All questions of Topic Wise Quizzes for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

B

Fisheries production in India

India is one of the largest producers of fish in the world. Let's discuss the given statements in detail:

1. India is the largest producer of fish in the world: This statement is true. India is the largest producer of fish in the world in terms of total fish production. According to the latest data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, India produced 13.7 million tonnes of fish in 2018, which is around 7.7% of the total global fish production.

2. India is the second largest producer of freshwater fish in the world: This statement is incorrect. India is actually the largest producer of freshwater fish in the world. According to the same FAO report, India produced around 7.5 million tonnes of freshwater fish in 2018, which is around 20% of the total global freshwater fish production.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - Only 1.

Bacterial strain for treating oil spills

Pseudomonas is a bacterial strain that can be used for treating oil spills. It has been developed from natural isolates by genetic manipulations. Pseudomonas is a gram-negative bacterium that can degrade a wide range of hydrocarbons, including crude oil and its derivatives.

Mechanism of action

Pseudomonas uses a variety of enzymes and pathways to break down hydrocarbons into less harmful compounds. The enzymes produced by Pseudomonas include:

- Alkane hydroxylases: These enzymes oxidize alkanes to alcohols, which are then further oxidized to aldehydes and acids.
- Dioxygenases: These enzymes cleave aromatic rings, which are common components of crude oil, into smaller molecules that can be further metabolized.
- Esterases: These enzymes break down esters, which are often found in petroleum products.

Benefits of using Pseudomonas

- Pseudomonas is a natural and non-toxic way to clean up oil spills, unlike chemical dispersants that can harm marine life.
- Pseudomonas can be grown in large quantities and applied directly to the site of the spill.
- Pseudomonas can also be used to treat contaminated soil and groundwater.

Conclusion

Pseudomonas is a bacterial strain that can be used for treating oil spills. Its ability to degrade hydrocarbons makes it a natural and effective solution for cleaning up oil spills without harming the environment.

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Equatorial evergreen rainforests and moist forests, which includes monsoon forests and montane/cloud forests. Equatorial rainforests, often considered the "real rainforest," are characterized by more than 80 inches (2,000 mm) of rain annually spread evenly throughout the year. These forests have the highest biological diversity and have a well-developed canopy "tier" form of vegetation. Roughly two-thirds of the world's tropical wet forests can be considered the equatorial type. These forests are near the equator where there is very little seasonal variation and the solar day is a constant length all year round. The greatest expanses of equatorial rainforest are found in lowland Amazonia, the Congo Basin, the Southeast Asian islands of Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND.Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates polluted water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is consumed by bacteria when large amounts of organic matter from sewage or other discharges are present in the water.

Conversion of Solar Energy to Electrical Energy by a Solar Cell

Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that convert sunlight directly into electrical energy. The process involves the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made up of semiconductor material, usually silicon, which absorbs photons from sunlight and releases electrons, generating an electric current.

Explanation:

The correct answer to the question is option 'C' - Solar Energy. Here is an explanation of why solar energy is converted into electrical energy by a solar cell:

1. Solar Energy: Solar energy is the radiant energy emitted by the Sun, which is harnessed by solar cells to generate electricity. This energy is abundant and freely available, making it an attractive source for generating electricity.

2. Photovoltaic Effect: Solar cells work based on the principle of the photovoltaic effect. When sunlight hits the surface of a solar cell, it excites the electrons in the semiconductor material, causing them to break free from their atoms. This creates a flow of electrons, resulting in an electric current.

3. Conversion Process: The conversion of solar energy into electrical energy involves several steps:

- Absorption: The solar cell's semiconductor material, usually silicon, absorbs photons from sunlight. Silicon is chosen because it is a good semiconductor and is abundantly available.

- Creation of Electron-Hole Pairs: When the photons are absorbed, they transfer their energy to the electrons in the semiconductor material, causing them to break free from their atoms. This creates electron-hole pairs, where the electrons become negatively charged and the holes left behind become positively charged.

- Separation of Charges: The built-in electric field within the solar cell separates the electron-hole pairs, pushing the electrons towards the negative side of the cell and the holes towards the positive side. This separation creates a voltage potential across the cell.

