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All questions of Ancient for CDS Exam

Which of the following sites has furnished the proof of the sea faring activity of the Harappan people?
  • a)
    Lothal
  • b)
    Sotka Koh
  • c)
    Kot Diji
  • d)
    Balakot
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Amit Sharma answered
• Lothal was one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt. Construction of the city began around 2200 BCE.
• Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments.
• According to the ASI, Lothal had the world's earliest known dock, which connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra when the surrounding Kutch desert of today was a part of the Arabian Sea.
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Which of the following areas were conquered by Chandragupta Maurya?
I. Ganges Valley
II. North-Western India
III. Central India upto Narmada
IV. Deccan V. Kalinga
  • a)
    I, II, III
  • b)
    II, III, IV
  • c)
    III, IV,
  • d)
    I, IV
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Muskaan Dey answered
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire, which was one of the largest empires in ancient India. He conquered several regions and expanded his empire to a vast extent. The areas conquered by Chandragupta Maurya are discussed below.

I. Ganges Valley:
Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Ganges Valley region, which was one of the most fertile and prosperous areas in ancient India. The Ganges Valley region comprised of modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

II. North-Western India:
Chandragupta Maurya also conquered the North-Western region of India, which included modern-day Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Pakistan. This region was strategically important as it was the gateway to Central Asia and Afghanistan.

III. Central India upto Narmada:
Chandragupta Maurya extended his empire to Central India, up to the Narmada River. This region included modern-day Madhya Pradesh and parts of Maharashtra.

IV. Deccan:
Chandragupta Maurya also conquered the Deccan region, which included modern-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. This region was rich in minerals and was an important source of revenue for the Maurya Empire.

V. Kalinga:
Chandragupta Maurya also conquered the Kalinga region, which included modern-day Odisha. This region was known for its maritime trade and was an important source of revenue for the Maurya Empire.

In conclusion, Chandragupta Maurya conquered a vast empire that extended from the Ganges Valley in the North to the Deccan in the South and from North-Western India to Central India. The Maurya Empire was a significant political and economic power in ancient India and played a crucial role in shaping the country's history.

The evidence of Indian ships and a piece of woven cloth has been discovered from the seals of which of the following sites?
  • a)
    Lothal
  • b)
    Chanhudaro
  • c)
    Mohenjodaro
  • d)
    Kalibangan
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Abhijeet Gupta answered
Evidence of Indian ships and a piece of woven cloth has been discovered from the seals of the Mohenjodaro site.

Explanation:
Mohenjodaro is an ancient Indus Valley Civilization site located in present-day Pakistan. It was one of the largest and most advanced cities of its time, with well-planned streets, buildings, and drainage systems. Archaeologists have discovered many artifacts from this site, including seals that provide information about the trade and commerce of the period.

Some of the seals found at Mohenjodaro depict images of ships and sea creatures, suggesting that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization engaged in maritime trade. The seals also depict images of animals like bulls and elephants, which were likely traded for their meat, hides, and ivory.

In addition to the seals, archaeologists have also found a piece of woven cloth at Mohenjodaro. This suggests that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization were skilled in weaving and textiles.

Overall, the discoveries made at Mohenjodaro provide valuable insights into the economic, social, and cultural practices of the Indus Valley Civilization.

The Harappans did not know the use of
  • a)
    Copper 
  • b)
    Iron
  • c)
    Bronze
  • d)
    Gold
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pooja Shah answered
The Harappans did not know the use of Iron. Iron was not discovered by the Harappan people. Since it was a bronze age civilization, it had made many metallurgical advances in copper and bronze but not in Iron. Harappans procured raw material from other neighboring countries like Silver from Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq, Lead from Kashmir, Rajasthan, Gold was obtained from Karnataka and Copper from Rajasthan. Iron was actually not known to Indus Valley Civilization people or Harappan people.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Mauryan administrative system was characterized by a vast bureaucracy with significant disparities in payment among officers.
  2. The appointment of 27 superintendents to regulate economic activities marks the beginning of state control over the economy in ancient India.
  3. Spies played a crucial role in the Mauryan era, especially in financial matters and intelligence gathering.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The Mauryan Empire had an extensive bureaucratic system, with a wide range of payments for officers at different levels, indicating a highly structured administrative machinery.
  • The establishment of superintendents to oversee various economic sectors was a novel approach to managing the economy.
  • The use of spies for surveillance and financial intelligence underlines the sophisticated governance strategies employed by the Mauryan rulers.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Mauryan Empire introduced widespread stone masonry and remarkable art and architecture, including the Ashoka Pillar.
  2. Kautilya's Arthasastra suggests the use of slaves in large-scale agricultural operations began during the Maurya era.
  3. The Maurya Empire's downfall was accelerated by the Brahmanical reaction to Asoka's policies favoring Buddhism.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    None
  • b)
    Only one
  • c)
    Only two
  • d)
    All three
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Mansi Mishra answered
Analysis of Statements
To determine how many of the given statements about the Mauryan Empire are correct, let's analyze each one.
Statement 1: Mauryan Empire and Stone Masonry
- The Mauryan Empire indeed introduced widespread stone masonry.
- It is well-known for remarkable art and architecture, including the Ashoka Pillar, which exemplifies advanced craftsmanship and political significance.
*This statement is correct.*
Statement 2: Kautilya's Arthashastra and Slavery
- Kautilya's Arthashastra does suggest the use of slaves in various economic activities.
- While it mentions large-scale agricultural operations, the extent and nature of slavery during the Maurya era are debated among historians.
*This statement is also considered correct.*
Statement 3: Downfall of the Mauryan Empire
- The downfall of the Mauryan Empire, particularly after Ashoka's reign, is often attributed to several factors, including administrative challenges and regional rebellions.
- While Ashoka's promotion of Buddhism did create some friction with Brahmanical traditions, it is not widely accepted as the sole or primary reason for the empire’s decline.
*This statement is partially correct but lacks emphasis on the multifactorial nature of the downfall.*
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Statement 1 is correct.
- Statement 2 is correct.
- Statement 3, while containing some truth, does not accurately represent the complexity of the Mauryan Empire's decline.
Thus, only two statements are fully correct, making the correct answer option 'C' (Only two).

