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All questions of Expansion & Consolidation of British Power in India for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

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Consider the following statements regarding the society of 18 century in India. 
1. There existed a certain degree of broad cultural Unity, but people were divided by caste, religion, region, tribal and language 
2. Religious considerations kept the Sunni and Shia nobles apart
3. Choice of profession was mainly determined by caste considerations 
4. Higher class Muslims treated lower class Muslims in the same manner the higher caste Hindus treated the lower caste Hindus 
Which of these statements is/are not correct?
  • a)
    2 and 5 only
  • b)
    3 Only
  • c)
    4 Only
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Pooja Shah answered
  • The society of 18th century India was characterized by a traditional outlook and stagnation. Though there existed a certain degree of broad cultural unity, people were divided by caste, religion, region, tribe, and language. 
  • The family system was primarily patriarchal and caste was the central feature of the social life of the Hindus. 
  • Religious considerations not only kept the Sunni and Shia nobles apart but also the Irani, Afghan, Turani, and Hindustani Muslim nobles and officials apart from one another. 
  • The sharif Muslims consisting of nobles, scholars, priests, and army affairs often looked down upon the ajlaf Muslims or the lower class Muslims like the way the 

Arrange the subsidized states chronologically under the subsidiary Alliance of Wellesley?
1. Hyderabad 
2. Peshwa 
3. Jaipur 
4. Bharatpur 
  • a)
    1-2-3-4
  • b)
    2-1-3-4
  • c)
    1-3-2-4
  • d)
    1-2-4-3
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pooja Shah answered
Subsidiary Alliance of Wellesley: Subsidised States: Hyderabad (1798; 1800) Mysore (1799) Tanjore (October 1799) Awadh (November 1801) Peshwa (December 1801) Bhonsle of Berar (December 1803) Sindhia (February 1804) Jodhpur (1818) Jaipur (1818) Macheri (1818) Bundi (1818) Bharatpur (1818)

Consider the following statements. 
1. Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on Grounds of misgovernance 
2. Dalhousie annexed 18 states during his 8-year tenure as governor-general 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them 
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Dhruba Ghoshal answered
Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856. During his tenure, he implemented several policies that had far-reaching consequences on the political, social, and economic landscape of India. One of the most controversial policies was the Doctrine of Lapse, which allowed the British East India Company to annex Indian states that did not have a natural heir to the throne.

Regarding the given statements:

1. Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on grounds of misgovernance.

This statement is correct. Awadh was a princely state in North India that had been ruled by the Nawabs of Awadh since the 18th century. In 1856, Lord Dalhousie accused the Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah, of misgovernance and maladministration and deposed him from his throne. The British East India Company then annexed Awadh and brought it under direct British control. This move was widely criticized and sparked a rebellion against British rule in 1857.

2. Dalhousie annexed 18 states during his 8-year tenure as governor-general.

This statement is incorrect. Lord Dalhousie annexed more than 20 Indian states during his tenure as Governor-General, not just 18. Some of the notable states that were annexed include Satara, Jhansi, Nagpur, and Oudh (Awadh). The annexation of these states was done under the pretext of the Doctrine of Lapse, which was a controversial policy that was widely criticized by Indian rulers and nationalist leaders.

In conclusion, option (a) is the correct answer as only the first statement is correct. Lord Dalhousie did annex Awadh in 1856 after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on grounds of misgovernance, but he annexed more than 20 Indian states during his tenure as Governor-General, not just 18.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A: The 'Doctrine of Lapse' formulated by Governor-General Dalhousie disregarded the right of an adopted heir to the throne and the state automatically lapsed into British dominion if the ruler died without any biological natural heir.
Reason R: The Doctrine of Lapse was one part of Dalhousie's programme of bringing a unified India under strict control by doing away with alternative sovereignties held by Indian rulers and princes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
  • a)
    Both A and R are correct and R is NOT correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. 
  • c)
    A is correct but R is not correct.
  • d)
    A is not correct but R is correct.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanjay Rana answered
Lord Dalhousie, as the Governor-General of India in the mid-19th century, implemented a policy known as the Doctrine of Lapse. This policy stipulated that if a ruler of an Indian state under British control passed away without a natural heir, the British East India Company would annex the state rather than allowing an adopted heir to assume the throne. This policy contradicted traditional Indian succession practices that recognized adopted heirs as legitimate successors. The Doctrine of Lapse, therefore, disregarded the rights of adopted heirs, resulting in widespread dissatisfaction among the affected populations. Dalhousie's aim with this policy was to solidify British dominance over the Indian subcontinent by undermining indigenous power structures.

In the 1770s, the British embarked on a brutal policy of extermination, hunting the Paharis down and killing them. Regarding these Paharis, which of the following statements is correct?
  • a)
    They were hill folks who lived around the Rajmahal hills.
  • b)
    They raided the plains where settlers lived during the years of scarcity.
  • c)
    Only option (a) is correct.
  • d)
    Both (a) and (b) are correct.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Amit Kumar answered
  • Paharis lived around the Rajmahal hills, subsisting on forest produce and practising shifting cultivation.
  • With their base in the hills, the Paharis regularly raided the plains where settled agriculturalists lived. These raids were necessary for survival, particularly in years of scarcity.
  • They were a way of asserting power over settled communities and means of negotiating political relations with outsiders. The zamindars on the plains had to often purchase peace by paying a regular tribute to the hill chiefs.
  • Traders similarly gave a small amount to the hill folk to use the passes controlled by them.

“Bear in mind that the commerce of India is the commerce of the world and.... He who can exclusively command it is the dictator of Europe”. It is said by?
  • a)
    Peter the Great
  • b)
    Shashi Tharoor
  • c)
    Irfan Habib
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Shilpa Yadav answered
Peter the Great is the correct answer.



Explanation:



The quote "Bear in mind that the commerce of India is the commerce of the world and.... He who can exclusively command it is the dictator of Europe" is attributed to Peter the Great, the Russian tsar and emperor who ruled from 1682 to 1725. This statement reflects Peter's recognition of the economic importance of India and its potential to wield significant influence over European powers.



Significance of Indian Commerce:



1. Economic Powerhouse: In the 17th and 18th centuries, India was a major center of global trade and commerce. It had a rich and diverse economy, producing valuable goods like textiles, spices, and precious metals.



2. European Competitions: European powers, including Russia, Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Portugal, were vying for control over Indian trade routes and resources. The competition among these nations led to the establishment of European trading companies, such as the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.



