All questions of Topic Wise Quizzes for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

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Fisheries production in India

India is one of the largest producers of fish in the world. Let's discuss the given statements in detail:

1. India is the largest producer of fish in the world: This statement is true. India is the largest producer of fish in the world in terms of total fish production. According to the latest data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, India produced 13.7 million tonnes of fish in 2018, which is around 7.7% of the total global fish production.

2. India is the second largest producer of freshwater fish in the world: This statement is incorrect. India is actually the largest producer of freshwater fish in the world. According to the same FAO report, India produced around 7.5 million tonnes of freshwater fish in 2018, which is around 20% of the total global freshwater fish production.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - Only 1.

Bacterial strain for treating oil spills

Pseudomonas is a bacterial strain that can be used for treating oil spills. It has been developed from natural isolates by genetic manipulations. Pseudomonas is a gram-negative bacterium that can degrade a wide range of hydrocarbons, including crude oil and its derivatives.

Mechanism of action

Pseudomonas uses a variety of enzymes and pathways to break down hydrocarbons into less harmful compounds. The enzymes produced by Pseudomonas include:

- Alkane hydroxylases: These enzymes oxidize alkanes to alcohols, which are then further oxidized to aldehydes and acids.
- Dioxygenases: These enzymes cleave aromatic rings, which are common components of crude oil, into smaller molecules that can be further metabolized.
- Esterases: These enzymes break down esters, which are often found in petroleum products.

Benefits of using Pseudomonas

- Pseudomonas is a natural and non-toxic way to clean up oil spills, unlike chemical dispersants that can harm marine life.
- Pseudomonas can be grown in large quantities and applied directly to the site of the spill.
- Pseudomonas can also be used to treat contaminated soil and groundwater.

Conclusion

Pseudomonas is a bacterial strain that can be used for treating oil spills. Its ability to degrade hydrocarbons makes it a natural and effective solution for cleaning up oil spills without harming the environment.

C

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND.Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates polluted water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is consumed by bacteria when large amounts of organic matter from sewage or other discharges are present in the water.

This are the problems faced mostly in all the areas in India not only in Punjab and harayana... considering the fact to me if the drainage system as well as the Dams are well built n maintain properly by the government of the particular concerned area n also making an awareness to people on certain things may be the problem will be a little lighter...

The correct answer is option 'B': Statement 2 only.

Explanation:
1. The UN General Assembly declared 2014 the International Year of Soils (IYS): This statement is incorrect. The UN General Assembly did not declare 2014 as the International Year of Soils. However, it did declare 2015 as the International Year of Soils.

2. The IYS 2015 aims to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of soil for food security and essential ecosystem functions: This statement is correct. The International Year of Soils (IYS) 2015 was indeed declared by the UN General Assembly with the aim of increasing awareness and understanding of the importance of soil for food security and essential ecosystem functions.

Further Explanation:

The International Year of Soils (IYS) is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness about the importance of soils for food security, climate change adaptation and mitigation, sustainable agriculture, and the preservation of ecosystems. It was declared by the UN General Assembly in 2013 and officially took place in 2015. The IYS was organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in collaboration with various stakeholders, including governments, NGOs, research institutions, and civil society organizations.

The main objective of the IYS 2015 was to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of soils for food security and essential ecosystem functions. It aimed to promote sustainable soil management practices and raise public awareness about the threats and challenges facing soil resources. The IYS also aimed to highlight the role of soil in providing ecosystem services, such as water filtration, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and habitat for biodiversity.

Throughout the year, various activities and events were organized globally to celebrate the IYS. These included conferences, workshops, exhibitions, educational campaigns, and public outreach programs. The IYS also provided an opportunity for countries to share knowledge, best practices, and innovative approaches for sustainable soil management.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'B': Statement 2 only. Statement 1 is incorrect as the UN General Assembly did not declare 2014 as the International Year of Soils. However, statement 2 is correct as the IYS 2015 aimed to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of soil for food security and essential ecosystem functions.