Consider the following statements:
Statement-I:
The Rig Veda is the earliest text of the Indo-European languages and consists of ten mandalas or books.
Statement-II:
The Avesta is the oldest text in the Iranian language and shares similarities with the Rig Veda in terms of gods and social classes.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Spectrum Coaching Institute answered
  • Statement-I: The Rig Veda is indeed the earliest known text of the Indo-European languages. It consists of ten mandalas (books) and forms the foundation of Vedic literature. Thus, this statement is correct.
  • Statement-II: The Avesta is the oldest sacred text of Zoroastrianism and is written in Avestan, an ancient Iranian language. It shares similarities with the Rig Veda in terms of gods (such as Mitra in the Rig Veda and Mithra in the Avesta) and social structures. Thus, this statement is also correct.
However, Statement-II does not explain Statement-I. The existence of the Avesta and its similarities with the Rig Veda do not directly explain why the Rig Veda is the earliest Indo-European text. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The administrative system in Rig Vedic times was highly centralized with a well-defined bureaucracy.
  2. The concept of rajan (king) in the Rig Veda suggests that the position became hereditary over time.
  3. The Rig Veda's society had a developed system of regular trade and marketplaces.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only two
  • b)
    Only one
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ishani Khanna answered
Analysis of Statements on Rig Vedic Society
To evaluate the three statements regarding the administrative system and societal structure during the Rig Vedic period, we can analyze each one individually.
1. Centralization of Administrative System
- The administrative system in Rig Vedic times was not highly centralized.
- Governance was more tribal and decentralized, with local chieftains (often referred to as rajas) leading smaller groups or clans.
- This statement is incorrect.
2. Concept of Rajan (King)
- The term "rajan" indeed implies a leadership role, and over time, the position became more hereditary.
- Initially, rajas were chosen for their valor and skills, but as societal structures evolved, the kingship began to pass down through generations.
- This statement is correct.
3. Trade and Marketplaces
- The Rig Vedic society had a rudimentary economy primarily based on pastoralism and agriculture.
- While there is evidence of some trade, it was not as developed with regular marketplaces as seen in later periods.
- This statement is incorrect.
Conclusion
- In summary, only the second statement regarding the hereditary nature of the rajan is correct.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' – only one statement is accurate.

Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: The Rig Veda mentions Arya varna and Dasa varna.
Statement-II: The tribal society was divided into three groups - warriors, priests, and the people, leading to social inequalities.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Spectrum Coaching Institute answered
c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect.
Explanation:
  • Statement-I: The Rig Veda mentions the terms Arya varna and Dasa varna. These terms primarily refer to the distinctions between the Aryas (the Vedic people) and the Dasas (a term used for rival tribes or groups, often enemies or subjugated people).
  • Statement-II: The  early Vedic society wheas predominantly tribal and egalitarian, without rigid social stratification. The divisions into warriors, priests, and people were more fluid and did not constitute social inequalities in the strict sense. These stratifications became more pronounced in later Vedic society, leading to the varna system. Therefore, this statement is incorrect in the context of the early Vedic period described in the Rig Veda.

Assertion (A): The term 'Arya' in the Rig Veda refers to a cultural community rather than a race.
Reason (R): Arya is used to describe people sharing common religious practices and language.
Which one of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The term 'Arya' in the Rig Veda indeed emphasizes cultural and linguistic commonalities, not racial distinctions.
  • The use of 'Arya' to denote a group with shared religious rituals and language aligns with the assertion, showing that the term signifies a collective identity based on cultural practices.

A God who is described amoral, and object of fear, archer god whose arrow caused disease, connected with the storm, and the guardian of healing herbs, is known as:
  • a)
    Yama
  • b)
    Varuna
  • c)
    Indra
  • d)
    Rudra
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanchita Singh answered
Rudra is a Rigvedic deity, associated with wind or storm and the hunt. One translation of the name is "the roarer". In the Rigveda, Rudra has been praised as the "mightiest of the mighty".Rudra is the personification of 'terror'. Depending up on the periodic situation, Rudra can be meant as the most severe roarer/howler (could be a hurricane or tempest) or the most frightening one.According to Rigveda, Rudra also means Vayu.The Shri Rudram hymn from the Yajurveda is dedicated to Rudra, and is important in the Saivism sect.

Consider the following statements:
Statement-I:
The Indus Valley Civilization had entered a mature stage by 2600 BC with the establishment of large urban centers like Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
Statement-II:
The signs of a gradual decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization started around 1800 BC.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
  • b)
     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Aspire Academy answered
Statement-I: The Indus Valley Civilization reached its mature phase around 2600 BC with urban centers like Harappa and Mohenjodaro. This is historically accurate as these cities exemplified urban planning, architecture, and social organization.
Statement-II: The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is observed around 1800 BC. Archaeological evidence suggests signs of decline, such as reduced urban quality and changes in settlement patterns.
 Both statements are correct, but Statement-II about the decline does not explain the mature stage described in Statement-I. Thus, option A is correct.