3. Indian Trade Routes: India's strategic location at the crossroads of major trade routes between Europe, Asia, and Africa made it a hub of international trade. Controlling Indian commerce meant gaining access to valuable resources and establishing dominance over global trade networks.



Implications for Europe:



1. Economic Prosperity: The control of Indian commerce offered immense economic benefits to European powers. The goods and wealth flowing from India could fuel the growth and development of European economies.



2. Geopolitical Dominance: The power to exclusively command Indian commerce would give a nation significant geopolitical leverage over its European rivals. It would allow a nation to control the flow of goods, dictate terms of trade, and exert influence over other European powers.



3. Military Strength: The empire that could dominate Indian trade would have the financial resources to build a powerful military and expand its territorial holdings. This military strength would further enhance its dominance in Europe.



In conclusion, Peter the Great's statement highlights the immense economic and geopolitical significance of Indian commerce during the 17th and 18th centuries. He recognized that whoever could control this commerce would wield considerable influence over Europe and its powers.

He was the last Mughal Emperor. The Revolt of 1857 had made a futile attempt to declare him the emperor of India. He was captured by the English and sent to Rangoon where he died in 1862. He is?
  • a)
    Shah Alam II
  • b)
    Akbar II
  • c)
    Alamgir II
  • d)
    Bahadur Shah II
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Prasad Yadav answered
**Bahadur Shah II**
Bahadur Shah II, also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, was the last Mughal Emperor who reigned from 1837 to 1857. He was a poet, musician, and calligrapher but had little political power due to the British East India Company's control over India.
**Role in the Revolt of 1857**
During the Revolt of 1857, Bahadur Shah II was declared the Emperor of India by the rebels. He reluctantly agreed to lead the uprising against the British, but the revolt ultimately failed due to lack of coordination and British military superiority. After the revolt was suppressed, Bahadur Shah II was captured by the British.
**Exile and Death**
In 1858, Bahadur Shah II was exiled to Rangoon (in present-day Myanmar) along with his family. He lived there in captivity until his death in 1862. His death marked the end of the Mughal Empire, which had ruled India for over three centuries.
Despite his limited role as a figurehead in the Revolt of 1857, Bahadur Shah II remains a symbol of resistance against British colonialism in India. His legacy as the last Mughal Emperor and a poet continues to be remembered in Indian history and culture.

Which of the following statements is/ are correct about the status of education in the 18th century? 
1. In the 18th century, The Hindu and Muslim elementary schools were called pathshalas and Maktabs respectively 
2. Elementary education among the Hindus and Muslims was quite widespread 
3. Some of the famous centers for Urdu education to were Kasi, Nadia, and utkala 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    2 Only
  • d)
    All are Correct
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Jaya Nair answered
  • Kasi (Varanasi), Nadia, and Utkala were famous for Sanskrit education. 
  • The education imparted in 18th-century India was still traditional which could not match with the rapid developments in the West. 
  • The knowledge was confined to literature, law, religion, philosophy, and logic and excluded the study of physical and natural sciences, technology, and geography. 
  • In fact, due to over-reliance placed on ancient learning, any original thought got discouraged. Elementary education among the Hindus and the Muslims was quite widespread. 
  • The Hindu and Muslim elementary schools were called pathshalas and maktabs respectively. The education was confined to reading, writing, and arithmetic. 
  • Children from the lower caste sometimes attended the schools, but the female presence was rare. Chatuspathis or Tols, as they were called in Bihar and Bengal, were the centers of higher education.
  • Some of the famous centers for Sanskrit education were Kasi (Varanasi), Tirhut (Mithila), Nadia, and Utkala.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Maharashtra, the Andhra region, and Bengal were the leaders in shipbuilding 
2. Shivaji Bhosale's Navy put up a good defense on the West Coast against the Portuguese 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Maitri Choudhury answered
Shipbuilding in India and Shivaji Bhosale's Navy

Shipbuilding in India:
- Maharashtra, the Andhra region, and Bengal were the leaders in shipbuilding in India.
- The shipbuilding industry in India was well-developed during the ancient and medieval periods.

Shivaji Bhosale's Navy:
- Shivaji Bhosale, the founder of the Maratha Empire, established a strong naval force to protect the west coast of India against the Portuguese.
- Shivaji's Navy was successful in defeating the Portuguese several times, and he also captured several Portuguese forts along the coast.
- Shivaji's Navy was composed of both warships and merchant ships, and it played a crucial role in the Maratha Empire's expansion.

Correct answer: Both 1 and 2.

Who was the founder of the independent principality of Awadh?
  • a)
    Haider Ali
  • b)
    Murshid quli Khan
  • c)
    Nizam ul Mulk
  • d)
    Burhan ul Mulk
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Lalit Yadav answered
  • Saadat Khan was also known as Burhan ul Mulk. He founded the independent principality of Awadh. 
  • He had joined in a conspiracy against the Sayyid brothers, which resulted in his being given an increased Mansab. Later, driven out of the court, he was prompted to found a new independent state. 
  • He committed suicide due to the pressure from Nadir Shah who was demanding a huge booty from him. He was succeeded by Safdar Jung as the Nawab of Awadh.

Consider the following statements. The Treaty of Srirangapatnam
1. Abolished the princely status of the state of Mysore.
2. Made Tipu Sultan pay war indemnity to the British.
3. Resulted in British ceding the territory of the Malabar Coast.
Select the correct answer using the codes below,
  • a)
    2 and 3 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    1 only
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Aarya Pillai answered
The correct answer is option A, which means that statements 2 and 3 are true.

Explanation:

1. Abolished the princely status of the state of Mysore:
The Treaty of Srirangapatnam, signed in 1792, did not abolish the princely status of the state of Mysore. In fact, the treaty recognized the princely status of Mysore and allowed Tipu Sultan to continue as the ruler of the state. The treaty was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company after the Third Anglo-Mysore War. It imposed certain conditions on Tipu Sultan, but it did not abolish the princely status of Mysore.

2. Made Tipu Sultan pay war indemnity to the British:
This statement is true. As a result of the Treaty of Srirangapatnam, Tipu Sultan had to pay a large war indemnity to the British. The exact amount of the indemnity was fixed at 33 million rupees, along with the surrender of two of his sons as hostages. This was a significant financial burden on Tipu Sultan and weakened his position.