- Electric Current: The separated charges are collected by metal contacts on the top and bottom of the solar cell. The electrons flow through an external circuit, creating an electric current, before recombining with the holes at the opposite contact.

- Electricity Generation: The electric current generated by the solar cell can be used to power various devices or stored in batteries for later use.

4. Advantages of Solar Energy Conversion: Solar energy conversion through solar cells offers several advantages:

- Renewable and Sustainable: Solar energy is an abundant and renewable source of energy, providing a sustainable solution for electricity generation.

- Environmentally Friendly: Solar energy is a clean and green source of energy as it does not produce any harmful emissions or pollution during its operation.

- Cost-effective: With advancements in technology and decreasing costs, solar energy has become increasingly cost-effective compared to traditional fossil fuels.

- Off-grid Power Generation: Solar cells allow for electricity generation in remote and off-grid areas where access to the power grid may be limited or non-existent.

In conclusion, solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. The absorption of photons from sunlight in the semiconductor material creates electron-hole pairs, which are separated by the built-in electric field, resulting in the generation of an electric current. Solar energy conversion offers numerous advantages, making it an attractive and sustainable option

C

This are the problems faced mostly in all the areas in India not only in Punjab and harayana... considering the fact to me if the drainage system as well as the Dams are well built n maintain properly by the government of the particular concerned area n also making an awareness to people on certain things may be the problem will be a little lighter...

Introduction:
The Vienna Convention is a significant international treaty that addresses various aspects of international relations. While it covers several important topics, it is essential to clarify what is not true about the Vienna Convention.

Explanation:
The statement mentioned in option 'A' is not true about the Vienna Convention. Let's delve into the details to understand why.

1. Purpose of the Vienna Convention:
The Vienna Convention, also known as the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, was adopted on April 18, 1961, and entered into force on April 24, 1964. Its primary purpose is to govern diplomatic relations between states. It establishes the framework for diplomatic immunity and privileges, as well as the rights and obligations of diplomatic missions and their staff.

2. Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs):
Option 'B' correctly states that the Vienna Convention is a Multilateral Environmental Agreement. However, it is important to note that the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations is distinct from other MEAs that focus on environmental protection, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity or the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

3. Vienna Conference and Entry into Force:
Option 'C' accurately states that the Vienna Convention was agreed upon at the Vienna Conference of 1961 and entered into force on April 24, 1964. However, the Vienna Conference took place in 1961, not in 1985.

4. Ratification:
Option 'D' correctly mentions that the Vienna Convention has been ratified by 196 states as well as the European Union. Ratification indicates a state's formal acceptance and commitment to abide by the provisions of the treaty.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Vienna Convention is not for the protection of endangered wildlife, as mentioned in option 'A'. Instead, it primarily focuses on regulating diplomatic relations between states. The Vienna Convention is a significant multilateral treaty that governs the conduct of diplomats and ensures the smooth functioning of international diplomacy.

C

Explanation:

Namami Gange is a flagship programme launched by the Indian government to clean and conserve the river Ganga. The programme aims to rejuvenate the river by improving its water quality, conserving its biodiversity, and promoting sustainable development in the Ganga basin. The programme would implicitly strengthen the Indian compliance to the following international conventions:

1. Convention on Biological Diversity:

The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty signed by 196 countries, including India, to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Namami Gange programme would implicitly strengthen India's compliance to this convention by:

- Conserving the biodiversity of the Ganga river and its associated ecosystems.
- Promoting sustainable development in the Ganga basin, which would help in conserving the biodiversity of the region.

2. Ramsar Convention:

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty signed by 170 countries, including India, to promote the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The Namami Gange programme would implicitly strengthen India's compliance to this convention by:

- Conserving the wetlands associated with the Ganga river, which are important habitats for a wide range of flora and fauna.
- Improving the water quality of the river, which would help in maintaining the ecological integrity of the wetlands.

3. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS):

The CMS is an international treaty signed by 129 countries, including India, to protect migratory species and their habitats. The Namami Gange programme would implicitly strengthen India's compliance to this convention by:

- Conserving the habitats of migratory species that use the Ganga river and its associated ecosystems.
- Improving the water quality of the river, which would help in maintaining the health of migratory species.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the Namami Gange programme would implicitly strengthen the Indian compliance to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Ramsar Convention, and Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).