  • Statement-I: The Rig Veda and the Avesta share similarities in the names of deities and social classes.
  • Statement-II: The similarities between the Rig Veda and the Avesta point to a common Indo-Iranian heritage.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • Statement-I is correct as both the Rig Veda and the Avesta contain linguistic and mythological parallels, including similar names for gods and social structures.
  • Statement-II correctly explains Statement-I by highlighting the shared Indo-Iranian heritage of the peoples who composed these texts, reflecting a common cultural and linguistic background before their dispersion into different regions.

Consider the following statements:
1. The Rig Veda mentions both Arya varna and Dasa varna.
2. The Shudras are mentioned for the first time in the ninth Book of the Rig Veda.
3. The Rig Vedic society was primarily pastoral and largely egalitarian.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 2 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Harshitha Joshi answered
1. Arya varna and Dasa varna mentioned in the Rig Veda:
- The Rig Veda indeed mentions both Arya varna (noble class) and Dasa varna (non-noble class).
- The term 'Arya' in the Rig Veda refers to the people who composed the hymns and were considered as the upper class, while 'Dasa' referred to the enemies or outsiders.

2. Shudras mentioned in the ninth Book of the Rig Veda:
- The Shudras are not explicitly mentioned in the Rig Veda until the later Vedic texts like the Atharva Veda.
- The ninth Book of the Rig Veda primarily focuses on Soma rituals and does not specifically mention the Shudras.

3. Rig Vedic society as pastoral and largely egalitarian:
- The Rig Vedic society was indeed primarily pastoral, with cattle rearing being a significant economic activity.
- While the society was not entirely egalitarian, there was a certain level of social mobility and fluidity, especially in comparison to later Vedic periods where social hierarchy became more rigid.
Therefore, based on the statements provided, option 'B' (1 and 3 Only) is the correct answer.

Assertion (A): The Rig Vedic economy was predominantly pastoral, focusing on cattle rearing.
Reason (R): References to cow raids and the term 'gavishthi' indicate the central role of cattle in Vedic society.
Which one of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Gowri Dasgupta answered
Explanation:

Predominantly Pastoral Economy:
- The Rig Vedic economy was predominantly pastoral, with cattle rearing being a central focus of the society.
- Cattle were considered a measure of wealth and were crucial for various aspects of Vedic life, such as sacrifices, trade, and social status.

References to Cow Raids and Gavishthi:
- The Rig Veda contains references to cow raids, where groups would steal cattle from other tribes as a means of acquiring wealth and power.
- The term gavishthi, meaning a herd of cows, indicates the significant role that cattle played in Vedic society.

Explanation of Assertion and Reason:
- The assertion (A) that the Rig Vedic economy was predominantly pastoral, focusing on cattle rearing, is supported by the references to cow raids and the term gavishthi in the Rig Veda.
- The reason (R) provided further strengthens the assertion by highlighting the central role of cattle in Vedic society, thereby explaining why the economy was primarily pastoral.
Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why the Rig Vedic economy was predominantly pastoral and centered around cattle rearing.

  • Statement-I: The Rig Veda mentions the administrative role of the purohita.
  • Statement-II: The Rig Vedic society had a detailed system of tax collection.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Mahesh Patel answered
Statement Analysis:

Statement-I: The Rig Veda mentions the administrative role of the purohita.

Statement-II: The Rig Vedic society had a detailed system of tax collection.

Explanation:

Statement-I: The purohita in the Rig Vedic society was a priestly figure who not only performed religious rites but also played an important administrative role. They advised the kings on various matters including governance and decision-making.

Statement-II: While the Rig Vedic society did have a system of taxation, it was not as detailed or organized as in later periods. The economy was primarily agrarian, and taxes were collected in the form of produce rather than currency. The purohita's role in governance did not specifically involve tax collection activities.

Conclusion:
Therefore, Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect as the Rig Veda does mention the administrative role of the purohita but does not provide detailed information on tax collection systems in the society.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Mitanni inscriptions contain references to the Aryans and are dated to the 14th century B.C.
  2. The Aryan social structure was based on kinship and clan affiliation, with the family being the basic unit.
  3. The Rig Veda does not mention any female deities or contributors.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Shah answered
Analysis:

Statement 1: The Mitanni inscriptions contain references to the Aryans and are dated to the 14th century B.C.
- This statement is correct. The Mitanni inscriptions do indeed contain references to the Aryans, who were a group of people believed to have migrated to the Indian subcontinent around the 2nd millennium B.C.
- The Mitanni kingdom existed in the 14th century B.C., and their inscriptions provide evidence of interactions between the Mitanni and the Aryans.

Statement 2: The Aryan social structure was based on kinship and clan affiliation, with the family being the basic unit.
- This statement is also correct. The Aryan social structure was indeed based on kinship and clan affiliation, with families forming the basic unit of society.
- The Rig Veda, one of the oldest Vedic texts, provides insights into the social structure of the Aryans, highlighting the importance of familial ties and clan relationships.

Statement 3: The Rig Veda does not mention any female deities or contributors.
- This statement is incorrect. The Rig Veda does mention female deities such as Ushas (the goddess of dawn) and Aditi (the mother of all gods).
- Additionally, the Rig Veda includes hymns composed by female contributors known as rishikas, who played a significant role in shaping early Vedic literature.
Therefore, out of the three statements provided, only the third statement is incorrect. Statements 1 and 2 are accurate in their descriptions of the Mitanni inscriptions and the Aryan social structure.