3. Resulted in British ceding the territory of the Malabar Coast:
This statement is also true. The Treaty of Srirangapatnam resulted in the British ceding the territory of the Malabar Coast to Tipu Sultan. The Malabar Coast had been under British control during the war, but as a result of the treaty, it was returned to Tipu Sultan. This was a significant territorial gain for Tipu Sultan and a loss for the British.

In conclusion, the Treaty of Srirangapatnam made Tipu Sultan pay a war indemnity to the British and resulted in the British ceding the territory of the Malabar Coast. However, it did not abolish the princely status of the state of Mysore. Therefore, the correct answer is option A, which includes statements 2 and 3.

The British were furious against Tipu Sultan. Consider the following reasons:
1. He controlled trade at Malabar where the Company had stakes.
2. He stopped the export of precious items and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company.
3. He established a close relationship with the French.
Which of the above-given reason(s) is/are incorrect?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 only
  • c)
    2 only
  • d)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Raghav Patel answered
Reasons for British Fury against Tipu Sultan

There were several reasons why the British were furious against Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in South India. These reasons are discussed below:

Control of Trade at Malabar: Tipu Sultan controlled trade at Malabar, which was an important trading center for the British East India Company. The Company had stakes in this trade and Tipu's control over it threatened their profits.

Stopping Export of Precious Items: Tipu Sultan also stopped the export of precious items like pepper, cardamom, and sandalwood, which were important commodities for the British. He also disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company, which further infuriated them.

Close Relationship with the French: Tipu Sultan established a close relationship with the French, who were the arch-rivals of the British in India. He sought their help in his fight against the British and even signed a treaty with them.

Incorrect Reason

None of the reasons given above is incorrect. All of them contributed to the British fury against Tipu Sultan. However, it is important to note that Tipu Sultan's actions were not unjustified. He was trying to protect the interests of his kingdom and his people from the exploitation of the British East India Company. His close relationship with the French was also a strategic move to counter the British dominance in India.

Consider the following statements.
Younghusband's Mission to Tibet (1904)
1. Led to a temporary invasion by British Indian forces under the auspices of the Tibet Frontier Commission
2. Intended to establish diplomatic relations and resolve the dispute over the border between Tibet and Bhutan
Q. Which of the above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Kulkarni answered
Younghusband's Mission to Tibet (1904)
The mission led by Francis Younghusband to Tibet in 1904 was a significant event in the history of British-Indian relations with Tibet. It aimed to establish diplomatic relations and resolve the border dispute between Tibet and Bhutan. Let us examine the two statements given in the question:

1. Led to a temporary invasion by British Indian forces under the auspices of the Tibet Frontier Commission
The first statement is correct. Younghusband's mission to Tibet did result in a temporary invasion by British Indian forces. The mission was sent to negotiate with the Tibetan government and establish British influence in the region. However, when negotiations failed, the British Indian forces resorted to military action. They advanced into Tibet and captured the capital city of Lhasa, effectively bringing Tibet under British control.

This invasion was seen as a violation of Tibetan sovereignty and led to a significant backlash from the Tibetan government and people. The Dalai Lama, the spiritual and political leader of Tibet, was forced to flee to Mongolia, and Tibet was placed under a British military administration.

2. Intended to establish diplomatic relations and resolve the dispute over the border between Tibet and Bhutan
The second statement is incorrect. While the mission aimed to establish diplomatic relations, it did not specifically focus on resolving the border dispute between Tibet and Bhutan. The main objective of the mission was to secure British influence in Tibet and establish a buffer zone between British India and Russian territories in Central Asia.

The British were concerned about Russian expansion in the region and wanted to ensure that Tibet remained under their influence. The border dispute between Tibet and Bhutan was a separate issue that was not the primary focus of Younghusband's mission.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A,' which states that only the first statement is correct. The mission led to a temporary invasion by British Indian forces, but it did not specifically aim to resolve the border dispute between Tibet and Bhutan.

Consider the following statements:
1. In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the British East India Company's combined forces and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu.
2. After Tipu Sultan was killed in the Battle of Seringapatam, Mysore was placed under Wodeyars, the former ruling dynasty.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Debanshi Gupta answered
Explanation:

The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War was fought between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore under Tipu Sultan's leadership. The war lasted from 1798 to 1799.

1. British and Nizam's victory over Tipu:
- The British East India Company's combined forces and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu Sultan's forces in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
- The decisive battle took place at Seringapatam (present-day Srirangapatna) in May 1799.
- Tipu Sultan was killed in this battle, and the British captured his capital and stronghold, Seringapatam.

2. Mysore placed under Wodeyars:
- After Tipu Sultan's death, the British restored the Wodeyar dynasty to the throne of Mysore.
- The Wodeyars were the former ruling dynasty of Mysore, and they had been deposed by Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan's father, in the mid-18th century.
- The Wodeyars were seen as more amenable to British interests than Tipu Sultan, who was known for his anti-British stance and had allied with the French.

Therefore, both statements are correct. The British and Nizam's forces defeated Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, and after his death, Mysore was placed under the Wodeyar dynasty's rule.

The Governor-General who followed a spirited 'Forward' policy towards Afghanistan was:
  • a)
    Minto
  • b)
    Dufferin
  • c)
    Elgin
  • d)
    Lytton
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Tanvi Basu answered
Governor-General Lytton's 'Forward' Policy towards Afghanistan

Background:

During the British rule in India, there was a constant threat to the British Empire from the Russian Empire. The British believed that the Russians were trying to expand their influence in Central Asia, which was regarded as a buffer zone between the two empires.

Governor-General Lytton's 'Forward' Policy:

Lord Lytton, who was the Governor-General of India from 1876 to 1880, believed that the British should pursue an aggressive policy towards Afghanistan in order to counter the perceived Russian threat.

The 'Forward' Policy of Lord Lytton was based on the following principles:

1. British expansionism: The policy aimed to expand the British Empire in Central Asia by establishing a friendly government in Afghanistan.

2. Military intervention: The British believed that they had to intervene militarily in Afghanistan in order to maintain their control over the region.

3. Diplomacy: The policy also involved diplomatic efforts to establish friendly relations with Afghanistan and to isolate Russia in Central Asia.

4. Puppet government: The British installed a puppet government in Afghanistan under the leadership of Shere Ali Khan, who was sympathetic to British interests.

5. Invasion of Afghanistan: In 1878, the British invaded Afghanistan with the aim of deposing Shere Ali Khan and installing a more pro-British government.

6. Second Anglo-Afghan War: The invasion led to the Second Anglo-Afghan War, which lasted from 1878 to 1880. The British were initially successful in their military campaign, but they faced strong resistance from the Afghan people and suffered heavy casualties.

Outcome:

The 'Forward' Policy of Lord Lytton was a failure. Although the British were able to install a more pro-British government in Afghanistan, they were not able to maintain their control over the region. The Afghan people resisted British rule, and the British were forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1881.

Conclusion:

The 'Forward' Policy of Lord Lytton towards Afghanistan was a misguided attempt to counter the perceived Russian threat in Central Asia. The policy was based on the outdated notion of British expansionism and failed to take into account the aspirations of the Afghan people for independence.

Consider the following statements 
1. Durand agreement (1893) failed to keep peace and soon there were tribal uprisings 
2. Lord Curzon followed the policy of withdrawal and concentration 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Sneha Sen answered
Durand Agreement (1893) and Tribal Uprisings

Durand Agreement (1893):
- The Durand Agreement was a treaty signed between Sir Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat, and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, the ruler of Afghanistan, in 1893.
- The agreement aimed to define the border between British India and Afghanistan, known as the Durand Line.
- The Durand Line divided the Pashtun tribal areas, splitting them between British India and Afghanistan.
- The agreement was primarily driven by British strategic interests in the region, as they wanted to secure their northwestern frontier and prevent any Russian influence in Afghanistan.

Failure to Keep Peace:
- Statement 1 is correct. The Durand Agreement failed to maintain peace in the region. Soon after its signing, there were tribal uprisings against the agreement.
- The Pashtun tribes living on both sides of the Durand Line did not accept the division imposed upon them by the British.
- They viewed the agreement as an infringement on their traditional territories and felt a sense of betrayal by their own leaders who had agreed to the division.
- The tribal uprisings were primarily led by Pashtun leaders like Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Bacha Khan, who mobilized their people against the Durand Agreement.
- These uprisings posed a significant challenge to the British administration and its control over the tribal areas.

Lord Curzon's Policy:
- Statement 2 is correct. Lord Curzon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, followed a policy of withdrawal and concentration.
- Lord Curzon believed that the British Empire's resources were being spread too thin across India, and he sought to streamline and consolidate the administration.
- His policy focused on reducing the administrative burden and consolidating British control over the areas that were strategically important for the empire's defense.
- This policy included the demarcation of the Durand Line, which was part of the broader strategy of securing the northwestern frontier of India.
- Lord Curzon's policy of withdrawal and concentration aimed to strengthen British control and authority in the region.

Conclusion:
- Both statements are correct. The Durand Agreement failed to maintain peace, and there were tribal uprisings against it. Lord Curzon followed a policy of withdrawal and concentration to consolidate British control over strategically important areas, including the implementation of the Durand Line.

Which among the following were the causes for the defeat of the Marathas against the English?
1. Inept leadership 
2. Defective nature of the state 
3. Loose political set-up 
4. Inferior military system 
5. Unstable economic policy 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1, 2, and 3 Only
  • b)
    1, 4.and 5 Only
  • c)
    2, 3, and 4 only
  • d)
    All are correct
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Mahi Khanna answered
The defeat of the Marathas against the English can be attributed to a combination of factors. These factors include inept leadership, the defective nature of the state, the loose political set-up, the inferior military system, and unstable economic policy.

1. Inept leadership: The Marathas had a series of weak and ineffective leaders during their conflict with the English. These leaders lacked strategic vision, failed to unite the various factions within the Maratha Empire, and were unable to effectively counter the English military tactics.

2. Defective nature of the state: The Maratha Empire was characterized by a decentralized and fragmented political structure. Power was concentrated in the hands of regional chieftains and there was a lack of central authority. This made it difficult for the Marathas to coordinate their efforts and respond effectively to the English threat.

3. Loose political set-up: The Maratha Empire had a loose political set-up, with different regions and factions vying for power and influence. This led to internal conflicts and rivalries, which weakened the Marathas and made them susceptible to the English advances.

4. Inferior military system: The Marathas had a relatively less organized and disciplined military system compared to the English. They relied heavily on guerrilla warfare and lacked the training, equipment, and tactics necessary to counter the English forces effectively.

5. Unstable economic policy: The Marathas had an unstable economic policy, which led to financial difficulties and hindered their ability to sustain their military efforts. They faced issues such as inflation, corruption, and mismanagement of resources, which further weakened their position against the English.

In conclusion, all of the above factors played a significant role in the defeat of the Marathas against the English. The combination of inept leadership, a defective state structure, a loose political set-up, an inferior military system, and an unstable economic policy ultimately led to the downfall of the Maratha Empire.

Under the Treaty of Allahabad, Nawab Shuja Ud Daula agreed to: 
1. Surrender Allahabad and kara to English 
2. Pay rupees 50 lakh to the company as war indemnity 
3. Give Balwant Singh, the zamindar of Banaras, full possession of his estate 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Priya Mukherjee answered
The correct answer is option 'B', which states that statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Explanation:
1. Surrender Allahabad and Kara to English: This statement is incorrect. Under the Treaty of Allahabad, Nawab Shuja Ud Daula did not agree to surrender Allahabad and Kara to the English. In fact, Allahabad and Kara were already under the control of the English before the treaty was signed.

2. Pay rupees 50 lakh to the company as war indemnity: This statement is correct. As per the Treaty of Allahabad, Nawab Shuja Ud Daula agreed to pay rupees 50 lakh to the English East India Company as war indemnity. This was a significant amount of money at that time.

3. Give Balwant Singh, the zamindar of Banaras, full possession of his estate: This statement is correct. The Treaty of Allahabad also ensured that Balwant Singh, the zamindar of Banaras, would be given full possession of his estate. This was an important provision in the treaty to maintain stability and ensure the loyalty of local rulers.

In summary, under the Treaty of Allahabad, Nawab Shuja Ud Daula agreed to pay rupees 50 lakh to the English East India Company as war indemnity and give Balwant Singh, the zamindar of Banaras, full possession of his estate.

Consider the following statements.
1. Warren Hastings followed the policy of ring-fence which aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the company's frontiers
2. Lord Wellesley abolished the ring-fence system and introduced a policy of subsidiary alliance in its place
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanvi Kapoor answered
  • Warren Hastings followed a policy of ring-fence which aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the Company's frontiers. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • Lord Wellesley introduced the policy of subsidiary Alliance as an extension of the Ring fence system which sought to reduce Indian states into a position of dependence on the British government. Hence, statement 2nd is incorrect. 