Investment in Emission Reduction Project in India by Germany

Introduction:

Germany's decision to invest in an emission reduction project in India as an alternative to reducing emissions domestically is a significant step towards promoting international cooperation in combating climate change. This investment aims to support India in its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve sustainable development.

Explanation:

1. Joint Implementation:
- Joint Implementation (JI) is a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in other developed or developing countries.
- However, in this scenario, Germany is investing in India, which is a developing country. Therefore, Joint Implementation is not the correct answer.

2. Clean Development Mechanism:
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is another mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries.
- The investments made through CDM help developing countries achieve sustainable development while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Since Germany is investing in an emission reduction project in India, which is a developing country, it can be inferred that the correct answer is Clean Development Mechanism.

3. Certified Emission Reduction Credits:
- Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits are generated through emission reduction projects under the Clean Development Mechanism.
- These credits represent the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide or its equivalent.
- While the investment made by Germany may generate CER credits, it is not the name given to the project itself.
- Therefore, Certified Emission Reduction Credits is not the correct answer.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Germany's investment in an emission reduction project in India is done under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This mechanism allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to support their sustainable development goals while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is a significant step towards international cooperation in addressing climate change and promoting a greener future.

Carbon Credit:

Carbon credit is a financial instrument that represents a one-ton reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. It is a key component of national and international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Explanation:

Here is a detailed explanation of carbon credit:

- Definition: Carbon credit is the difference between the carbon emission allowed and the actually emitted carbon by an entity or country. It is a way to incentivize companies and countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

- How it works: Companies or countries that emit less carbon than their allocated limit can sell the extra carbon credits to those who exceed their limit. This creates a market for carbon credits, encouraging emissions reduction.

- Importance: Carbon credits play a crucial role in helping countries and companies meet their emissions reduction targets under international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

- Use: Carbon credits can be bought and sold on the carbon market. Companies can purchase carbon credits to offset their emissions, while countries can use carbon credits to meet their emission reduction targets.

- Benefits: Carbon credits help to drive innovation and investment in clean technologies and energy efficiency. They also provide a financial incentive for companies to reduce their carbon footprint.

- Challenges: The carbon credit market faces challenges such as ensuring the credibility and integrity of carbon credits, avoiding double counting, and addressing issues of additionality and permanence.

In conclusion, carbon credits are a valuable tool in the fight against climate change, providing a financial incentive for emissions reduction and helping to drive the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Dinitogen and dioxyen attain there stability by gaining 8 electrons in there outer orbit by mutual sharing of there outermost electron any atom react to attain stability and these two gases attain there stability that's why they don't react with each other . and second statement is totally wrong

Explanation:
The ozone hole is a region of the Earth's stratosphere that experiences a decrease in ozone levels. It is primarily found over the Antarctic region. The formation of the ozone hole is caused by a combination of factors, including the presence of polar fronts and stratospheric clouds, as well as the inflow of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Presence of Polar Fronts and Stratospheric Clouds
The Antarctic polar vortex is a large, low-pressure system that forms during the winter months over the Antarctic region. The polar vortex is characterized by the presence of strong polar fronts and stratospheric clouds. These clouds contain ice crystals that can act as a surface for chemical reactions to take place. The presence of these clouds leads to the formation of ozone-depleting compounds, such as chlorine and bromine.

Inflow of Chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a class of chemical compounds that were widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol products. When CFCs are released into the atmosphere, they can travel to the stratosphere, where they are broken down by ultraviolet radiation. This breakdown process releases chlorine and bromine atoms, which can then react with ozone molecules, leading to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the formation of the ozone hole is caused by a combination of factors, including the presence of polar fronts and stratospheric clouds and the inflow of chlorofluorocarbons. The depletion of the ozone layer can have serious consequences for the environment and human health, such as increased skin cancer rates and damage to crops and ecosystems. It is therefore important to take steps to reduce the use of ozone-depleting substances and to protect the ozone layer.