Consider the following statements regarding Old Stone Age sites.
1. The Old Stone age sites were generally located away from water sources to avoid flooding.
2. Most of these Old stone age sites are concentrated in Southern India with the exception of Adamgarh hill and Bhimbetka.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kavya Shah answered
Old Stone Age Sites in India

Introduction:
The Old Stone Age, also known as the Paleolithic period, is the earliest and longest period of human history. The archaeological sites of this period provide us with a glimpse of the life and culture of our ancestors. In India, Old Stone Age sites are found in various parts of the country.

Statement 1: The Old Stone age sites were generally located away from water sources to avoid flooding.
This statement is incorrect. Old Stone Age sites were generally located near water sources such as rivers, lakes, and springs. This is because water was essential for the survival of early humans as it provided them with drinking water and also helped in hunting and gathering activities.

Statement 2: Most of these Old stone age sites are concentrated in Southern India with the exception of Adamgarh hill and Bhimbetka.
This statement is also incorrect. Old Stone Age sites are found all over India, from the foothills of the Himalayas to the Deccan Plateau. Some of the important Old Stone Age sites in India are:

- Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh
- Adamgarh hill in Madhya Pradesh
- Hunsgi in Karnataka
- Kurnool caves in Andhra Pradesh
- Narmada valley in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
- Soan valley in Punjab and Haryana
- Bori in Maharashtra

Conclusion:
In conclusion, both the statements given in the question are incorrect. Old Stone Age sites in India were generally located near water sources and are found all over the country. These sites provide valuable insights into the life and culture of our ancestors and are an important part of our heritage.

How did kingship originate according to the Aitareya Brahmana?
  • a)
    By contact
  • b)
    By the will of God
  • c)
    By the common consent of the people
  • d)
    By force
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Choudhury answered
Origination of Kingship according to Aitareya Brahmana

The Aitareya Brahmana is a Vedic text that explains the origin of kingship. According to the text, the origin of kingship can be traced back to the common consent of the people. It is believed that the people chose their king by mutual agreement and consent.

How did Kingship Originate?

The origin of kingship can be explained in the following points as per the Aitareya Brahmana:

1. Common Consent of the People: According to the Aitareya Brahmana, kingship originated through the common consent of the people. The people chose their king by mutual agreement and consent. This means that the people were active participants in the process of choosing their leader.

2. Qualities of the King: The text also emphasizes that the king should possess certain qualities such as wisdom, courage, compassion, and strength. The people chose a leader who possessed these qualities, and who they believed would be able to protect them and lead them towards prosperity.

3. Role of the King: The Aitareya Brahmana also outlines the role of the king. The king was responsible for protecting his people, maintaining law and order, and ensuring the well-being of his subjects. The king was expected to act as a father figure to his people and work towards their welfare.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Aitareya Brahmana provides an insight into the origin of kingship. It emphasizes that the people played an active role in choosing their leader and that the king was expected to possess certain qualities and perform certain duties. Overall, the text emphasizes the importance of good leadership and the role of the king in maintaining the welfare of his subjects.

Which archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization also known as Parasaram-ka-khera?
  • a)
    Alamgirpur 
  • b)
    Lothal 
  • c)
     Harappa
  • d)
     Mohenjodaro 
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
The archaeological site known as Parasaram-ka-khera is identified as Alamgirpur. This site is significant for its connection to the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • Alamgirpur is located in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
  • It is one of the earliest sites of the Indus Valley Civilization.
  • Excavations have revealed various artefacts that provide insights into the culture and lifestyle of its inhabitants.

Consider the following statements regarding the administrative machinery of the Aryans in the Rig Vedic period:
1. The king, referred to as Rajan, often had his post decided by heredity, but there are traces of election by the tribal assembly called the Samiti.
2. The Sabha and the Samiti were the two most important assemblies mentioned in the Rig Veda, and even women attended these assemblies.
3. The king maintained a regular standing army, and military duties were performed by a dedicated group of professional soldiers.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Varun Dasgupta answered
Understanding the Administrative Machinery of Aryans
The statements regarding the administrative machinery of the Aryans during the Rig Vedic period provide insights into their political structure and social organization. Here's a detailed breakdown:
Statement 1: The Role of the King
- The king, known as Rajan, did have a hereditary position, indicating a lineage-based leadership.
- However, there are also indications that the king could be elected by the tribal assembly called the Samiti, reflecting a democratic element in their governance.
- Conclusion: This statement is true.
Statement 2: Assemblies in the Rig Veda
- The Sabha and the Samiti were indeed two crucial assemblies during the Rig Vedic period.
- These assemblies played significant roles in decision-making and governance, and it is believed that women could participate in these gatherings, showcasing a more inclusive society.
- Conclusion: This statement is also true.
Statement 3: Military Structure
- Contrary to the notion of a regular standing army, the Rig Vedic period did not have professional soldiers. Instead, military duties were often performed by the clansmen or warriors during times of need.
- The concept of a dedicated group of professional soldiers emerged later in Indian history.
- Conclusion: This statement is false.
Final Assessment
- Since statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is not, the correct answer is option B (1 and 2 only). This indicates a nuanced understanding of the political and social structures of the Aryans during the Rig Vedic period.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The horse played a significant role in Aryan life, especially in their expansions into the West Asia and India.
  2. The Rig Veda was composed after the Aryans had fully settled in the Indian subcontinent.
  3. Agriculture was the primary occupation of the early Aryans according to the Rig Veda.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The significance of the horse to the Aryans is well documented, facilitating their military campaigns and expansions due to its speed and utility in chariot warfare.
  • The Rig Veda's composition began well before the Aryans had fully settled across the Indian subcontinent, reflecting a period of transition and interaction with indigenous cultures.
  • The earliest Aryans were primarily pastoralists, with agriculture playing a secondary role in their economy. Over time, as they settled in the Indian subcontinent, agriculture gained prominence.

