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All questions of Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion for Humanities/Arts Exam
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The reason for the assertion is that ritual-religious prohibitions on occupational change are not easily imposed today, and it is easier than before to change one’s occupation.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. Which of the following is not true about the tribal population in India?- a)They are marked by poverty, powerlessness and social stigma
- b)Many tribal groups have been waging struggles against outsiders
- c)They have been alienated from their resources
- d)Their ecological isolation is absolute
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. Which of the following is not true about the tribal population in India?
a)
They are marked by poverty, powerlessness and social stigma
b)
Many tribal groups have been waging struggles against outsiders
c)
They have been alienated from their resources
d)
Their ecological isolation is absolute
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Tribal population in India does not live under absolute isolation. It co-exists with the non-tribal, caste-peasant community.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because:- a)Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood
- b)They were not discriminated against like the Dalits
- c)They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits
- d)Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because:
a)
Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood
b)
They were not discriminated against like the Dalits
c)
They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits
d)
Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Dalits unlike Adivasis are not concentrated in particular regions across India.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Gender identities can be chosen willingly.Reason (R): By using surgical procedures male body can be converted into female body or female body into male body.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Gender identities can be chosen willingly.
Reason (R): By using surgical procedures male body can be converted into female body or female body into male body.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
In general, ‘male body’ and ‘female body’ as social units are unchanging identities but due to so much research in the field of physiology, the notion of the body is now linked with ‘choice structure’. Transgender as concept, thus, refers to conversions of gender status of body into opposite gender by using choice or certain compulsions.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Since it is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded, social exclusion is involuntary.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. What is/are reason(s) for the OBCs being a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasis?- a)There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes.
- b)The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy.
- c)Only (A) is true.
- d)Both (A) and (B) are true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. What is/are reason(s) for the OBCs being a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasis?
a)
There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes.
b)
The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy.
c)
Only (A) is true.
d)
Both (A) and (B) are true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Both (A) and (B) statements are true and contribute to the diversity in the OBC category.
How many forms of capital can social resources be divided into?- a)Two
- b)Three
- c)Four
- d)Five
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
How many forms of capital can social resources be divided into?
a)
Two
b)
Three
c)
Four
d)
Five
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
These social resources can be divided into three forms of capital economic capital: material assets and income; cultural capital such as educational qualifications and status; and social capital in the form of networks of contacts and social associations(Bourdieu 1986). Third, they are systematic and structured; there is a definite social inequalities pattern.
When did the OBC issue become a regional affair pursued at the state rather than the central level?- a)Mid-Fifties
- b)Mid-Forties
- c)Mid-Sixties
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
When did the OBC issue become a regional affair pursued at the state rather than the central level?
a)
Mid-Fifties
b)
Mid-Forties
c)
Mid-Sixties
d)
None
|
Swara Patel answered |
The OBC issue becoming a regional affair pursued at the state level instead of the central level occurred in the mid-fifties.
Explanation:
1. Introduction:
- The OBC issue refers to the question of reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in educational institutions and government jobs in India.
- Initially, the issue was dealt with at the central level, but it later became a regional affair pursued at the state level.
2. Central level involvement:
- In the early years after India's independence in 1947, the issue of OBC reservation was primarily addressed by the central government.
- The First Backward Classes Commission, also known as the Kalelkar Commission, was appointed by the central government in 1953 to identify socially and educationally backward classes and suggest measures for their advancement.
- The commission submitted its report in 1955, which led to the central government implementing reservation policies for OBCs in central educational institutions and government jobs.
3. Shift to state level:
- However, in the mid-fifties, the OBC issue started to be pursued at the state level rather than the central level.
- This shift occurred due to the varying social, economic, and political contexts of different states in India.
- Each state had its own set of backward classes, and the demand for OBC reservation differed across states.
- The state governments started to take up the cause of OBC reservation based on the specific requirements and demands of their respective states.
4. State-level initiatives:
- Various state governments began conducting their own surveys and commissions to identify the backward classes within their jurisdictions.
- They formulated their own reservation policies and implemented them in state educational institutions and government jobs.
- These state-level initiatives allowed for a more localized approach to addressing the OBC issue, taking into account the unique socio-economic conditions of each state.
5. Conclusion:
- In summary, the OBC issue started as a central-level concern in the mid-forties, with the central government implementing reservation policies.