Aerosols have a profound impact on the climate because, just like greenhouse gases, they are able to change the Earth’s “radiative”, or energy, balance. Aerosols can control how much energy from the sun reaches the planet’s surface by changing the amount that is absorbed in the atmosphere and the amount that is scattered back out to space. It turns out that most aerosols are cooling — that is to say, they reflect the sun’s energy back out into space. There is only one aerosol — soot, also known as black carbon — that actually helps contribute to global warming by boosting the warming effects of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Introduction to Project Tiger
In 1973, India launched the ambitious Project Tiger initiative, aimed at conserving the dwindling population of tigers in the country. This program marked a significant step in wildlife conservation in India.
Objectives of Project Tiger
- Protection of Tigers: The primary goal was to protect and increase the population of tigers in their natural habitat.
- Habitat Conservation: The initiative aimed to conserve the ecosystems that support tigers, promoting biodiversity.
- Community Involvement: The project sought to involve local communities in conservation efforts, ensuring sustainable development.
Significance of the Project
- First Major Wildlife Conservation Program: Project Tiger was one of the first large-scale wildlife conservation programs initiated in India, setting a precedent for future initiatives.
- Establishment of Tiger Reserves: The project led to the establishment of numerous tiger reserves across the country, providing protected areas for the species.
- Global Recognition: It garnered international attention and inspired similar wildlife conservation efforts globally.
Comparison with Other Options
- Indian Forest Act: Enacted in 1927, this act primarily deals with the management of forests and does not specifically focus on tiger conservation.
- Project Elephant: Launched in 1992, this initiative focuses on the protection of elephants and their habitats, occurring two decades after Project Tiger.
- Wildlife Protection Act: This act was enacted in 1972, aimed at protecting wildlife and their habitats, but predates Project Tiger.
Conclusion
Project Tiger, launched in 1973, remains a landmark initiative in India's wildlife conservation history, emphasizing the importance of protecting tigers and their habitats for future generations.

Dinitogen and dioxyen attain there stability by gaining 8 electrons in there outer orbit by mutual sharing of there outermost electron any atom react to attain stability and these two gases attain there stability that's why they don't react with each other . and second statement is totally wrong

Meaning of Coral Bleaching:
Coral bleaching refers to the paling of coral color or the decline in zooxanthellae, which are microscopic algae that live inside the coral tissues. The primary cause of coral bleaching is climate change, specifically the increase in ocean temperatures.

Causes of Coral Bleaching:
1. Climate Change: The main driver of coral bleaching is the rising temperature of the ocean. When water temperatures are too high, corals become stressed and expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues. Without these algae, corals lose their vibrant colors and appear bleached.

2. Ocean Acidification: Another consequence of climate change is ocean acidification, which occurs when the ocean absorbs excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Acidic waters make it difficult for corals to build their calcium carbonate skeletons, weakening their overall resilience and making them more susceptible to bleaching.

3. Pollution: Human activities such as pollution, including runoff from agricultural practices and coastal development, can contribute to coral bleaching. Excessive nutrient levels in the water can lead to increased algae growth, which can smother corals and prevent them from receiving sufficient light for photosynthesis.

4. Overfishing: Overfishing can disrupt the delicate balance of coral reef ecosystems. Removing predators such as fish can lead to an increase in the population of herbivorous species, which can overgraze on algae that compete with corals for space. Without this natural control, algae can outcompete corals and contribute to their decline.

Impacts of Coral Bleaching:
1. Biodiversity Loss: Coral reefs are among the most diverse ecosystems on the planet, supporting a vast array of marine species. When corals bleach and eventually die, it disrupts the entire reef ecosystem, leading to a loss of biodiversity and species extinction.

2. Economic Consequences: Coral reefs provide essential ecosystem services, such as fisheries, tourism, and coastal protection. Coral bleaching can devastate these industries, affecting the livelihoods of communities that rely on reef ecosystems for income and food security.

3. Breakdown of Ecosystem Functioning: Coral reefs play a crucial role in maintaining the health and functioning of the oceans. They act as nurseries for many fish species, provide habitats for numerous marine organisms, and protect coastlines from erosion. The loss of coral reefs due to bleaching can have far-reaching ecological consequences.

In conclusion, coral bleaching refers to the paling of coral color or decline in zooxanthellae due to climate change, primarily caused by rising ocean temperatures. It is a significant threat to coral reefs and the ecosystems and communities that depend on them. Efforts to mitigate climate change and reduce local stressors are crucial for the long-term survival and conservation of coral reefs.