Assertion (A): The battle of the ten kings is a significant event mentioned in the Rig Veda.
Reason (R): This battle led to the establishment of the Kuru kingdom.
Which one of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The battle of the ten kings is indeed a significant military conflict described in the Rig Veda, showcasing the martial culture and tribal alliances of the time.
  • However, the assertion that this battle led to the establishment of the Kuru kingdom is not directly supported by the text. The establishment of the Kuru kingdom occurred in a later period and was part of a gradual process of political evolution and consolidation.

Consider the following statements:
Statement-I:
The Rig Vedic people were primarily pastoral and considered cows as the most important form of wealth.
Statement-II:
The term "gavishthi" in the Rig Veda refers to wars fought for the sake of cows.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered

Statement-I correctly highlights that the Rig Vedic people were predominantly pastoral, as evidenced by the numerous references to cows and bulls in the Rig Veda, indicating their importance. The cow was considered a significant form of wealth. Statement-II further supports this by explaining that the term "gavishthi" in the Rig Veda symbolizes wars fought over cows, emphasizing their economic and social significance. Hence, both statements are correct, with Statement-II providing an explanatory context to Statement-I.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Rig Veda mentions the river Saraswati as Naditama, the best of rivers.
  2. The term Arya appears 36 times in the Rig Veda, indicating a linguistic community.
  3. The Avesta and the Rig Veda share common names for several gods and social classes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The Rig Veda indeed refers to the river Saraswati as Naditama, highlighting its importance and sanctity among the rivers of that time.
  • The term Arya is mentioned 36 times in the Rig Veda, primarily indicating a cultural rather than racial identity, underlined by common language and religious practices.
  • The Avesta, the oldest text of the Zoroastrian religion, and the Rig Veda, share similarities in the names of deities and social classes, pointing towards a common Indo-Iranian heritage before the migration of these peoples.

  • Statement-I: The Rig Veda acknowledges the role of women in society by mentioning female hymn composers.
  • Statement-II: Few instances of idol worship were reported in Rig vedic period.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • Statement-I is correct as the Rig Veda does mention women who composed hymns, indicating their participation in religious and social life.
  • Statement-II is incorrect because the Rig Vedic society did have emerging social divisions towards its later period, especially with the mention of different varnas in the tenth book of the Rig Veda.

Which one of the following statements about the trade and commerce in the later Vedic period is correct?
  • a)
    Trade and industry flourished and a class of hereditary merchants came into being.
  • b)
    Merchants were organised into guilds, as appears from references to ganas or corporations and the shreshth ins.
  • c)
    They used Mishka, satamana, and krishnala as the units of value.
  • d)
    All of the above.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Jatin Nair answered
Trade and Commerce in the Later Vedic Period

During the later Vedic period, which spans from 1000 BCE to 600 BCE, trade and commerce flourished in India. Some of the important features of trade and commerce during this period are:

Hereditary Merchants

• A class of hereditary merchants came into being during this period.

• These merchants were known as vaishyas and were engaged in trade and commerce.

Organised Guilds

• Merchants were organised into guilds, as appears from references to ganas or corporations and the shreshthins.

• These guilds were known as shrenis and they regulated trade and commerce in the cities.

• They also provided education and training to the members of the guilds.

• The shrenis were headed by a shreshthin, who was the chief merchant of the guild.

• The shreshthin was responsible for the trade and commerce of the guild and also acted as a mediator between the guild and the king.

Units of Value

• The units of value used during this period were Mishka, Satamana, and Krishnala.

• Mishka was a unit of weight and was equivalent to 16 rattis or 0.97 grams.

• Satamana was a unit of weight and was equivalent to 100 rattis or 6.11 grams.

• Krishnala was a unit of weight and was equivalent to 1/16 Mishka or 0.06 grams.

Conclusion

Thus, trade and commerce played an important role in the later Vedic period. The hereditary merchants and organised guilds facilitated the growth of trade and commerce in the cities. The units of value used during this period were also well-defined, which helped in regulating trade and commerce.

Consider the following statements:
  • Statement I: The Mauryan Empire's decline was partially due to the financial crisis stemming from excessive military expenditures and Asoka's generous donations to Buddhist monastics.
  • Statement II: Asoka's policy of dhamma and his patronage towards Buddhism did not significantly impact the economic stability of the Mauryan Empire.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Surbhi Joshi answered
Explanation:

Statement I:
- The Mauryan Empire did face a financial crisis due to excessive military expenditures and Asoka's generous donations to Buddhist monastics.
- Asoka's military campaigns and extensive welfare measures did strain the empire's finances, leading to economic instability.

Statement II:
- Asoka's policy of dhamma and his patronage towards Buddhism did have an impact on the Mauryan Empire.
- While it promoted social harmony and moral values, it did not significantly impact the economic stability of the empire. Other factors like financial mismanagement and over-expansion of the empire's territories played a more crucial role in its decline.

Conclusion:
- Statement I is correct as it highlights the financial strain on the Mauryan Empire. However, Statement II is incorrect as Asoka's policies did have some impact on the empire, albeit not primarily on its economic stability.

Consider the following statements:
  • Statement I: The Maurya Empire's administrative system included a hierarchical bureaucracy with the highest-ranking officials receiving payments as much as 48 thousand panas.
  • Statement II: The administrative efficiency of the Maurya Empire was compromised due to the disparities in payment among officials, leading to widespread corruption and inefficiency.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Surbhi Joshi answered
Explanation:

Statement I:
- The Maurya Empire did indeed have a hierarchical bureaucracy with officials at different levels.
- The highest-ranking officials in the Maurya Empire did receive substantial payments, with some receiving as much as 48 thousand panas.