- However, in the mid-fifties, the issue shifted to the state level, where different states pursued their own initiatives and policies to address the backwardness of OBCs.
- This regionalization of the OBC issue at the state level allowed for a more nuanced and context-specific approach to reservation policies.
Explanation:
1. Introduction:
- The OBC issue refers to the question of reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in educational institutions and government jobs in India.
- Initially, the issue was dealt with at the central level, but it later became a regional affair pursued at the state level.
2. Central level involvement:
- In the early years after India's independence in 1947, the issue of OBC reservation was primarily addressed by the central government.
- The First Backward Classes Commission, also known as the Kalelkar Commission, was appointed by the central government in 1953 to identify socially and educationally backward classes and suggest measures for their advancement.
- The commission submitted its report in 1955, which led to the central government implementing reservation policies for OBCs in central educational institutions and government jobs.
3. Shift to state level:
- However, in the mid-fifties, the OBC issue started to be pursued at the state level rather than the central level.
- This shift occurred due to the varying social, economic, and political contexts of different states in India.
- Each state had its own set of backward classes, and the demand for OBC reservation differed across states.
- The state governments started to take up the cause of OBC reservation based on the specific requirements and demands of their respective states.
4. State-level initiatives:
- Various state governments began conducting their own surveys and commissions to identify the backward classes within their jurisdictions.
- They formulated their own reservation policies and implemented them in state educational institutions and government jobs.
- These state-level initiatives allowed for a more localized approach to addressing the OBC issue, taking into account the unique socio-economic conditions of each state.
5. Conclusion:
- In summary, the OBC issue started as a central-level concern in the mid-forties, with the central government implementing reservation policies.
- However, in the mid-fifties, the issue shifted to the state level, where different states pursued their own initiatives and policies to address the backwardness of OBCs.
- This regionalization of the OBC issue at the state level allowed for a more nuanced and context-specific approach to reservation policies.
What dam was built on the river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh?- a)Hirakud Dam
- b)Polavaram
- c)Bhakra Dam
- d)Indira Sagar Dam
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What dam was built on the river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh?
a)
Hirakud Dam
b)
Polavaram
c)
Bhakra Dam
d)
Indira Sagar Dam
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The Polavaram dam on the river Godavari in Andhra Pradesh will displace hundreds of thousands of Adivasis, driving them to greater destitution.
Who appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs?- a)Gandhi
- b)Rajendra Prasad
- c)Lala Lajpat Rai
- d)Jawaharlal Nehru
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Who appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs?
a)
Gandhi
b)
Rajendra Prasad
c)
Lala Lajpat Rai
d)
Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The first government of independent India under Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs.
Whose writings dominated the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay university in the 1860s?- a)Bishop Joseph Butler
- b)Ram Mohan Roy
- c)Jotiba Phule
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Whose writings dominated the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay university in the 1860s?
a)
Bishop Joseph Butler
b)
Ram Mohan Roy
c)
Jotiba Phule
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Ranade used the writings of scholars such as bishop joseph butler, whose analogy of religion and three sermons on human nature dominated the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay university in the 1860s.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. What is the constitutional basis of the popular term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs), which is in common use today?- a)Social backwardness
- b)Economic backwardness
- c)Neither (A) nor (B)
- d)Both (A) and (B)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. What is the constitutional basis of the popular term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs), which is in common use today?
a)
Social backwardness
b)
Economic backwardness
c)
Neither (A) nor (B)
d)
Both (A) and (B)
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Other Backward Classes need not be based on caste alone, but generally are identified by caste, described as the ‘socially and educationally backward classes.’
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’?- a)Tarabai Shinde
- b)Ralph Ellison
- c)Anita Ghai
- d)Daya Pawar
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’?
a)
Tarabai Shinde
b)
Ralph Ellison
c)
Anita Ghai
d)
Daya Pawar
|
Saumya Pillai answered |
Explanation:
Anita Ghai
Anita Ghai is the one who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison.
Comparison to 'Invisible Man'
- Anita Ghai draws a parallel between the invisibility experienced by the disabled individuals in society and the protagonist of Ralph Ellison's book 'Invisible Man'.
- Just like the protagonist in the book who feels invisible and unheard in society, the disabled individuals often feel marginalized and overlooked.
Analogy to Social Construct
- Ghai's argument aligns with the idea that disability is not solely a result of individual biological impairments, but rather a social construct.
- Society's failure to accommodate diverse needs and provide equal opportunities to disabled individuals contributes to their disablement.
Implications of Social Construction
- The lack of accessibility in infrastructure, education, employment, and social interactions exacerbates the disablement experienced by individuals with disabilities.
- By recognizing disability as a social construct, efforts can be made to address systemic barriers and promote inclusivity for all members of society.
Anita Ghai
Anita Ghai is the one who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison.
Comparison to 'Invisible Man'
- Anita Ghai draws a parallel between the invisibility experienced by the disabled individuals in society and the protagonist of Ralph Ellison's book 'Invisible Man'.
- Just like the protagonist in the book who feels invisible and unheard in society, the disabled individuals often feel marginalized and overlooked.
Analogy to Social Construct
- Ghai's argument aligns with the idea that disability is not solely a result of individual biological impairments, but rather a social construct.
- Society's failure to accommodate diverse needs and provide equal opportunities to disabled individuals contributes to their disablement.
Implications of Social Construction
- The lack of accessibility in infrastructure, education, employment, and social interactions exacerbates the disablement experienced by individuals with disabilities.
- By recognizing disability as a social construct, efforts can be made to address systemic barriers and promote inclusivity for all members of society.
Prejudices are often grounded in what?- a)Heterotrophic
- b)Complex
- c)Stereotypes
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Prejudices are often grounded in what?
a)
Heterotrophic
b)
Complex
c)
Stereotypes
d)
None
|
Harshitha Basu answered |
Prejudices are often grounded in stereotypes.
Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a person or a group based on their perceived characteristics, which may not necessarily be accurate or fair. These prejudices are often rooted in stereotypes, which are oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a particular group of people.
Understanding stereotypes:
- Stereotypes are simplified and often exaggerated beliefs or ideas about a particular group of people.
- They are formed based on assumptions, limited information, or personal experiences.
- Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but both can contribute to prejudice.
How stereotypes contribute to prejudice:
1. Generalization: Stereotypes often involve making generalizations about an entire group based on the characteristics or behaviors of a few individuals. This generalization can lead to biased judgments about all members of the group, fostering prejudice.
2. Confirmation bias: People tend to selectively perceive and remember information that confirms their existing stereotypes. This confirmation bias reinforces the prejudice by disregarding information that challenges or contradicts the stereotype.
3. In-group/out-group bias: Stereotypes often create a distinction between an "in-group" (one's own group) and an "out-group" (a different group). This bias leads to favoritism towards the in-group and discrimination against the out-group.
4. Cognitive shortcuts: Stereotypes serve as cognitive shortcuts that simplify complex social information. Instead of critically evaluating each individual, stereotypes allow people to quickly categorize and make assumptions about others. This cognitive efficiency can lead to biased judgments and prejudice.
5. Media influence: Media plays a significant role in perpetuating stereotypes. Portrayals of certain groups in a biased or stereotypical manner can reinforce existing prejudices or create new ones.
Overcoming prejudice:
- Education and awareness: Promoting understanding and awareness about different cultures, backgrounds, and experiences can challenge and break down stereotypes.
- Inter-group contact: Encouraging positive interactions and relationships between different groups can help reduce prejudice by promoting empathy and understanding.
- Critical thinking: Encouraging individuals to critically evaluate their own biases and stereotypes can help challenge and change prejudiced attitudes.
- Legislation and policies: Implementing laws that protect against discrimination and promote equality can help address systemic prejudices.
In conclusion, stereotypes play a crucial role in the formation and perpetuation of prejudices. By understanding the influence of stereotypes and actively challenging them, individuals and society as a whole can work towards reducing prejudice and fostering inclusivity.
Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a person or a group based on their perceived characteristics, which may not necessarily be accurate or fair. These prejudices are often rooted in stereotypes, which are oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a particular group of people.
Understanding stereotypes:
- Stereotypes are simplified and often exaggerated beliefs or ideas about a particular group of people.
- They are formed based on assumptions, limited information, or personal experiences.
- Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but both can contribute to prejudice.
How stereotypes contribute to prejudice:
1. Generalization: Stereotypes often involve making generalizations about an entire group based on the characteristics or behaviors of a few individuals. This generalization can lead to biased judgments about all members of the group, fostering prejudice.
2. Confirmation bias: People tend to selectively perceive and remember information that confirms their existing stereotypes. This confirmation bias reinforces the prejudice by disregarding information that challenges or contradicts the stereotype.
3. In-group/out-group bias: Stereotypes often create a distinction between an "in-group" (one's own group) and an "out-group" (a different group). This bias leads to favoritism towards the in-group and discrimination against the out-group.
4. Cognitive shortcuts: Stereotypes serve as cognitive shortcuts that simplify complex social information. Instead of critically evaluating each individual, stereotypes allow people to quickly categorize and make assumptions about others. This cognitive efficiency can lead to biased judgments and prejudice.
5. Media influence: Media plays a significant role in perpetuating stereotypes. Portrayals of certain groups in a biased or stereotypical manner can reinforce existing prejudices or create new ones.
Overcoming prejudice:
- Education and awareness: Promoting understanding and awareness about different cultures, backgrounds, and experiences can challenge and break down stereotypes.
- Inter-group contact: Encouraging positive interactions and relationships between different groups can help reduce prejudice by promoting empathy and understanding.
- Critical thinking: Encouraging individuals to critically evaluate their own biases and stereotypes can help challenge and change prejudiced attitudes.
- Legislation and policies: Implementing laws that protect against discrimination and promote equality can help address systemic prejudices.
In conclusion, stereotypes play a crucial role in the formation and perpetuation of prejudices. By understanding the influence of stereotypes and actively challenging them, individuals and society as a whole can work towards reducing prejudice and fostering inclusivity.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. Like the category of the ‘tribe’, the OBCs are defined ____________, by what __________.- a)Negatively, they are not
- b)Positively, they are
- c)Empirically, is observed
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. Like the category of the ‘tribe’, the OBCs are defined ____________, by what __________.
a)
Negatively, they are not
b)
Positively, they are
c)
Empirically, is observed
d)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
OBCs are neither part of the ‘forward’ castes at the upper end of the status spectrum, nor of the Dalits at the lower end.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the¬_____________.- a)Social group
- b)Individual
- c)Community
- d)Family
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the¬_____________.
a)
Social group
b)
Individual
c)
Community
d)
Family
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from her/ his impairment. Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception.
Who did Jyotirao Phule want to be educated?- a)Men
- b)Girls
- c)Boys
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Who did Jyotirao Phule want to be educated?
a)
Men
b)
Girls
c)
Boys
d)
None
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Jyotirao Phule wanted girls to be educated but within the precincts of their homes.
The Jana were believed to be people of what?- a)Town
- b)Forest
- c)City
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The Jana were believed to be people of what?
a)
Town
b)
Forest
c)
City
d)
None
|
Jyoti Yadav answered |
The Jana were believed to be people of the forest.
The Jana are a fictional group of people found in various mythologies and folklore. They are often depicted as forest-dwelling beings with a deep connection to nature. While there are variations in the beliefs surrounding the Jana in different cultures, they are generally associated with the forest and its inhabitants.
Explanation:
1. Who are the Jana?
- The Jana are a mythical group of people found in various mythologies and folklore.
- They are often described as forest-dwelling beings with a close connection to nature.
- The exact nature and characteristics of the Jana may vary in different cultures and legends.
2. The Jana and their association with the forest
- The Jana are commonly believed to be people of the forest.
- They are said to have a deep understanding of the natural world and its inhabitants.
- They are often depicted as living in harmony with the forest and possessing magical abilities related to nature.
3. The Jana's connection to nature
- The Jana are believed to have a strong bond with the plants, animals, and spirits of the forest.
- They are said to possess the ability to communicate with animals and command the forces of nature.
- The Jana are often seen as protectors of the forest and its inhabitants, ensuring its balance and well-being.
4. Variations in beliefs
- While the general belief is that the Jana are people of the forest, there may be variations in different cultures.
- In some legends, the Jana may be associated with specific types of forests or specific regions.
- Their appearance and characteristics may also differ based on cultural interpretations.
In conclusion, the Jana are believed to be people of the forest in various mythologies and folklore. They are associated with a deep connection to nature, possessing magical abilities and acting as protectors of the forest and its inhabitants. However, it is important to note that the exact nature and characteristics of the Jana may vary in different cultures and legends.
The Jana are a fictional group of people found in various mythologies and folklore. They are often depicted as forest-dwelling beings with a deep connection to nature. While there are variations in the beliefs surrounding the Jana in different cultures, they are generally associated with the forest and its inhabitants.
Explanation:
1. Who are the Jana?
- The Jana are a mythical group of people found in various mythologies and folklore.
- They are often described as forest-dwelling beings with a close connection to nature.
- The exact nature and characteristics of the Jana may vary in different cultures and legends.
2. The Jana and their association with the forest
- The Jana are commonly believed to be people of the forest.
- They are said to have a deep understanding of the natural world and its inhabitants.
- They are often depicted as living in harmony with the forest and possessing magical abilities related to nature.
3. The Jana's connection to nature
- The Jana are believed to have a strong bond with the plants, animals, and spirits of the forest.
- They are said to possess the ability to communicate with animals and command the forces of nature.
- The Jana are often seen as protectors of the forest and its inhabitants, ensuring its balance and well-being.
4. Variations in beliefs
- While the general belief is that the Jana are people of the forest, there may be variations in different cultures.
- In some legends, the Jana may be associated with specific types of forests or specific regions.
- Their appearance and characteristics may also differ based on cultural interpretations.
In conclusion, the Jana are believed to be people of the forest in various mythologies and folklore. They are associated with a deep connection to nature, possessing magical abilities and acting as protectors of the forest and its inhabitants. However, it is important to note that the exact nature and characteristics of the Jana may vary in different cultures and legends.
People often harbour what about other social groups?- a)Equality
- b)Business
- c)Prejudices
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
People often harbour what about other social groups?
a)
Equality
b)
Business
c)
Prejudices
d)
None
|
|
Aditya Banerjee answered |
Prejudices towards Other Social Groups
Prejudices are preconceived opinions or attitudes held about a particular group of people. Unfortunately, individuals often harbor prejudices towards other social groups, leading to discrimination and inequality. Here are some reasons why prejudices exist:
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about a particular group of people. These stereotypes can lead to prejudices if individuals believe that all members of a group possess the same characteristics or behaviors.
Fear of the Unknown
People tend to fear what they do not understand. This fear can lead to prejudices towards social groups that are perceived as different or unfamiliar.
Socialization
Individuals are often socialized to hold prejudices towards certain social groups. This socialization can come from family, friends, media, or other influential sources.
Historical and Cultural Factors
Historical events and cultural norms can also contribute to prejudices towards certain social groups. These factors can perpetuate negative beliefs and attitudes over time.
Power Dynamics
In many cases, prejudices stem from power dynamics, where one group holds more social, economic, or political power over another group. This power dynamic can lead to discrimination and biases.
In conclusion, prejudices towards other social groups are unfortunately common in society. It is essential to recognize and challenge these prejudices in order to promote equality and respect for all individuals, regardless of their background or identity.
Prejudices are preconceived opinions or attitudes held about a particular group of people. Unfortunately, individuals often harbor prejudices towards other social groups, leading to discrimination and inequality. Here are some reasons why prejudices exist:
Stereotypes
Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about a particular group of people. These stereotypes can lead to prejudices if individuals believe that all members of a group possess the same characteristics or behaviors.
Fear of the Unknown
People tend to fear what they do not understand. This fear can lead to prejudices towards social groups that are perceived as different or unfamiliar.
Socialization
Individuals are often socialized to hold prejudices towards certain social groups. This socialization can come from family, friends, media, or other influential sources.
Historical and Cultural Factors
Historical events and cultural norms can also contribute to prejudices towards certain social groups. These factors can perpetuate negative beliefs and attitudes over time.
Power Dynamics
In many cases, prejudices stem from power dynamics, where one group holds more social, economic, or political power over another group. This power dynamic can lead to discrimination and biases.
In conclusion, prejudices towards other social groups are unfortunately common in society. It is essential to recognize and challenge these prejudices in order to promote equality and respect for all individuals, regardless of their background or identity.
