.
Procedure to be Followed:
- Parliamentary Approval:
The process requires a Bill to be introduced in Parliament.
- Consultation with States:
Before introducing the Bill, the President must consult the states affected by the proposed changes.
- Simple Majority:
The Bill can be passed by a simple majority in both Houses of Parliament.
Significance of Article 3:
- Flexibility:
This provision grants the Parliament the flexibility to reorganize states based on administrative, political, or cultural considerations.
- Response to Demands:
It addresses regional aspirations and demands for statehood, promoting a sense of local governance.
In summary, Article 3 is a crucial component of the Indian Constitution, enabling the reorganization of states to reflect the changing socio-political landscape of the country.

The correct answer is option 'D', the States Reorganization Act, 1956. This Act was a significant piece of legislation that was responsible for the reorganization of states in India and the creation of Union Territories.

The Act was introduced in response to the demand for linguistic states, which emerged as a result of various factors such as language-based political movements and the need to better administer and govern diverse regions based on linguistic and cultural similarities.

Below are the key points regarding the States Reorganization Act, 1956:

1. Background:
- Before the enactment of this Act, India's states were primarily organized based on administrative convenience and historical factors, rather than linguistic or cultural considerations.
- The demand for linguistic states gained momentum after India's independence, as people sought to have states formed on the basis of their own language.

2. Objectives:
- The Act aimed to provide for the reorganization of states on a linguistic basis, ensuring better governance, administration, and development.
- It aimed to address the linguistic and cultural diversity of India and promote a sense of regional identity and unity.

3. Salient Features:
- The Act led to the creation of new states and the redrawing of state boundaries based on linguistic considerations.
- It established the concept of Union Territories, which were areas directly administered by the central government without a separate state legislature.
- The Act also made provisions for the transfer of territories between states and the formation of autonomous regions within states.

4. Implementation:
- The Act was passed by the Parliament of India and received the President's assent on August 31, 1956.
- A State Reorganization Commission was appointed to study and make recommendations regarding the reorganization of states.
- The recommendations of the Commission formed the basis for the Act.

5. Impact:
- The Act led to the formation of several linguistic states such as Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu, among others.
- It facilitated the preservation and promotion of regional languages and cultures, allowing for more effective governance and development.
- The creation of Union Territories ensured direct central administration in areas with special status or strategic importance.

In conclusion, the States Reorganization Act, 1956 played a crucial role in reorganizing states in India based on linguistic considerations and creating Union Territories. It addressed the demands for linguistic states, promoted regional identity, and aimed to enhance governance and development in the country.

Manipur
One Union Territory that was not created as a result of the States Reorganization Act, 1956 is Manipur. This Act primarily dealt with the reorganization of states in India based on linguistic lines. However, Manipur was not created as a Union Territory under this Act.

Other Union Territories created under the States Reorganization Act, 1956:
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands: This Union Territory was formed by merging the former Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the newly acquired territories of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Delhi: Delhi was designated as a Union Territory under the States Reorganization Act, 1956. It later became the National Capital Territory of Delhi with the enactment of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991.
- Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Pradesh was also created as a Union Territory under the States Reorganization Act, 1956. It later became a full-fledged state on January 25, 1971, through the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970.

Reason for Manipur not being created as a Union Territory under the Act:
Manipur was not included in the States Reorganization Act, 1956 because it was already a princely state that had acceded to India in 1949. It was later made a Union Territory on October 15, 1959, under the Union Territories Act, 1963. Manipur became a full-fledged state on January 21, 1972, through the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971.

Introduction
The Madhya Pradesh Re-organization Act, 2000 played a significant role in reshaping the political landscape of India by carving out a new state from the existing boundaries of Madhya Pradesh.
Formation of Chhattisgarh
- The act came into effect on November 1, 2000.
- It led to the creation of Chhattisgarh as the 26th state of India.
Reasons for Re-organization
- Administrative Efficiency: The bifurcation aimed to enhance administrative efficiency by reducing the size of Madhya Pradesh, which was one of the largest states in India.
- Cultural Identity: Chhattisgarh has a distinct tribal culture and identity, which necessitated a separate state to address local governance and development needs.
Geographical Context
- Chhattisgarh is located in central India, bordered by Madhya Pradesh to the west, Maharashtra to the southwest, Odisha to the southeast, Jharkhand to the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh to the northwest.
Impacts of the Re-organization
- Economic Development: The formation of Chhattisgarh has led to focused developmental efforts in sectors like agriculture, mining, and industry.
- Political Representation: Establishing a separate state has allowed for better political representation for the local population.
Conclusion
The Madhya Pradesh Re-organization Act, 2000, was pivotal in the establishment of Chhattisgarh, addressing the unique needs and aspirations of its people, while promoting better governance and development in the region.

Current Number of Union Territories in India
As of now, India has a total of 8 Union Territories. This reflects the administrative divisions of the country that are governed directly by the Central Government.
List of Union Territories
The 8 Union Territories in India are:
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Chandigarh
- Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
- Lakshadweep
- Delhi (National Capital Territory of Delhi)
- Puducherry
- Jammu and Kashmir
- Ladakh
Key Points About Union Territories
- Definition: Union Territories are regions that are administered by the Central Government. They do not have the same level of autonomy as states.
- Governance: Some Union Territories have their own legislatures, like Delhi and Puducherry, while others are governed directly by the central government.
- Changes Over Time: The number and boundaries of Union Territories have changed over the years based on political and administrative decisions.
Conclusion
The evolution of Union Territories is significant in understanding the political landscape of India. With the current number standing at 8, it's important for aspirants, especially for UPSC, to stay updated on any future changes.

The state of Gujarat was created by dividing the former state of Bombay through the Bombay Re-organization Act, 1960.

The Dhar Commission recommended that the reorganization of states should be based on administrative convenience rather than a linguistic basis.

Understanding Article 1 of the Indian Constitution
Article 1 of the Indian Constitution plays a crucial role in defining the nature of the Indian state. It establishes India as a "Union of States," which has significant implications for the governance structure and the relationship between the central government and the states.
Key Points of Article 1:
- Union of States: Article 1 explicitly states that "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States." This phrase emphasizes the unity of the nation while accommodating the diversity of its states.
- Federal Structure: The term "Union" signifies that India is not a federation in the conventional sense. While it has a federal structure, it is more of a union that allows for a strong central authority, unlike pure federations where states have more sovereignty.
- Inclusion of States: Article 1 further allows for the admission or establishment of new states through legislative measures, reflecting the dynamic nature of India's political landscape.
- Constitutional Framework: As the first article, it sets the tone for the rest of the Constitution by establishing the fundamental nature of the Indian state, emphasizing the principles of unity and integrity.
Conclusion:
In summary, Article 1 is foundational in defining India's identity as a nation. It encapsulates the essence of India as a diverse yet unified country, highlighting the importance of both the states and the central authority in maintaining the integrity of the nation. Understanding this article is crucial for grasping the broader constitutional framework and the functioning of Indian democracy.

According to Article 2 of the Indian Constitution, Parliament has the authority to admit new states into the Union or establish new states on such terms and conditions as it deems fit.