Statement II:
- The payment disparities among officials in the Maurya Empire did lead to corruption and inefficiency.
- Because of the large gaps in payment between officials, there was a lack of motivation for lower-ranking officials to perform efficiently.
- This led to widespread corruption as officials sought to increase their income through unethical means.

Correct Answer:
- Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct.
- However, Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.
- While the payment differentials did contribute to corruption and inefficiency, it was not the sole reason for the Maurya Empire's administrative inefficiency. Other factors such as lack of proper supervision, weak accountability mechanisms, and bureaucratic red tape also played a role in the empire's administrative challenges.

Assertion (A): The Rig Veda mentions various crafts and artisans, indicating a complex society.
Reason (R): The presence of different occupations suggests the emergence of specialized economic activities.
Which one of the following is correct?
  • a)
    Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
  • c)
    A is true, but R is false.
  • d)
    A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Mahesh Patel answered
Explanation:

Assertion (A):
- The Rig Veda mentions various crafts and artisans, indicating a complex society.
- The Rig Veda is one of the oldest texts in ancient Indian literature, composed between 1500 and 1200 BCE.
- The mention of crafts and artisans in the Rig Veda suggests the presence of specialized economic activities in the society.
- The presence of different occupations indicates a division of labor and a level of specialization, which is characteristic of a complex society.

Reason (R):
- The presence of different occupations suggests the emergence of specialized economic activities.
- Specialization in economic activities leads to the development of a more complex society with individuals focusing on specific skills and trades.
- This specialization allows for the production of goods and services on a larger scale, contributing to the overall economic growth and development of the society.
Therefore, both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A). The mention of various crafts and artisans in the Rig Veda indicates a complex society with specialized economic activities.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Mauryan Empire's extensive road network facilitated the movement of armies and the promotion of trade and communication.
  2. The spread of new material knowledge and the use of iron tools beyond the Gangetic heartland coincided with the rise of rival kingdoms, contributing to the Maurya Empire's decline.
  3. Asoka implemented a policy of acculturation, aiming to integrate tribal peoples into settled, taxpaying societies.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The strategic establishment of roads by the Mauryan Empire played a crucial role in the empire's military successes and economic prosperity.
  • The dissemination of material culture and technological advancements like iron tools to other regions diminished the Gangetic basin's exclusive advantages, facilitating the emergence of new kingdoms.
  • Asoka's efforts to acculturate tribal communities were part of his broader vision to unify his empire and promote social cohesion.

Consider the following pairs:
1. Gana - Military unit
2. Grama - Village head
3. Vidatha - Tribal assembly
4. Vashishta - Important functionary in Rig Vedic times
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    Only three pairs
  • d)
    All four pairs
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Harsh Gupta answered
Understanding the Pairs
To determine how many pairs are correctly matched, we need to analyze each of the given pairs based on historical and cultural contexts from ancient India.
1. Gana - Military unit
- In ancient Indian society, particularly during the Vedic period, a "Gana" referred to a group or assembly. While it could have military implications, it primarily denoted a collective decision-making body rather than a strictly military unit. This pair is not correctly matched.
2. Grama - Village head
- "Grama" indeed refers to a village in ancient Indian context, and the head of the village was known as "Grama Pradhan" or "Grama Sreshtha." Thus, this pair is correctly matched.
3. Vidatha - Tribal assembly
- The term "Vidatha" refers to an assembly or council that was typically tribal in nature, where important decisions were made for the community. This pair is also correctly matched.
4. Vashishta - Important functionary in Rig Vedic times
- Vashishta was one of the prominent sages (rishis) in Rig Vedic literature, known for his contributions to Vedic hymns and rituals. He held a significant role, but referring to him as merely an "important functionary" may underplay his stature. This pair is somewhat ambiguous but can be considered correct in a broader context.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Only the second and third pairs are correctly matched (Grama and Vidatha).
- The fourth pair has a valid connection but can be debated.
- Therefore, the correct answer is "Only three pairs."
Thus, the answer is option 'C' - only three pairs are correctly matched.

Which one of the following was the centre of Aryan activity in the later Vedic period?
  • a)
    The Punjab and Delhi region
  • b)
    Uttarapatha
  • c)
    From the Yamuna to the western borders of Bengal
  • d)
    The north-west frontier
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Varun Kapoor answered
C) From the Yamuna to the western borders of Bengal

In the later Vedic period (1000-600 BCE), the center of Aryan activity shifted from the Punjab and Delhi region (which was the center during the early Vedic period) to the region stretching from the Yamuna river to the western borders of Bengal. This shift occurred due to various reasons, including the search for more fertile lands and resources, and the need to expand their territories.
During this period, the Aryans started moving eastwards and began settling in the Doab region (the area between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers) and the Gangetic plains. The Gangetic plains were more fertile and provided better opportunities for agriculture and cattle rearing. This led to an increase in population and the formation of new tribal settlements in the area.
Moreover, the later Vedic period saw the emergence of many small kingdoms and a shift in the political landscape. These kingdoms were primarily concentrated in the region stretching from the Yamuna River to the western borders of Bengal. As a result, the focus of Aryan activity moved to this region, which became an essential center for political, cultural, and economic activities.
In conclusion, during the later Vedic period, the center of Aryan activity shifted to the region from the Yamuna River to the western borders of Bengal. This shift was due to the search for fertile lands, increased population, and the emergence of new kingdoms in this region.

Consider the following statements:
  • Statement I: The Mauryan Empire's economy was significantly advanced by the appointment of 27 superintendents to regulate various sectors, including agriculture, trade, and mining.
  • Statement II: The economic regulations under the Maurya administration hindered the growth of private enterprise and led to the empire's economic stagnation.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The establishment of superintendents to oversee critical economic sectors was indeed a forward-thinking approach by the Mauryan government to regulate and stimulate economic activities across the empire.
  • There is no substantial evidence suggesting that these regulations stifled private enterprise or directly led to economic stagnation. Instead, such measures likely contributed to the overall economic management and stability of the empire. The decline of the Mauryan Empire is attributed to a complex interplay of factors, where economic policy as described may not have been a direct cause.

  • Statement-I: Chariots driven by horses played a crucial role in the military successes of the Aryans.
  • Statement-II: The Aryans introduced chariots and horses to the Indian subcontinent.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Mahesh Patel answered
Explanation:

Statement Analysis:
- Statement-I: Chariots driven by horses played a crucial role in the military successes of the Aryans.
- Statement-II: The Aryans introduced chariots and horses to the Indian subcontinent.

Correct Answer: Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.

Explanation:
- The Aryans indeed used chariots driven by horses in their military campaigns, and these chariots were a significant factor in their military successes.
- However, while the Aryans did introduce chariots and horses to the Indian subcontinent, this does not necessarily explain why chariots driven by horses were crucial in their military successes.
- The introduction of chariots and horses by the Aryans to the Indian subcontinent was a historical fact, but it does not directly explain the importance of these chariots in their military strategies and victories.
- Therefore, both statements are correct, but Statement-II does not serve as a direct explanation for Statement-I.
In conclusion, while both statements are accurate, Statement-II does not provide a direct explanation for the role of chariots driven by horses in the military successes of the Aryans.

  • Statement-I: The Aryans primarily practiced agriculture during the early Vedic period.
  • Statement-II: References to ploughshares in the Rig Veda suggest that agriculture was among the activities they engaged in.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • Statement-I is incorrect because the early Aryans were primarily pastoralists, with agriculture playing a secondary role in their livelihood.
  • Statement-II is correct as there are references to ploughshares in the Rig Veda, indicating some knowledge of agriculture. However, this does not suggest that the society was primarily agricultural or advanced in farming techniques, but rather that agriculture was among the activities they engaged in.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Rig Vedic society was entirely egalitarian without any social divisions.
  2. The term 'gavishthi' in the Rig Veda refers to wars fought primarily over cows.
  3. Domestic slaves are mentioned in the Rig Veda, but there is no mention of wage earners.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Spectrum Coaching Institute answered
  1. The Rig Vedic society was entirely egalitarian without any social divisions:
    This statement is incorrect. The Rig Vedic society, while less stratified compared to later periods, did have some social divisions. It was not entirely egalitarian. There were distinctions in terms of occupation and wealth, and the four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) were emerging during this period.
  2. The term 'gavishthi' in the Rig Veda refers to wars fought primarily over cows:
    This statement is correct. The term "gavishthi" does refer to cattle raids or wars fought primarily over cows, which were considered valuable wealth during the Rig Vedic period.
  3. Domestic slaves are mentioned in the Rig Veda, but there is no mention of wage earners:
    This statement is correct. The Rig Veda does mention "dasa" (domestic slaves), but there is no explicit mention of wage earners as we understand them in a modern sense.
Therefore, two of the statements are correct. The right answer is: b) Only two

When did settlements begin in the Indus Valley Civilization, marking the first signs of urbanization?
  • a)
    4000 BCE
  • b)
    3500 BCE
  • c)
    3000 BCE
  • d)
    2500 BCE
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Akanksha Patel answered
Settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization
The settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization began around 3000 BCE, marking the first signs of urbanization in the region.

Key Points:
- The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations.
- The major urban centers of this civilization included Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira.
- These settlements were characterized by well-planned streets, advanced drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes, indicating a high level of urban development.
- The people of the Indus Valley Civilization were skilled in crafts such as pottery, metalworking, and bead-making.
- Agriculture was the main economic activity, with the Indus River providing fertile land for farming.
- Trade networks extended to regions such as Mesopotamia, Oman, and Afghanistan, showcasing the civilization's economic prosperity.
- The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE remains a topic of debate among historians, with theories ranging from environmental factors to invasions.
In conclusion, the settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization that began around 3000 BCE represented a significant step towards urbanization, with well-developed cities and advanced infrastructure setting the stage for a flourishing civilization.

Consider the following pairs:

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    All three pairs
  • d)
    None of the pairs
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learnpro Institute answered
  • The Ashoka Pillars are renowned for their intricate carvings and polished finish, marking a significant advance in the use of stone sculpture.
  • The Arthasastra, attributed to Kautilya (also known as Chanakya), is a seminal text that covers a wide range of topics including economics, politics, military strategy, and social affairs of the Mauryan Empire.
  • The Barabar Caves represent some of the earliest instances of rock-cut architecture in India, directly linked to the Mauryan period.

Consider the following statements:
1. The earliest Aryans were known for their common language, which was a form of the Indo-European languages.
2. The Rig Veda, the oldest text of the Indo-European languages, is primarily a collection of prayers offered to gods such as Agni and Indra.
3. The Avesta, the oldest text in the Iranian language, does not share any common elements with the Rig Veda.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Akanksha Patel answered
Correct Answer: b) 1 and 2 Only

Explanation:

1. The earliest Aryans and their common language:
The statement is correct. The Aryans were known for their common language, which was a form of the Indo-European languages. This language eventually evolved into Sanskrit, which is the ancient language in which the Rig Veda is written.