Which caste were not supposed to amass wealth?- a)Jains
- b)Sudras
- c)Brahmins
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which caste were not supposed to amass wealth?
a)
Jains
b)
Sudras
c)
Brahmins
d)
None
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The ritually highest caste, the brahmins, were not supposed to amass wealth and were subordinated to kings and rulers’ secular power belonging to the Kshatriya castes.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. The term ‘jana’ means:- a)original inhabitants
- b)‘people of the forest’
- c)people
- d)oppressed people
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. The term ‘jana’ means:
a)
original inhabitants
b)
‘people of the forest’
c)
people
d)
oppressed people
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The term ‘jana’ refers to ‘people of the forest’.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. The outsiders against whom the tribals have been waging struggles are called______- a)immigrants
- b)dikus
- c)traders
- d)upper-castes
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. The outsiders against whom the tribals have been waging struggles are called______
a)
immigrants
b)
dikus
c)
traders
d)
upper-castes
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The word ‘dikus’ means outsiders. Dikus were the people who made the tribal people dependent upon them, thereby causing them a lot of misery and suffering.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. The First Backward Classes Commission headed by ____________submitted its report in______.- a)Jawaharlal Nehru, 1953
- b)B.P. Mandal, 1979
- c)Kaka Kalelkar, 1953
- d)B.P. Mandal, 1990
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. The First Backward Classes Commission headed by ____________submitted its report in______.
a)
Jawaharlal Nehru, 1953
b)
B.P. Mandal, 1979
c)
Kaka Kalelkar, 1953
d)
B.P. Mandal, 1990
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The first government of independent India under Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs. It was headed by Kaka Kalelkar and submitted its report in 1953.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the ____________ for the disabled person.- a)victim status
- b)state of poverty
- c)marginalised status
- d)low status
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the ____________ for the disabled person.
a)
victim status
b)
state of poverty
c)
marginalised status
d)
low status
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The roots of such attitudes lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit, and disabled people are the victims.
Who uses the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in society are ranked in a hierarchy?- a)Sociologists
- b)Criminologists
- c)Psychologists
- d)Anthropologists
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Who uses the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in society are ranked in a hierarchy?
a)
Sociologists
b)
Criminologists
c)
Psychologists
d)
Anthropologists
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Sociologists use the term social stratification to refer to a system by which categories of people in a society are ranked in a hierarchy.
When did the first backward classes commission submit its report?- a)1950
- b)1953
- c)1949
- d)1956
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
When did the first backward classes commission submit its report?
a)
1950
b)
1953
c)
1949
d)
1956
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The first backward classes commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar submitted its report in 1953. but the political climate at the time led to the report being sidelined.
What is the mere presence or shadow of an untouchable person considered to be?- a)Pure
- b)Polluting
- c)Precious
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the mere presence or shadow of an untouchable person considered to be?
a)
Pure
b)
Polluting
c)
Precious
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Notions of distance pollution existed in many regions of India (particularly in the south) such that even the mere presence or the shadow of an untouchable person is considered polluting.
What campaign did Raja Ram Mohan Roy lead in Bengal?- a)Anti-Drug Campaign
- b)Anti-Globalisation Campaign
- c)Anti-Sati Campaign
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
What campaign did Raja Ram Mohan Roy lead in Bengal?
a)
Anti-Drug Campaign
b)
Anti-Globalisation Campaign
c)
Anti-Sati Campaign
d)
None
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Raja Ram Mohan Roy led the anti-sati campaign in Bengal. The widow remarriage movement in the Bombay presidency where Ranade was one of the leading reformers, from Jyotiba Phule’s simultaneous attack on caste and gender oppression, and from the social reform movement in Islam led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s attempts to reform society, religion, and women’s status can be taken as the starting point of the nineteenth-century social reform in Bengal.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Which of the following is NOT a feature central to the public perception of ‘disability’?- a)Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.
- b)The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
- c)Disability is biologically given.
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Which of the following is NOT a feature central to the public perception of ‘disability’?
a)
Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.
b)
The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
c)
Disability is biologically given.
d)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
All the other options are central features to the public perception of disability.
What are untouchable castes considered to be?- a)Priests
- b)Impure
- c)Pure
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
What are untouchable castes considered to be?
a)
Priests
b)
Impure
c)
Pure
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Strictly speaking, the untouchable castes are outside the caste hierarchy. They are considered to be so impure that their mere touch severely pollutes members of all other castes, bringing terrible punishment for the former and forcing the latter to perform elaborate purification rituals.
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Sociology Class 12
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