Which of the following is/are correct regarding the factors of the declining Mughal empire?
1. Weak Successors 
2. Absence of Definite law of succession 
3. Degeneration of rulers and nobles 
4. Too vast an Empire 
5. Shifting allegiance of Zamindars 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1, 2, and 3 Only
  • b)
    1, 2, and 5 Only
  • c)
    1, 2, 3, and 4 only
  • d)
    All are correct
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshara Menon answered
Factors of the Declining Mughal Empire

Introduction:
The Mughal Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the world during its peak. However, it faced a steady decline in the 18th century, leading to its eventual collapse. Several factors contributed to this decline, and they are discussed below.

Weak Successors:
One of the primary reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire was the succession of weak rulers. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire was ruled by a series of weak and ineffective rulers who were unable to maintain the stability and prosperity of the empire. They were more interested in their personal pleasures and neglected the affairs of the state.

Absence of Definite Law of Succession:
Another reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire was the absence of a definite law of succession. The Mughal emperors followed the principle of primogeniture, which meant that the eldest son would inherit the throne. However, this principle was not always followed, leading to disputes and conflicts over succession.

Degeneration of Rulers and Nobles:
The Mughal emperors were known for their love of luxury and extravagance, which led to a decline in their moral and political authority. The nobles, who were the backbone of the Mughal Empire, became corrupt and inefficient, leading to a decline in the administration and governance of the empire.

Too Vast an Empire:
The Mughal Empire was one of the largest empires in history, stretching from present-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The vastness of the empire made it difficult to govern effectively, leading to a decline in the central authority of the empire.

Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars:
The zamindars, who were the local landlords, played an important role in the governance of the Mughal Empire. However, they began to shift their allegiance from the Mughal emperors to the regional powers, leading to a decline in the authority of the central government.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, several factors contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire, including weak successors, the absence of a definite law of succession, the degeneration of rulers and nobles, the vastness of the empire, and the shifting allegiance of zamindars. These factors led to a steady decline in the authority and power of the Mughal Empire, eventually leading to its collapse.

In the 18th century, India imported tea, sugar, and Silk from
  • a)
    Persian Gulf region
  • b)
    Arabia
  • c)
    Europe
  • d)
    China
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Prateek Shah answered
Imported Goods in 18th Century India:

Tea, sugar, and silk were some of the most popular imported goods in 18th century India. Let's explore the different regions from where India imported these goods:

From China:

India imported tea and silk from China, which were highly sought after commodities in the 18th century. Tea was first introduced to India by the British East India Company in the early 17th century, and it quickly became a popular beverage among the British and Indian elites. Silk was also imported from China, as it was considered to be of superior quality compared to Indian silk.

From Europe:

India imported a variety of goods from European countries, including textiles, spices, and luxury items such as wine and brandy. European traders established trading posts in India during the 16th and 17th centuries, and the British East India Company became the dominant European trading power in India during the 18th century.

From Arabia:

India also imported dates and other dried fruits from Arabia, which were used in cooking and as a sweet snack. The Arabian Peninsula was an important trading hub during the 18th century, and Arab traders had established trade networks throughout the Indian Ocean region.

From Persian Gulf Region:

The Persian Gulf region was also an important source of goods for India during the 18th century. India imported pearls, dates, and other luxury items from the Persian Gulf, which were highly valued by the Indian elite.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, India imported tea, sugar, and silk primarily from China during the 18th century. European countries were also a major source of imports, and India also imported goods from the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf region. These imports played an important role in shaping the economy and culture of 18th century India.

Treaty of Gandamak is associated with
  • a)
    First Anglo Sikh war
  • b)
    First Burma war
  • c)
    First Anglo-Afghan war
  • d)
    Second Anglo-Afghan war
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Vijay Kumar answered
  • Second Anglo-Afghan War (1870-80): Lytton made an offer of a favourable treaty to Sher Ali, but the Amir wanted friendship with both his powerful neighbours. 
  •  Sher Ali fled in face of the British invasion, and the Treaty of Gandamak (May 1879) was signed with Yakub Khan, the eldest son of Sher Ali. 

Consider the following statements. 
1. Treaty of Amritsar was significant for its immediate as well as potential effects 
2. It accepted the river Jhelum as the boundary line for Ranjit Singh's Dominions and the company's 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanjay Rana answered
  • Treaty of Amritsar: Treaty of Amritsar The Treaty of Amritsar was significant for its immediate as well as potential effects. 
  • It checked one of the most cherished ambitions of Ranjit Singh to extend his rule over the entire Sikh nation by accepting the river Sutlej as the boundary line for his dominions and the Company. 

Treaty of eternal friendship is associated with?
  • a)
    Conquest of Punjab
  • b)
    Conquest of Bengal
  • c)
    Conquest of Sindh
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Deepak Kapoor answered
  • Treaty of Eternal Friendship: In June 1807, the alliance of Tilsit with Alexander I of Russia was joined by Napoleon Bonaparte. The alliance had as one of its conditions a combined invasion of India by the land route
  • Sindh was visited by Nicholas Smith who met the Amirs to conclude a defensive arrangement. After negotiations, the Amirs agreed to a treaty--their first-ever treaty with the English. After professing eternal friendship, both sides agreed to exclude the French from Sindh and to exchange agents at each other's court.

The Durand Commission (1893) was set up to
  • a)
    Recommend changes in the proposed Universities Act
  • b)
    Bring reforms in Police administration in India on the lines suggested by Lord Curzon
  • c)
    Define the Durand Line between India and Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and Afghanistan)
  • d)
    Increase the intake of the British army in India from contingents stationed abroad
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Amit Kumar answered
  • The Durand Line is the 2,430-kilometre international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was established in 1896 between Sir Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat and civil servant of the British Raj, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Amir, to fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade.
  • Afghanistan was considered by the British as an independent state, although the British controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.
  • The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balochistan region, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns and the Baloch and other ethnic groups, who live on both sides of the border.
  • It demarcates Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan of northern and western Pakistan from Afghanistan's northeastern and southern provinces.
  • From a geopolitical and geostrategic perspective, it has been described as one of the world's most dangerous borders.

The reason(s) behind the Battle of Plassey between the Nawab of Bengal and the British was/were
1. That British denied stopping trade relations with India.
2. That the Bengal nawab did not accept 'subsidiary alliance' enforced by the British.
3. East India Company had started interfering in the political matters of Bengal.
4. The British did not pay appropriate revenue to the Bengal nawab.
5. East India Company did not stop fortification in Bengal even after the Farman of Bengal nawab.
Choose the correct answer using the codes below.
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 only
  • b)
    4 and 5 only
  • c)
    3,4 and 5 only
  • d)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
  • When Alivardi Khan died in 1756, Siraj udDaulah became the nawab of Bengal. The Company was worried about his power and keen on a puppet ruler who would willingly give trade concessions and other privileges.
  • So it tried, though without success, to help one of Siraj ud-Daulah's rivals become the nawab.
  • An infuriated Siraj ud-Daulah asked the Company to stop meddling in his dominion's political affairs, stop fortification, and pay the revenues.
  • After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kasimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen and blockaded English ships.
  • Then, he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company's fort there. On hearing the news of Calcutta's fall, Company officials in Madras sent forces under the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets. Prolonged negotiations with the nawab followed. Finally, in 1757, Robert Clive led the Company's army against Siraj ud-Daulah at Plassey.

The Indus Navigation Treaty that was signed between the British and the ruler of Kashmir, Ranjit Singh, provided for
  • a)
    The opening of River Sutlej for navigation
  • b)
    The sharing of Indus waters with the northwestern provinces that were not under British control
  • c)
    Sole right of Kashmiris to store, cultivate and develop the Indus water
  • d)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Kavita Mehta answered
  • Lord William Bentinck was the first governor-general to visualize a Russian threat to India.
  • Hence, he was eager to negotiate friendly relations with the ruler of Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and the Amirs of Sind.
  • His earnest desire was that Afghanistan should be made a buffer state between India and any possible invader. As an initial measure, an exchange of gifts took place between Lahore (capital of Punjab) and Calcutta (the governor's seat).
  • It was then followed by the meeting of Bentinck and Ranjit Singh in 1831 at Rupar on the River Sutlej banks.
  • The governor-general successfully won Ranjit Singh's friendship, and the Indus Navigation Treaty was concluded between them. This treaty opened up the Sutlej for navigation.
  • Also, a commercial treaty was negotiated with Ranjit Singh. A similar treaty was also concluded with the Amirs of Sind.

What was the result of the Second Anglo Sikh war? 
1. Surrender of the Sikh army and Sher Singh 
2. Annexation of Punjab 
3. Setting up of three-member board to Governor Punjab 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Vikram Kapoor answered
  • At the end of the war came: the surrender of the Sikh army and Sher Singh in 1849; 
  • the annexation of Punjab; and for his services, the Earl of Dalhousie was given the thanks of the British Parliament and promotion in the peerage, 
  • as Marquess; setting up of a three-member board to govern Punjab, comprising the Lawrence brothers (Henry and John) and Charles Mansel. 
  • In 1853 the board was nullified and Punjab was placed under a chief commissioner. John Lawrence became the first chief commissioner.

Consider the following statements:
Statement I:
The 3rd Battle of Panipat involved the Maratha and Afghan armies.
Statement II:
Sawai Jai Singh built the pink city of Jaipur and five astronomical observatories at different locations.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II does not explain Statement I
  • b)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I
  • c)
    Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Samarth Unni answered
Explanation:

Statement I:
- The 3rd Battle of Panipat did indeed involve the Maratha and Afghan armies. It took place on January 14, 1761, and was a significant battle in Indian history.
- The Marathas, led by Sadashivrao Bhau, faced off against the Afghan forces under Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali.
- The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Afghan forces, leading to heavy casualties for the Marathas and a significant setback for their empire.

Statement II:
- Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber, built the pink city of Jaipur in the early 18th century. The city is known for its distinctive pink-colored buildings, which were painted to welcome the Prince of Wales in 1876.
- Additionally, Sawai Jai Singh II was a renowned astronomer and built five astronomical observatories, known as Jantar Mantars, at different locations in India.
- These observatories were used for measuring time, predicting eclipses, and tracking celestial bodies, showcasing Jai Singh's interest in astronomy and science.

Conclusion:
- Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, and Statement II provides additional information about Sawai Jai Singh II's achievements in architecture and astronomy.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A'.

The Battle held at Plassey is often mentioned in India's colonial history. How did the place Plassey get its name from?
  • a)
    Palash tree that grows there.
  • b)
    The water structures that surrounded large forts.
  • c)
    Highly fertile soil found there.
  • d)
    Series of battles fought at it.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Mehta answered
Palash tree and the name Plassey:
Plassey, the historical site of the famous battle, got its name from the Palash tree that grows abundantly in the region. The name "Plassey" is believed to be derived from the Bengali name for the Palash tree, which is known as "Polash" in the local language.

Significance of the Palash tree:
The Palash tree is known for its vibrant orange and red flowers that bloom during the spring season, creating a spectacular sight. The tree holds cultural and religious significance in India and is often associated with festivals and rituals.

Historical context:
The Battle of Plassey, fought in 1757, was a significant event in Indian history as it marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India. The battle took place between the forces of the British East India Company led by Robert Clive and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah.

Legacy of the Battle:
The outcome of the Battle of Plassey established British dominance in India and paved the way for further expansion of their colonial rule. The name Plassey has since become synonymous with the battle and holds a prominent place in India's colonial history.
In conclusion, the name Plassey is derived from the Palash tree that grows in the region, symbolizing the cultural significance and historical legacy of the place.

The Northwest Frontier Province of British India was of great strategic importance to the British colonials because
1. It was the overland gateway to India through the Khyber Pass that could be accessed by the invaders.
2. The tribes of the North-West Frontier Province posed a danger to the British empire and needed to be tamed through the deployment of Khassadars.
Q. Which of the above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Varun Kapoor answered
No region of the British Empire afforded more grandeur, influence, power, status and prestige then India. The British prominence in India was unique and incomparable. For this very reason the security and safety of India became the prime objective of British Imperial foreign policy in India. India was the symbol of appealing, thriving, profitable and advantageous British Imperial greatness.
Closely interlinked with the question of the imperial defence of India was the tribal belt or tribal areas in the North-West Frontier region inhabitant by Pashtun ethnic groups. The area was defined topographically as a strategic zone of defence, which had substantial geo-political and geo-strategic significance for the British rule in India. 
For the British, France under Napoleon Bonaparte and later on the conquest of Russia in Central Asia was perceived as a serious threat to India. The British feared that Afghanistan might become a staging post for a Russian invasion of India. Afghanistan was therefore, created a buffer state and a barrier against British adversaries with regard to India's security. As a consequence, the western and North Western frontiers of India assumed importance for the British government in India and thus raised the strategic importance of India's North West Frontier.

Treaty of Bassein (1802) Under the treaty, the Peshwa agreed: 
1. To surrender the city of Surat; 
2. To give up all claims for Chauth on the Nizam's dominions
3. To accept the Company's arbitration in all differences between him and the Nizam or the Gaekwad; 
4. Not to keep in his employment Europeans of any nation at war with the English 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    1, 3 and 4 Only
  • c)
    1 and 2 Only
  • d)
    All are Correct
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aarya Pillai answered
The correct answer is option 'D' - all the statements are correct.

The Treaty of Bassein was signed in 1802 between the British East India Company and the Peshwa Baji Rao II of the Maratha Empire. It was a significant event in Indian history as it marked the beginning of British dominance over the Marathas.

Let us discuss each statement in detail:

1. To surrender the city of Surat:
- The treaty required the Peshwa to surrender the city of Surat to the British East India Company. Surat was an important trading port and its control gave the British a strategic advantage in Gujarat.

2. To give up all claims for Chauth on the Nizam's dominions:
- Chauth was a tax levied by the Marathas on territories they considered to be under their influence. The Peshwa agreed to give up all claims for Chauth on the Nizam's dominions. This meant that the Marathas would no longer collect this tax from the Nizam's territories.

3. To accept the Company's arbitration in all differences between him and the Nizam or the Gaekwad:
- The treaty stipulated that the Peshwa would accept the British East India Company's arbitration in any disputes or conflicts between him and the Nizam of Hyderabad or the Gaekwad of Baroda. This gave the British control over the resolution of conflicts between the Marathas and their neighboring powers.

4. Not to keep in his employment Europeans of any nation at war with the English:
- The Peshwa agreed not to employ Europeans from any nation that was at war with the English. This was a significant provision as it limited the Peshwa's ability to seek military assistance or alliances from European powers hostile to the British.

In conclusion, all the statements mentioned in the question are correct. The Treaty of Bassein had far-reaching consequences for the Marathas and paved the way for British control over large parts of India.

In the 18th century, Chatuspathi or Tols were the
  • a)
    Head of the village
  • b)
    Lok Adalats
  • c)
    Institutes of Higher Learning
  • d)
    Custom duties
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Maitri Choudhury answered
Chatuspathi or Tols were Institutes of Higher Learning in the 18th century. Let's understand this in detail:

- Chatuspathi or Tols were educational institutions in Bengal during the 18th century.
- They were established by the Brahmin community to impart education in subjects like Sanskrit, Hindu law, philosophy, literature, and theology.
- The word "Chatuspathi" means "four paths" or "four directions," referring to the four Vedas - Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda.
- Tols were also known as "pathshalas," which means "schools on the path or way."
- The curriculum in Tols was based on the Gurukul system of education, where students lived with their teacher and learned through discussions and debates.
- The students in Tols were mostly Brahmin boys, and their education was free of cost.
- Tols played a significant role in preserving and promoting Hindu culture and tradition during the colonial period.
- Some of the famous Tols in Bengal were Nabadwip Tol, Hariharpur Tol, and Navadvipa Tol.

In conclusion, Chatuspathi or Tols were educational institutions of higher learning in Bengal during the 18th century, where students learned subjects like Sanskrit, Hindu law, philosophy, literature, and theology. These institutions played a crucial role in preserving and promoting Hindu culture and tradition during the colonial period.

Consider the following pairs:
1. Kilich Khan - Asaf-Jah of Hyderabad
2. Safdar Jang - Founder of Awadh
3. Suraj Mal - Leader of the Jats at their zenith
4. Ranjit Singh - Founder of the Sikh kingdom
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    Only three pairs
  • d)
    All four pairs
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Tanishq Sengupta answered
Analysis of Correctly Matched Pairs:
1. Kilich Khan - Asaf-Jah of Hyderabad: Kilich Khan, also known as Nizam-ul-Mulk, was appointed as the Asaf-Jah of Hyderabad by the Mughal emperor. He was a prominent figure in the history of Hyderabad and played a significant role in the region.
2. Safdar Jang - Founder of Awadh: Safdar Jang was a noble in the Mughal court and served as the governor of Awadh. He played a crucial role in the establishment and governance of the Awadh region, making this pair correctly matched.
3. Suraj Mal - Leader of the Jats at their zenith: Suraj Mal was a powerful Jat leader who led his community to great heights during his reign. He was known for his military prowess and political acumen, making this pair correctly matched.

Analysis of Incorrectly Matched Pair:
4. Ranjit Singh - Founder of the Sikh kingdom: Ranjit Singh was not the founder of the Sikh kingdom. He was a prominent ruler of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century but did not establish the kingdom. The Sikh kingdom was founded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh's predecessors.
Therefore, out of the four pairs given, three pairs are correctly matched, while one pair is incorrectly matched.

Treat of Lhasa (1904) is associated with
  • a)
    Anglo Tibetan relations
  • b)
    Anglo-Afghan relations
  • c)
    Anglo Nepalese relations
  • d)
    Anglo Bhutanese relation
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Neha Verma answered
Treaty of Lhasa (1904): Tibet would pay an indemnity of Rs 75 lakh at the rate of one lakh rupees per annum as security for payment, the Indian Government occupied the Chumbi Valley (territory between Bhutan and Sikkim) for 75 years.

According to the Treaty of Yandabo, the Government of Burma had to 
1. Pay Rupees 1 crore as war compensation 
2. Abandon claims on Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia 
3. Recognise Manipur as an independent state 
4. Negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1, 2, and 3 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1, 3, and 4 only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Priya Ahuja answered
The correct answer is option D, i.e., all of them.

The Treaty of Yandabo was signed on 24 February 1826 between the British East India Company and the Government of Burma (Myanmar) after the First Anglo-Burmese War. This treaty marked the end of the war and imposed several conditions on the Burmese government. Let's discuss each statement in detail:

1. Pay Rupees 1 crore as war compensation:
- The Treaty of Yandabo stipulated that the Burmese government had to pay a war indemnity of Rupees 1 crore to the British East India Company.
- This compensation was a significant financial burden on the already weakened Burmese economy.

2. Abandon claims on Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia:
- As per the terms of the treaty, the Burmese government had to renounce its claims on the territories of Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia.
- This meant that these regions, which were under Burmese control, would now come under British control.

3. Recognize Manipur as an independent state:
- The Treaty of Yandabo also recognized Manipur as an independent state.
- Prior to this treaty, Manipur was under Burmese suzerainty, but the treaty acknowledged its autonomy and separate political status.

4. Negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain:
- The treaty required the Burmese government to negotiate a commercial treaty with the British East India Company.
- This treaty aimed at establishing trade relations between Britain and Burma, and it would also open up Burma's markets to British goods.

In conclusion, all the given statements are correct. The Treaty of Yandabo compelled the Burmese government to pay a war indemnity, abandon claims on certain territories, recognize Manipur's independence, and negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain. These conditions were imposed to ensure British dominance in the region and to secure economic benefits for the British East India Company.

Who was the Governor-General of India at the time of Annexation of Sindh (1843)?
  • a)
    Lord Ellenborough
  • b)
    Load Metcalfe
  • c)
    Load Hardinge I
  • d)
    Load Auckland
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Garima Tiwari answered
Lord Ellenborough was the Governor-General of India at the time of the Annexation of Sindh in 1843.

Background:
Sindh, located in present-day Pakistan, was a region ruled by various dynasties and empires throughout history. By the early 19th century, it came under the control of the Talpur Mirs, who established their rule in the region. However, the British East India Company had a growing interest in expanding its influence in the Indian subcontinent, and Sindh was seen as a strategic location due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea.

Events leading to the Annexation of Sindh:
- In 1838, an agreement was signed between the British and the Talpur Mirs, allowing the British to have commercial and military access to Sindh.
- However, by 1841, the British had become dissatisfied with the Talpur Mirs' administration and their alleged support to anti-British factions in the region.
- In 1842, Charles Napier was appointed as the British Resident in Sindh, with the intent to bring Sindh under British control.
- Napier engaged in a series of military campaigns, defeating the Talpur Mirs in the Battle of Miani and the Battle of Hyderabad in 1843.

Lord Ellenborough's Role:
Lord Ellenborough, as the Governor-General of India, was responsible for overseeing British policies and actions in the Indian subcontinent. He played a significant role in the Annexation of Sindh:
- Ellenborough supported Charles Napier's military campaigns in Sindh and approved his actions.
- He saw the annexation of Sindh as a means to secure British interests in the region, particularly in relation to trade and access to the Arabian Sea.
- Lord Ellenborough issued a proclamation in 1843, declaring the annexation of Sindh by the British East India Company.

Significance of the Annexation:
The annexation of Sindh by the British East India Company had several implications:
- It expanded British territorial control in the Indian subcontinent.
- It provided the British with a strategic location for their naval and commercial activities.
- The annexation of Sindh marked a significant step in the British colonization of the Indian subcontinent, as it further weakened indigenous rulers and paved the way for British dominance.

Which among the following is not correctly matched? 
1. First Anglo Mysore war - Treaty of Madras 
2. Second Anglo Maratha war - Treaty of Salbai 
3. Fourth Anglo Mysore war - Treaty of seringapatam 
Choose among the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Upsc Toppers answered
  • The First Anglo Mysore War concluded with the Treaty of Madras, making the first statement correct.
  • The Second Anglo Maratha War did not result in the Treaty of Salbai; rather, the Treaty of Salbai concluded the First Anglo Maratha War.
  • The Fourth Anglo Mysore War did not end with the Treaty of Seringapatam; the Treaty of Seringapatam was associated with the Third Anglo Mysore War.
Therefore, statements 2 and 3 are incorrect.
 
 
 

Consider the following statements:
Statement I:
The Marathas, under the leadership of the Peshwas, uprooted the Mughal authority from Malwa and Gujarat and established their rule.
Statement II:
The states of Rohilakhand and the kingdom of the Bangash Pathans were a fallout of the Afghan migration into India.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I
  • b)
    Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect
  • c)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II does not explain Statement I
  • d)
    Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Saptarshi Banerjee answered
Statement Analysis:

Statement I:
- The Marathas, led by the Peshwas, indeed played a significant role in weakening and eventually uprooting the Mughal authority from regions like Malwa and Gujarat.
- The Marathas established their own rule in these regions, significantly diminishing the power of the Mughals.

Statement II:
- The states of Rohilakhand and the kingdom of the Bangash Pathans were indeed a consequence of the Afghan migration into India.
- The Afghans migrated into India in large numbers, leading to the establishment of various states and kingdoms by Afghan rulers.

Correct Assessment:
- Statement I is correct as the Marathas did exert their influence in regions like Malwa and Gujarat, weakening Mughal authority.
- However, Statement II is incorrect as it does not explain or relate to Statement I. The establishment of Rohilakhand and Bangash Pathans states does not directly correlate with the Maratha actions against the Mughals.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.

Which of the following could be the possible implications of the Battle of Plassey?
1. It resulted in the victory of East India Company granting it greater powers to extract revenue and the consolidation of its presence in Bengal.
2. It resulted in the East India Company gaining greater military might which allowed them to push other European colonial powers away from Bengal.
Which of the above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
  • The Battle of Plassey was essentially due to the Bengal Nawab and the East India Company's conflicts.
  • This is judged to be one of the pivotal battles for controlling the Indian subcontinent by colonial powers.
  • The British now wielded enormous influence over the Nawab and consequently acquired significant concessions for previous losses and trade revenue.
  • The British further used this revenue to increase their military might and push the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia, thus expanding the British Empire.

The 1890 UK-China treaty deals with
  • a)
    Recognition of the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet
  • b)
    The accession of Shortughai as an industrial centre
  • c)
    The political status of Taiwan
  • d)
    The release of local colonies like Manchuria
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Amit Kumar answered
  • As per Article (1) of Convention of 1890, it was agreed that the boundary of Sikkim and Tibet should be the crest of the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the Sikkim Teesta, and its effluents from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu and northwards into other rivers of Tibet.
  • The line commences at Mount Gipmochi on the Bhutan frontier and follows the parting of water to the point where it meets Nepal territory. However, Tibet refused to recognize the validity of the Convention of 1890 and further refused to affect the provisions of the said Convention.
  • In 1904, a treaty known as a Convention between Great Britain and Tibet was signed at Lhasa. In 1906, a treaty was signed between Great Britain and China at Peking, which confirmed 1904 between Great Britain and Tibet.

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