2. The Rig Veda:
The statement is correct. The Rig Veda is the oldest text of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily a collection of prayers offered to gods such as Agni and Indra. It is considered one of the most important texts in Hinduism and provides insights into the religious beliefs and practices of the early Aryans.

3. The Avesta:
The statement is incorrect. The Avesta is the oldest text in the Iranian language and is primarily a collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. While there are differences between the Rig Veda and the Avesta, they do share some common elements due to their shared Indo-European heritage.
In conclusion, statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect. The Rig Veda and the Avesta both provide valuable insights into the early religious beliefs and practices of the Aryans and Iranians, respectively.

Consider the following statements:
Statement-I:
Indra is the most important divinity in the Rig Veda, known as Purandara or the breaker of forts, who played the role of a warlord and led Aryan soldiers to victory against demons.
Statement-II:
Agni, the fire god, holds the second important position in the Rig Veda with 200 hymns devoted to him. Fire played a significant role in the lives of primitive people and acted as an intermediary between gods and people.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sameer Yadav answered
Explanation:

Statement Analysis:
- Statement-I: Indra is portrayed as the most important divinity in the Rig Veda, known for his role as a warlord and leader of Aryan soldiers against demons.
- Statement-II: Agni, the fire god, holds the second important position in the Rig Veda with 200 hymns dedicated to him, as fire played a crucial role in the lives of early people.

Correct Interpretation:
- Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true, as they highlight the significance of Indra and Agni in the Rig Veda.
- However, Statement-II does not directly explain Statement-I as they focus on different deities and their roles in Vedic mythology.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I.

Consider the following pairs:
1. Mesopotamian Civilization - Basin of Nile river
2. Egyptian Civilization - Nile river valley
3. Indus Valley Civilization - Indus river and its tributaries
4. Chinese Civilization - Hwang Ho river basin
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    Only three pairs
  • d)
    All four pairs
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rutuja Gupta answered
Explanation:
Indus Valley Civilization - Indus river and its tributaries:
- The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the basin of the Indus River and its tributaries in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. This civilization flourished around 2600-1900 BCE.
Chinese Civilization - Hwang Ho river basin:
- The Chinese Civilization developed in the Hwang Ho (Yellow River) basin in China. The Yellow River played a crucial role in the development of Chinese civilization, providing fertile land for agriculture.

Conclusion:
- Based on the information provided, three out of the four pairs are correctly matched. Mesopotamian Civilization is associated with the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, not the Nile river as mentioned in the first pair. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - Only three pairs.

Consider the following pairs:
1. Rajan - Tribal chief
2. Samiti - Military assembly
3. Vashishta - Purohita
4. Bali - Tax collector

How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    Only three pairs
  • d)
    All four pairs
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Swati Datta answered
Analysis:

Rajan - Tribal chief: This pair is correctly matched as Rajan is often referred to as a tribal chief in many historical and cultural contexts.

Samiti - Military assembly: This pair is correctly matched as Samiti is indeed a term used to denote a military assembly in ancient Indian texts.

Vashishta - Purohita: This pair is incorrectly matched. Vashishta is a revered sage in Hindu mythology, known for his wisdom and spiritual knowledge, rather than being a purohita or priest.

Bali - Tax collector: This pair is incorrectly matched. Bali is a mythological character known for his generosity and benevolence, not for being a tax collector.
Therefore, only two pairs out of the four given are correctly matched, which makes option 'B' the correct answer.

Consider the following statements:
1. The term "jana" in the Rig Veda was used to refer to the tribe, while the term "janapada" or territory is not mentioned.
2. The term "vis" in the Rig Veda refers to the tribe and is mentioned more frequently than "jana."
3. In the Rig Veda, the term for family (kula) is mentioned frequently and refers to a small nuclear family.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arshiya Nair answered
Explanation:

Statement 1:
- The term "jana" in the Rig Veda was indeed used to refer to the tribe, focusing on the people as a collective group. The concept of "janapada" or territory is not explicitly mentioned in the Rig Veda.

Statement 2:
- The term "vis" in the Rig Veda actually refers to the tribe or clan, not "jana." "Vis" is used more frequently than "jana" in the Rig Veda to denote the social groupings or communities.

Statement 3:
- In the Rig Veda, the term for family is "kula," not "jana." The term "kula" refers to a small nuclear family unit rather than a larger tribe or community.
Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct, as it accurately describes the usage of the term "jana" in the Rig Veda.

Consider the following statements:
1. The Battle of Ten Kings was fought on the river Parushni, which is identified with the river Ravi.
2. The Bharata ruling clan was opposed by ten chiefs, five of whom were heads of Aryan tribes and the remaining five of non-Aryan people.
3. The Kurus combined with the Tritsu to establish their rule in the upper Gangetic basin.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Maitri Sengupta answered



Explanation:

1. Battle of Ten Kings:
- The Battle of Ten Kings was indeed fought on the river Parushni, which is now identified with the river Ravi. This battle is mentioned in the Rigveda and involved a conflict between the Bharata ruling clan and ten opposing chiefs.

2. Composition of Opposing Chiefs:
- Among the ten opposing chiefs, five were heads of Aryan tribes while the remaining five belonged to non-Aryan people. This composition highlights the diversity of groups involved in the battle.

3. Kurus and Tritsu Alliance:
- The statement about the Kurus combining with the Tritsu to establish their rule in the upper Gangetic basin is not accurate. The Kurus and Tritsu were separate groups and there is no historical evidence to suggest that they formed an alliance for establishing rule in the region.
Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 2. The Battle of Ten Kings indeed took place on the river Parushni (Ravi) and involved a mix of Aryan and non-Aryan chiefs in opposition to the Bharata ruling clan.

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