Exploration of Shale gas in India and its associated issues

Shale gas is a type of natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations deep beneath the earth's surface. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in exploring and extracting shale gas in India. However, this exploration is fraught with several issues, which are discussed below:

1. Groundwater contamination: The process of extracting shale gas involves a technique called hydraulic fracturing or 'fracking'. This involves injecting large amounts of water, sand and chemicals into the shale formations to create fractures, which then release the trapped gas. However, this process can also cause the release of toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment, including groundwater sources. This can lead to contamination of drinking water sources, which can have serious health implications for local communities.

2. Greenhouse gas emissions: Shale gas is considered a 'cleaner' alternative to coal because it produces less carbon dioxide when burned. However, the process of extracting and transporting shale gas also generates significant amounts of methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas. Methane has a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide, and its release into the atmosphere can contribute to climate change.

3. Seismic activity: Hydraulic fracturing causes millions of very small and localized seismic events when the fractures are actually produced in the shale. While most of these events are too small to be felt by humans, there is some concern that they could trigger larger earthquakes in areas where there are already faults present.

Overall, the exploration of shale gas in India is a complex issue, which requires careful consideration of the potential risks and benefits. While shale gas could potentially provide a new source of energy for India, it is important to ensure that this is done in a way that is environmentally sustainable and socially responsible. This will require close collaboration between government, industry and local communities to ensure that the risks are minimized and the benefits are maximized.

The correct answer is option 'B', which states that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was drawn at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Let's delve into the details to understand why this is the correct answer.

1. The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972:
- The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was indeed a significant event in the history of environmental governance.
- However, it focused on discussing and addressing various environmental issues and creating a platform for global environmental cooperation.
- The conference led to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), but it did not result in the creation of the UNFCCC.

2. The World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002:
- The World Summit on Sustainable Development was a follow-up event to the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
- The summit aimed to reinvigorate global commitments to sustainable development and address pressing environmental and developmental challenges.
- While the summit emphasized the importance of addressing climate change, it did not directly result in the creation of the UNFCCC.

3. The UN Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen 2009:
- The UN Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen in 2009 was a critical event in international climate negotiations.
- The conference aimed to reach a global agreement on climate change mitigation and adaptation measures.
- However, the UNFCCC was already established prior to this conference, making it an incorrect option.

4. The UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992:
- The UN Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, was a landmark event in the field of sustainable development.
- The conference brought together world leaders, policymakers, and stakeholders to discuss pressing environmental and developmental issues.
- The UNFCCC was one of the key outcomes of this conference, reflecting the global commitment to address climate change collectively.
- The convention entered into force in 1994 and serves as the primary international framework for addressing climate change, promoting cooperation, and coordinating global efforts.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'B', as the UNFCCC was drawn at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, in 1992. This conference played a pivotal role in shaping global environmental governance and resulted in the establishment of the UNFCCC as a framework for addressing climate change.

Investment in Emission Reduction Project in India by Germany

Introduction:

Germany's decision to invest in an emission reduction project in India as an alternative to reducing emissions domestically is a significant step towards promoting international cooperation in combating climate change. This investment aims to support India in its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve sustainable development.

Explanation:

1. Joint Implementation:
- Joint Implementation (JI) is a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in other developed or developing countries.
- However, in this scenario, Germany is investing in India, which is a developing country. Therefore, Joint Implementation is not the correct answer.

2. Clean Development Mechanism:
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is another mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries.
- The investments made through CDM help developing countries achieve sustainable development while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Since Germany is investing in an emission reduction project in India, which is a developing country, it can be inferred that the correct answer is Clean Development Mechanism.

3. Certified Emission Reduction Credits:
- Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits are generated through emission reduction projects under the Clean Development Mechanism.
- These credits represent the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide or its equivalent.
- While the investment made by Germany may generate CER credits, it is not the name given to the project itself.
- Therefore, Certified Emission Reduction Credits is not the correct answer.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Germany's investment in an emission reduction project in India is done under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This mechanism allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to support their sustainable development goals while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is a significant step towards international cooperation in addressing climate change and promoting a greener future.

Use of certain chemicals and radiation to change the base sequences of genes of crop plants is termed as mutation breeding. Mutations is induced artificially through use of chemicals or radiations like gamma radiations. In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations.