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All questions of UGC NET Paper 2 Political Science Mock Test for UGC NET Exam

Who has written the book named 'Gulamgiri' ?
  • a)
    Jyotirao Phule
  • b)
    B. R. Ambedkar
  • c)
    E. V. Ramaswamy
  • d)
    Narayanaguru
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Adhya Patel answered
Author of Gulamgiri
Gulamgiri was written by Jyotirao Phule, who was a prominent social reformer, thinker, and activist in the 19th century. He is known for his efforts to promote education and social equality in India.

About Jyotirao Phule
- Jyotirao Phule was born in 1827 in Maharashtra, India.
- He was a strong advocate for the rights of marginalized communities, especially the lower castes and women.
- Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, an organization dedicated to promoting social equality and justice.
- He also established schools for girls and lower-caste children, challenging the prevailing social norms of the time.

Gulamgiri
- Gulamgiri, also known as "Slavery", was written by Jyotirao Phule in 1873.
- The book criticizes the caste system and the oppression faced by lower-caste individuals in Indian society.
- Phule used the book to advocate for the rights of the oppressed and to call for social reform.
- Gulamgiri is considered a significant work in the history of social reform in India and continues to inspire activists and scholars today.

Legacy
- Jyotirao Phule's writings and activism had a lasting impact on Indian society, inspiring future generations of social reformers.
- His work continues to be studied and celebrated for its commitment to social justice and equality.
- Phule's ideas laid the foundation for the Dalit movement and other movements seeking to address social inequality in India.
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"Reality is manifold and constantly changing". Which School of Philosophy confirms this statement?
  • a)
    Idealism
  • b)
    Realism
  • c)
    Pragmatism
  • d)
    Naturalism
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Academia Elite answered
Pragmatism is an educational philosophy that says that education should be about life and growth i.e. teacher should be teaching students things that are practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people. Many famous educators, including John Devey, were pragmatist.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of "judicial review" in the context of the separation of powers?
  • a)
    Judicial review allows the judiciary to make and enforce laws independently, without interference from the other branches of government.
  • b)
    Judicial review is a mechanism that allows the judiciary to examine and potentially invalidate actions or laws passed by the legislative and executive branches.
  • c)
    Judicial review empowers the executive branch to review and overturn decisions made by the judiciary.
  • d)
    Judicial review refers to the power of the legislature to review and amend decisions made by the judiciary.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

JKL Classes answered
Judicial review is a fundamental concept in many democratic systems, including the United States, where it was established by the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803). This power allows the judiciary to review and potentially strike down actions, laws, or regulations enacted by the legislative and executive branches if they are found to be unconstitutional or in violation of the law.

According to Fred W Riggs ,the comparative public administration approach stands for a distinctive orientation. Which one of the following is a typical of that approach?
  • a)
    Behavioural approach
  • b)
    Public policy approach
  • c)
    Ecological approach and empirical aproach
  • d)
    Logical approach
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshat Choudhary answered
Behavioural approach
- According to Fred W. Riggs, the comparative public administration approach is characterized by a distinct orientation towards studying the behavior of individuals and organizations within the public sector.
- The focus is on understanding how different actors within the public administration system behave, interact, and make decisions.
- This approach emphasizes the importance of taking into account the psychological, sociological, and organizational factors that influence the behavior of public administrators.
- By adopting a behavioural approach, researchers aim to uncover patterns of behavior, motivations, and decision-making processes that are unique to public administration contexts.
- Through this approach, comparative public administration scholars seek to explain variations in administrative practices and outcomes across different countries and regions.
In summary, the behavioural approach is a key characteristic of the comparative public administration approach as it emphasizes the study of behavior within the public sector and aims to uncover the underlying factors that shape administrative practices.

Which of the following is correct about Gandhi?
I. From seven to fourteen years of age, education of each child should be free, compulsory and universal.
II. The craft centred education should be based upon the locally available products like pottery, horticulture, agriculture, jute work etc. by which the child can be studied and becomes self-dependent.
  • a)
    Only I
  • b)
    Only II
  • c)
    Neither I nor II
  • d)
    Both I and II
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

JKL Classes answered
Educational thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi was influenced by the then social, political and economic circumstances of India. British education was being promoted and disseminated by the Britishers at that time. British education system affected the Indian minds directly and that affect the then education system of India. He suggested need-based education for India to make the child self-centred and not depend upon the British. Educational thought of Gandhi can be pointed out on the following lines:
  • Gandhi accepted that the aim of education is the development of physical, mental, emotional and spiritual abilities of the child. Ultimate aim of education is realisation of the self.
  • The main aim of education is also earning livelihood. Education of the child should be based on craft. The craft centred education should be based upon the locally available products like pottery, horticulture, agriculture, jute work etc. by which the child can be studied and becomes self-dependent.
  • The medium of instruction should be Mother Tongue.
  • From seven to fourteen years of age, education of each child should be free, compulsory and universal.
  • School should be a place for activity where the child gets busy in various experiments and gains new experiences.
  • Education should create useful, responsible and dynamic citizens.
Hence, we conclude that both the above statements are correct.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Mahatma Gandhi wrote : Even Swadeshi, like any good thing, can be ridden to death if it is made a fetish.
Reason (R) : Mahatma Gandhi opined : Swadeshi is a doctrine that has its roots in the purest Ahimsa i.e. love.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Academia Elite answered
Assertion (A): "Even Swadeshi, like any good thing, can be ridden to death if it is made a fetish."
  • In this statement, Gandhi is cautioning against an unthinking, dogmatic, or fetishistic application of Swadeshi.
  • Swadeshi was a movement that was part of the broader Indian independence struggle, which encouraged the Indian populace to use goods produced domestically in India as a means to promote local economies and reduce reliance on foreign goods.
  • This was not just an economic strategy but also a form of peaceful protest against British goods.
  • While Gandhi was a major proponent of the Swadeshi movement, he is warning here that if it's made into a strict rule or 'fetish' without considering context or pragmatism, it can become counterproductive or harmful, as can any good idea if applied without thought to circumstance.
Reason (R): "Swadeshi is a doctrine that has its roots in the purest Ahimsa i.e. love."
  • Here, Gandhi is connecting the principle of Swadeshi to his broader philosophy of Ahimsa, which is a doctrine of non-violence and love towards all living beings.
  • According to Gandhi, Swadeshi was not only an economic or political strategy but also a moral and ethical principle that springs from a sense of love and duty towards one's community and country.
  • Buying locally made goods was a way to support local industries and communities, which is a form of love and non-violence, as it helps to build and sustain the local economy and prevent the harm that comes from economic exploitation.
  • ​
​However, while both these statements express Gandhi's views on Swadeshi, the Reason (R) doesn't directly explain or elaborate on the Assertion (A). The Reason (R) provides a philosophical underpinning of the concept of Swadeshi but doesn't explain why making Swadeshi a 'fetish' could lead to its 'death'. Thus, while both statements are true, (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Which of the following doesn't apply to the principle of secularism in India?
  • a)
    Strict separation between religion and the state. 
  • b)
    State can't intervene in religious affairs.
  • c)
    State can't intervene in 'personal laws' of the communities.
  • d)
    State can't prevent religious domination.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sara Bhatia answered
Understanding Secularism in India
Secularism in India is a complex principle that aims to ensure that the state remains neutral in matters of religion while also addressing the diverse needs of its population. The options presented highlight various aspects of this principle.
Option A: Strict Separation Between Religion and the State
- This option reflects a core tenet of secularism.
- The Indian state is expected to maintain a distance from religious institutions and practices.
Option B: State Can't Intervene in Religious Affairs
- This statement is somewhat misleading.
- While the state generally maintains a distance from religion, it does intervene in religious matters when necessary to uphold the Constitution, ensure public order, and protect individual rights.
- For example, the state can regulate practices that may violate fundamental rights or public safety.
Option C: State Can't Intervene in Personal Laws of the Communities
- This is partially true; however, the state can intervene if personal laws conflict with constitutional provisions.
- The state has a responsibility to ensure that personal laws are aligned with the principles of justice and equality.
Option D: State Can't Prevent Religious Domination
- This statement is incorrect.
- The state has a role in preventing any form of religious domination or discrimination, ensuring that no single religion is favored over others.
Conclusion
In summary, option B is the correct answer as it inaccurately suggests that the state has no role in religious affairs. In reality, the state can intervene when necessary to maintain a just and equitable society, ensuring that secularism is upheld in a multi-religious context like India.

Which of the following statements with respect to the judiciary in India is/are correct?
  • Unlike in the United States, India has not provided for a double system of courts.
  • Under the Constitution of India, there is a single integrated system of courts for the Union as well as the states.
  • The organization of the subordinate judiciary varies slightly from state to state.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
  • a)
    All of these
  • b)
    2 and 3
  • c)
    Only 1
  • d)
    1 and 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judicative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.
  • The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets, defends, and applies the law in the name of the state.
  • The judiciary can also be thought of as the mechanism for the resolution of disputes.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Assertion (A): In the advanced liberal democracies of the western nations, military is subordinate to the civilian authority.
Reason (R): Military plays a key role in countries where democracy has not been institutionalized.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is correct but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false but (R) is correct. 
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anmol Bhatia answered
Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The Assertion (A) states that in advanced liberal democracies of western nations, the military is subordinate to civilian authority. This is a widely accepted principle in democratic governance, ensuring that elected officials have control over military decisions to prevent authoritarianism.
The Reason (R) claims that the military plays a key role in countries where democracy has not been institutionalized. This is also true, as in many non-democratic regimes, the military often holds significant power and influence, sometimes even acting as the ruling authority.
Analysis of the Options
- Option A: Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
- This is incorrect because while both statements are true, (R) does not explain (A); they refer to different contexts.
- Option B: Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
- This is correct. Both statements stand true in their own right but do not directly explain each other.
- Option C: (A) is correct but (R) is false.
- This is incorrect because (R) is indeed true.
- Option D: (A) is false but (R) is correct.
- This is incorrect as (A) is accurate.
Conclusion
The correct answer is Option B, as both the Assertion and the Reason are valid statements within their respective contexts, yet they do not directly correlate as an explanation of one another.

Who has said that "Public Administration is the detailed and systematic application of the law'?
  • a)
    L.D. White
  • b)
    Luthar Gullick
  • c)
    Woodrow Wilson
  • d)
    Marshall E. Dimock, a political scientist who was an authority on public administration
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rohit Reddy answered
Understanding the Quote
The statement "Public Administration is the detailed and systematic application of the law" reflects the essential role of public administration in implementing legal frameworks within a society.
Who Said It?
This definition is attributed to Woodrow Wilson, an influential figure in the field of public administration.
Significance of the Quote
- Systematic Approach: Wilson emphasized the importance of a structured methodology in public administration, highlighting how laws are not merely theoretical constructs but require systematic execution.
- Role of Law: The quote underscores that public administration operates within the boundaries of law, ensuring that governmental functions are carried out legally and efficiently.
- Foundation of Public Administration: This perspective positions public administration as a critical mechanism for governance, where policies and regulations are translated into actionable programs.
Context of Public Administration
- Historical Background: Woodrow Wilson is often regarded as the father of public administration. His writings established the discipline as a distinct field of study, separate from politics.
- Public Service: Wilson advocated for a professionalized civil service that would implement laws impartially, thus enhancing the effectiveness of governance.
Conclusion
Understanding Wilson's perspective helps in grasping the fundamental principles of public administration. It illustrates the relationship between law and administration, emphasizing that effective governance hinges on the detailed application of legal frameworks. This insight remains relevant in contemporary discussions about the role of public administration in society.

Who among the following rejected 'scientific determinism' and advocated political and intellectual struggle?
  • a)
    Antonio Gramsci
  • b)
    Karl Marx
  • c)
    V. I. Lenin
  • d)
    Friedrich Engels
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Adhya Patel answered
Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci was an Italian Marxist philosopher and politician who rejected scientific determinism and advocated political and intellectual struggle. Here is why he rejected scientific determinism and promoted political and intellectual struggle:

Rejecting Scientific Determinism:
- Gramsci believed that historical materialism, as proposed by Marx and Engels, was too deterministic and simplistic in its view of social change.
- He argued that history is not predetermined by economic forces alone, but is shaped by cultural, political, and intellectual factors as well.
- Gramsci emphasized the role of human agency and the importance of ideas, culture, and ideology in shaping society.

Advocating Political and Intellectual Struggle:
- Gramsci believed that in order to bring about social change, intellectuals and political activists needed to engage in a "war of position" to challenge hegemonic ideologies and institutions.
- He advocated for a more active and strategic approach to politics, emphasizing the need for a revolutionary vanguard to lead the working class in their struggle against capitalism.
- Gramsci's concept of "organic intellectualism" stressed the importance of intellectuals being connected to and embedded within the working class, in order to develop a revolutionary consciousness.
In conclusion, Antonio Gramsci rejected scientific determinism in favor of a more nuanced and complex understanding of social change, and he advocated for political and intellectual struggle as the means to achieve a more just and equitable society.

A lower riparian state:
  • a)
    Has no right to share water resources of an international river
  • b)
    Has exchusive right
  • c)
    Has right to share waters on equitable basis
  • d)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Omkar Desai answered
Understanding Lower Riparian States
A lower riparian state refers to a country or region that is located downstream of a river. The rights of such states regarding water resources are governed by international law and treaties.
Water Sharing Rights
- Equitable Basis: Lower riparian states have the right to share the waters of international rivers on an equitable basis. This principle is rooted in the concept of "equitable and reasonable utilization," which recognizes the rights of all riparian states to access and utilize shared water resources without causing significant harm to others.
- International Law: The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses emphasizes cooperation among states sharing water resources. It advocates for fair distribution based on factors like population, geography, and existing uses.
Implications of "C" as the Correct Answer
- Mutual Benefit: The equitable sharing of waters fosters cooperation and helps mitigate potential conflicts between countries sharing the same river system.
- Legal Framework: Lower riparian states often engage in negotiations and treaties to establish frameworks for water sharing, ensuring that their needs are met while also considering the rights of upstream states.
Conclusion
In summary, option "C" correctly identifies that lower riparian states have the right to share waters on an equitable basis. This understanding is essential for managing international river systems and promoting cooperation among nations.

Hugo Grotius was a___________.
  • a)
    Dutch
  • b)
    British
  • c)
    German
  • d)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
Hugo Grotius was a Dutch humanist and jurist whose philosophy of natural law had a major impact on the development of seventeenth-century political thought and on the moral theories of the Enlightenment.
A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was born in Delft and studied at Leiden University. He was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic but escaped hidden in a chest of books. Grotius wrote most of his major works in exile in France.

The idea of "partyless democracy" was projected by
  • a)
    Mahatma Gandhi
  • b)
    Jaiprakash Narayan
  • c)
    Mao Tse-tung
  • d)
    Suharto
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Krisha Patel answered
The Concept of Partyless Democracy
The idea of "partyless democracy" was prominently advocated by Jaiprakash Narayan, an influential Indian political leader and social reformer. His vision was a response to the perceived shortcomings of political parties in a democratic framework.
Key Aspects of Partyless Democracy
- Critique of Political Parties: Jaiprakash Narayan believed that political parties often led to factionalism, corruption, and a disconnect between the government and the citizens. He argued that parties could become more focused on power rather than the welfare of the people.
- Emphasis on Direct Participation: Narayan's model suggested that democracy should be grounded in direct participation from citizens rather than through intermediaries like political parties. He envisioned a system where the populace could engage directly in governance.
- Promotion of Social Justice: He advocated for a system that emphasized social justice, community involvement, and grassroots movements. This was aimed at ensuring that every citizen had a voice in the decision-making process.
- Historical Context: The idea emerged in the backdrop of India's post-independence political landscape, where many felt that political parties had failed to address the needs of the common people effectively.
Legacy and Influence
Jaiprakash Narayan's vision of partyless democracy continues to inspire discussions about reform and alternative governance models in India and beyond. His ideas resonate with movements seeking more participatory forms of democracy that prioritize citizen engagement over traditional party politics.

The Drafting of the Constitution was completed on:
  • a)
    26th January, 1950
  • b)
    26th December, 1949
  • c)
    26th November, 1949
  • d)
    30th November, 1949
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Anika Gupta answered
Drafting of the Constitution
The Constitution of India is a pivotal document that outlines the framework and guiding principles of the nation. It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was formed to create a constitution for independent India.
Completion Date
The drafting process was completed on 26th November, 1949. This date is significant as it marks the finalization of the document that would serve as the foundation of Indian governance.
Key Events Leading to the Constitution
- Formation of Constituent Assembly: The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 to draft the Constitution.
- Deliberations: Extensive discussions, debates, and consultations took place among members representing diverse ideologies and regions.
- Adoption of Draft: After nearly three years of deliberation, the draft was adopted on 26th November, 1949.
Significance of the Date
- Foundation of Democracy: The Constitution embodies the values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
- Transition to Republic: India officially became a Republic on 26th January, 1950, when the Constitution came into effect, but the completion date signifies the culmination of foundational work.
Conclusion
Understanding the date of completion, 26th November, 1949, is essential in grasping the historical context and significance of the Indian Constitution. It reflects the collective efforts of diverse leaders to lay down the principles that govern the nation today.

How was early liberalism characterised by C. B. Macpherson?
  • a)
    Possessive liberalism
  • b)
    Welfaristic
  • c)
    Altruistic
  • d)
    Developmental
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Academia Elite answered
Liberalism is a political philosophy that views preserving and advancing individual freedom as politics' primary issue. 
  • A political and moral ideology known as liberalism is founded on individual liberties, freedoms, the consent of the governed, and equality before the law. 
  • C. B. Macpherson in his work, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke articulated Possessive liberalism. 
  • The thesis of "possessive individualism," according to which a person is seen as the only proprietor of their talents and owes nothing to society for them. 
  • He examines the function of this specific kind of individualism in Thomas Hobbes, James Harrington, and John Locke. 
  • Keith Thomas and David Lay have both presented several arguments that contradict his claim that Hobbes is responsible for the culture of possessive individualism.
Thus, Liberalism is characterised by C. B. Macpherson as possessive liberalism.

Arrange the following works of Isaiah Berlin in chronological order of his publications. Select the correct answer form the codes given below:
(a) Concepts and Categories : Philosophical Essays
(b) Four Essays on Liberty
(c) Vico and Herder : Two Studies in the History of Ideas
(d) Karl Marx : His Life and Environment
  • a)
    (a),(b),(c) and (d)
  • b)
    (c),(b),(a) and (d)
  • c)
    (d),(b),(c) and (a)
  • d)
    (b),(d),(a) and (c)
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Prisha Reddy answered
Chronological Order of Isaiah Berlin's Publications:

1. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
- This work was first published in 1939.

2. Four Essays on Liberty
- This collection of essays was first published in 1969.

3. Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas
- This work was first published in 1976.

4. Concepts and Categories: Philosophical Essays
- This collection of essays was first published posthumously in 1978.

Two statements are given below. One is a Assertion (A) and other is Reason (R) :
Assertion (A): Aristotle suggested ‘polity’ as mixed form of the government is the best.
Reason (R): He abolishes slavery and inferiority of women.
Choose the correct answer below:
  • a)
    A is true but R is false.
  • b)
    Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  • c)
    Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • d)
    A is false but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Mihir Narayan answered
Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The question presents an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R) related to Aristotle's political philosophy.
Assertion (A):
Aristotle suggested 'polity' as a mixed form of government is the best.
- Aristotle indeed advocated for a mixed government, which combines elements of democracy and oligarchy. He believed this form would balance the interests of different social classes, leading to stability and justice in governance.
Reason (R):
He abolishes slavery and inferiority of women.
- While Aristotle’s writings often discuss the natural hierarchies in society, he did not advocate for the abolition of slavery. Instead, he rationalized it as a natural institution. Similarly, Aristotle held views that supported the inferiority of women, viewing them as less rational than men. Therefore, this statement is inaccurate.
Evaluating the Options
Given the analysis of both statements:
- A is true: Aristotle's concept of polity is indeed regarded as a favorable form of governance.
- R is false: Aristotle did not advocate for the abolition of slavery or the equality of women; rather, his views reflected the norms of his time that supported such inequalities.
Conclusion
The correct answer is option 'A': A is true but R is false. This indicates that while Aristotle's political ideas are valuable, his stance on slavery and women's rights does not align with modern views on equality and justice. Thus, the reason provided does not accurately reflect his philosophy.

Which of the four major issues of Public Administration were debated in the Minnowbrooke Conference, 1968?
  • a)
    Relevance, values, equity and change.
  • b)
    History, qualities, values and development.
  • c)
    Text, context, relevance and status.
  • d)
    Norms, values, context and progress.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Academia Elite answered
Minnow brook conference had facilitated Syracuse University, beautiful conference centre in the Adirondack Mountains. The general theme of the conference was public administration that was relevant to public interest but unfortunately no idea was put forward in the proceedings. The scholars who actually attended the conference were young scholars. They were not at all interested in public administration they were basically interested in embracing new definitions for their own discipline of life. Minnow brook conference put emphasis on normative approach. They provided four goals and three anti goals. the four goals consisted:
1. Relevance 2. Value 3. Equity 4. Change.
The anti goals are:
1. Rejection of the value- neutral concept
2. Rejection of the public administration
3.Public Administration is not a part of politics.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Assertion (A): Federalism is not dead in India.
Reason (R): New regions are constantly demanding statehood.
  • a)
    (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (R) is true but (A) is false.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Siddharth Mehra answered
Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The question presents an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R) regarding the state of federalism in India.
Assertion (A): Federalism is not dead in India.
- This statement is true as India continues to function as a federal state, characterized by a division of powers between the central government and various state governments.
- Federalism remains robust in India due to its constitutional framework that allows for state autonomy and governance.
Reason (R): New regions are constantly demanding statehood.
- This statement is also true, as there have been ongoing demands for the creation of new states in India based on regional identities, cultural factors, and administrative efficiency.
- Examples include the demand for statehood by regions like Gorkhaland or Bodoland.
Relationship Between (A) and (R)
- While both statements are true, (R) does not serve as a direct explanation for (A). The existence of statehood demands reflects the dynamic nature of Indian federalism but does not imply that federalism itself is in decline or "dead."
- Instead, these demands can be seen as a testament to the vitality of federalism, indicating that it is responsive to the needs and aspirations of diverse populations.
Conclusion
- Therefore, the correct interpretation is that both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) does not correctly explain (A). This aligns with option (b): "Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)."

Who described Indian Politics as “Politics of Scarcity”?
  • a)
    Myron Weiner
  • b)
    Paul R. Brass
  • c)
    Atul Kohli
  • d)
    Morris-Jones
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

JKL Classes answered
He was the author or editor of 32 scholarly books and numerous peer-reviewed articles. His most recent research involved three projects: child labor and education policy in India and other developing countries; comparing immigration, refugees and citizenship policies in Japan, Germany, South Africa and the USA; and analyzing the causes and effects of migration and refugee flows.
Dr. Weiner's 1991 book The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in Comparative Perspective (Princeton University Press, 4th ed., ISBN 978-0-691-07868-7) had a major impact in Indian debates on how to end child labor, and was perhaps his magnum opus. "It was his crowning achievement. It made all of us think about the question of illiteracy," according to Jagdish Bhagwati, a Columbia University economist and colleague since the mid-1950s.Dr. Bhagwati said the book prompted economists to recommend more investments in education for the poor, and policies to help poor people recognize education as a valuable investment.

Who has given the following definition of intergenerational conflict? Is intergenerational conflict related to a state of stress rather than a complete conflict?
  • a)
    G. S. Ghurye
  • b)
    Dr. Srinivas
  • c)
    T.K. Aman
  • d)
    J. P. Singh
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pranav Bhatnagar answered
Understanding Intergenerational Conflict
Intergenerational conflict refers to the discord that arises between different generations, often due to differing values, beliefs, and social norms. G. S. Ghurye, a prominent sociologist, is known for highlighting these conflicts in the context of Indian society.
Key Aspects of G. S. Ghurye's Definition
- Cultural Differences: Ghurye emphasized that varying cultural backgrounds and experiences lead to misunderstandings between generations.
- Value Systems: Different generations may prioritize different values, such as tradition versus modernity, resulting in friction.
Intergenerational Conflict as a State of Stress
- Not Complete Conflict: Ghurye's perspective suggests that intergenerational conflict should not be perceived as a complete breakdown in relationships. Instead, it can be viewed as a state of stress arising from differing perspectives.
- Negotiation and Resolution: Stressful interactions can foster dialogue and understanding, leading to potential resolutions rather than irreparable conflict.
Implications in Society
- Social Cohesion: Understanding intergenerational conflict through Ghurye's lens highlights the need for social cohesion and the importance of bridging generational gaps.
- Adaptation and Change: It encourages societies to adapt and evolve by recognizing the value in both traditional and contemporary perspectives.
In conclusion, G. S. Ghurye's definition underscores the significance of recognizing intergenerational conflict as a nuanced interaction rather than a definitive clash, paving the way for constructive dialogue and social harmony.

Who from among the following does see the relationship between the various strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence?
  • a)
    Marxists
  • b)
    Functionalists
  • c)
    Pluralists
  • d)
    Interactionists
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Neeraj Verma answered
Understanding Functionalism in Stratified Society
In the context of a stratified society, functionalists view the relationship between different social strata as one characterized by cooperation and interdependence. Here’s a breakdown of this perspective:
Key Features of Functionalism
- Social Structure: Functionalists believe that society is structured in a way that each stratum plays a specific role in maintaining the overall stability and functionality of the society.
- Interdependence: Different social groups rely on each other to fulfill various societal needs. For example, the working class may provide labor, while the upper classes may provide leadership and resources.
- Role of Institutions: Institutions such as education, family, and government are seen as mechanisms that promote social cohesion and ensure that each stratum contributes to societal well-being.
Contrast with Other Theories
- Marxists: In contrast, Marxists view stratification as a source of conflict and exploitation, emphasizing the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
- Pluralists: Pluralists focus on the coexistence of diverse groups and their interests, but do not emphasize the cooperative aspect as strongly as functionalists.
- Interactionists: Interactionists study the everyday interactions and meanings within social strata but do not emphasize systemic cooperation across strata.
Conclusion
Overall, functionalists assert that the various strata in a stratified society work together to sustain social order, highlighting the importance of cooperation and interdependence in achieving societal goals. This perspective underscores the equilibrium that different groups contribute towards in a functioning society.

Who said that the state is a people organised for law within a definite territory?
  • a)
    Oppenheim
  • b)
    Woodrow Wilson
  • c)
    Laski
  • d)
    Hall
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Samyukta Menon answered

Oppenheim

The statement that "the state is a people organized for law within a definite territory" was made by Oppenheim, a prominent figure in international law. This statement encapsulates the essence of what a state is - a political entity comprising a population, a government, a territory, and sovereignty. Let's break down this statement further:

People Organized for Law
- The term "people" refers to the population or citizens of a state who are organized under a government to maintain order and uphold laws.
- The organization of people under a legal framework ensures that there is a system in place to govern behavior, resolve disputes, and protect rights.

Definite Territory
- A state must have a defined territory over which it exercises control and within which its laws are enforced.
- The territorial aspect of a state is crucial for delineating its boundaries, determining jurisdiction, and establishing relationships with other states.

Implications of the Statement
- This statement highlights the social contract between the state and its citizens, where the state provides security and services in exchange for obedience to laws.
- It emphasizes the role of law as a unifying force that binds the people of a state together and regulates their interactions within the defined territory.

In conclusion, Oppenheim's statement succinctly captures the fundamental elements that constitute a state - the people, the legal order, and the territory. It underscores the importance of these components in defining the nature and functions of a state in the international legal system.

What is meant by unipolarity?
  • a)
    A polarized university
  • b)
    The nation that the US has now become and is likely to remain the only major power in the world
  • c)
    The nation that the US is spreading its reach as an 'empire'
  • d)
    Both (b) and (c)
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Dhairya Shah answered
Understanding Unipolarity
Unipolarity refers to a global power structure where one nation holds the majority of cultural, economic, and military influence. In recent history, this concept has been predominantly associated with the United States, especially after the Cold War.
Key Characteristics of Unipolarity:
- Single Major Power:
The United States is recognized as the only superpower, dominating international politics, economics, and military capabilities. This status allows the U.S. to set global agendas and influence international norms.
- Global Influence:
The U.S. exerts considerable influence over international organizations, trade agreements, and security arrangements, shaping policies that align with its interests and values.
- Limited Rivalry:
Unlike multipolarity, where several nations hold significant power, unipolarity often sees a lack of substantial competition from other states, allowing the dominant power to operate with relative freedom.
Reasons for the Correct Answer (Option B):
- Historical Context:
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the U.S. emerged as the unrivaled leader in global affairs, solidifying its unipolar status.
- Enduring Dominance:
The U.S. maintains its position through military alliances (e.g., NATO), economic leadership (e.g., the dollar's role in global trade), and cultural influence (e.g., media, technology).
- Future Projections:
Analysts often argue that the U.S. will continue to be the preeminent power for the foreseeable future, although challenges from rising powers like China may complicate this landscape.
In conclusion, unipolarity signifies a world where the U.S. stands as the sole major power, shaping international relations and maintaining a unique place in global governance.

The eruption of war terminates:
  • a)
    All treaties
  • b)
    Only political treaties;
  • c)
    No treaty
  • d)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
War may suspend the treaties but neither they are invalidated nor terminated and not it is mentioned in Law of Treaties or UN Charter. Moreover, violation of treaties doesn't mean termination of treaties as LoC has been violated a lot of time b/w Pakistan and India but it is not terminated or invalidated.
In addition to above, Indus Water Treaty 1960, Tashkant Pact etc are not effected by host of wars between Pakistan and India it is no doubt true that they are violated but as I quoted earlier violation doesn't amount to termination or invalidation.

Which ideology has prominently adopted female historiography?
  • a)
    Marxist
  • b)
    Post Modernism
  • c)
    Subaltern
  • d)
    Cambridge
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Academia Elite answered
The ideology of Post Modernism has prominently adopted female historiography.
  • The postmodern theories range from moderate to extreme criticism of modernity.
  • The postmodern theorists question the very basics on which the discipline of history has been based.
  • They do not believe in the disciplinary boundaries in academics, such as those between history and literature, or between economics and anthropology and so on.
  • They also question the existence of facts and events apart from what the historians make them out to be.
  • In their view, linguistic representation becomes the essence of the past and the core of history.
  • The post-modernists also prominently adopted female historiography as there was absence of women in the modern historiography.
Therefore, we can conclude that the ideology of Post Modernism has prominently adopted female historiography.

Who among the following wrote, "In the context of society today, the caste system and much that goes with it are wholly incompatible, reactionary, restrictive and barriers to progress."?
  • a)
    B.R. Ambedkar
  • b)
    Jawaharlal Nehru
  • c)
    M.K. Gandhi
  • d)
    R.M. Lohia
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
In the context of society today, the caste system and much that goes with it are wholly incompatible , reactionary, restrictive and barriers to progress. There can be no equality in status and opportunity within its framework,nor can there be political democracy....Between these two conceptions conflict is inherent and only one of them can survive.
-Jawaharlal Nehru(1946:257)

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding International Criminal Court ?
  • a)
    The statute of International Criminal Court was adopted by United Nations Conference on 18th July, 1998.
  • b)
    The International Criminal Court is not an organ of United Nations but it is an independent organization.
  • c)
    Its statute came into force on 1st july, 2002.
  • d)
    The four organs of International Criminal Court are the Presidency, the Judicial Division, the office of the Prosecutor and the Registry.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force.

Consider the following statements and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
I. Subject to legislation by Parliament, the power to declare any area as a 'Scheduled area' is given to the President.
II. The 5th Schedule of the Constitution deals with administration of 'Scheduled Areas' in Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura.
III. The Government of the states having 'Scheduled Areas' have to submit reports to the President regarding the administration of such 'Areas'.
IV. The executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the respective states regarding administration of the 'Scheduled Areas'.
Which of the above statements are correct ?
  • a)
    only I and III
  • b)
    only I and IV
  • c)
    only I and II
  • d)
    only II and III 
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Academia Elite answered
Subject to legislation by Parliament, the power to declare any area as a 'Scheduled area' is given to the President and The Executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the respective States regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas. These provisions of the Constitution relating to the administration of the Scheduled Areas and Tribes may be altered by Parliament or by ordinary legislation. both are true. 

The world 'sovereignty' derives its origin from superanus which belongs to language:
  • a)
    Green
  • b)
    Latin
  • c)
    English
  • d)
    French
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Janvi Varma answered
The Origin of Sovereignty
Sovereignty is a fundamental concept in political science and international relations, denoting the authority of a state to govern itself without external interference. The term "sovereignty" has its roots in the Latin word "superanus," meaning "highest" or "supreme."
Understanding the Term "Superanus"
- The Latin term "superanus" derives from "super," which translates to "above" or "over."
- This term emphasizes the idea of being the highest authority or possessing ultimate power.
The Evolution of the Concept
- In medieval Europe, the concept of sovereignty evolved alongside the rise of nation-states.
- It became essential for establishing political order and legitimizing authority within a defined territory.
Significance of Latin in Political Terminology
- Latin has significantly influenced many modern languages and remains a cornerstone of legal and political vocabulary.
- Many key concepts in governance, law, and rights are derived from Latin, reflecting its historical impact on Western political thought.
Conclusion
Understanding the term "sovereignty" through its Latin origin highlights the importance of language in shaping political concepts. The association with "superanus" illustrates the essence of supreme authority, which continues to resonate in contemporary discussions of state power and autonomy.

Which of the following is not the merit of the Presidential System?
  • a)
    Permanent Government
  • b)
    Confirmation in policies
  • c)
    Limited Representation
  • d)
    Government by experts
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

JKL Classes answered
Features of the presidential system are: single executive, non-responsibility, political homogeneity may not exist, the domination of president, no dissolution power of the lower house, and separation of powers.
A presidential system is a form of government in which ahead of government (president) leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. This head of government is in most cases also the head of state.

Which of the following scrutinizes in detail the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General before submitting it to the Lok Sabha?
  • a)
    Standing Committee
  • b)
    Committee on Public Undertakings
  • c)
    Estimates Committee
  • d)
    Public Accounts Committee
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anaya Choudhary answered
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) scrutinizes in detail the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) before submitting it to the Lok Sabha. Here is how PAC functions:
Composition
- The PAC is a committee of Members of Parliament (MPs) constituted by the Lok Sabha Speaker.
- It consists of not more than 22 members, out of which 15 are from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha.
Functions
- The main function of the PAC is to examine the audit reports of the CAG and ensure that public money is spent efficiently and effectively.
- It scrutinizes the appropriation and finance accounts of the Government of India and reports of autonomous bodies.
- The PAC also examines the reports of the CAG related to the accounts of the Union government, state governments, and other authorities.
Role in Parliamentary Oversight
- The PAC plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability and transparency in the financial administration of the government.
- It holds the executive accountable for its actions and expenditures, thereby contributing to good governance.
- The PAC submits its reports to the Lok Sabha, which are then discussed and action is taken accordingly.
Conclusion
The Public Accounts Committee plays a significant role in the oversight of government finances and ensures that the funds are used for their intended purposes. By scrutinizing the CAG reports in detail, the PAC helps in maintaining fiscal discipline and accountability in the government's financial management.

Around the world, neo-liberalism has been imposed by powerful financial institutions. Which of the following is one of such institutions?
  • a)
    International Labour Organization (ILO)
  • b)
    United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
  • c)
    Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
  • d)
    BRICS
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
The correct answer is option 3, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
  • The IDB is a financial institution that provides loans and grants to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean for development projects.
  • It was established in 1959 and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The IDB promotes neo-liberal policies such as free trade, privatization, and deregulation in the region.

Who among the following coined the term Ecofeminism?
  • a)
    Francoise d'Eaubonne
  • b)
    Okin
  • c)
    Kate Millett
  • d)
    Germaine Greer
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ronit Gupta answered
Françoise d'Eaubonne
Françoise d'Eaubonne is credited with coining the term "ecofeminism" in the early 1970s. She was a French feminist and writer who was deeply concerned about the interconnectedness of women's oppression and the degradation of the environment. Ecofeminism is a movement that links the exploitation of women and nature, arguing that both are rooted in patriarchal oppression.

Significance of Ecofeminism
- Ecofeminism highlights the ways in which women and nature are often treated as passive resources to be exploited for the benefit of a patriarchal society.
- It emphasizes the need for a more holistic and interconnected approach to addressing social and environmental issues.
- Ecofeminism calls for a reevaluation of traditional gender roles and relationships, arguing that a more equitable and sustainable society is possible when women's voices and perspectives are included in decision-making processes.

Key Principles of Ecofeminism
- Intersectionality: Ecofeminism recognizes the intersecting forms of oppression that women face based on factors such as race, class, and sexuality.
- Care Ethics: Ecofeminism values the ethic of care, which emphasizes empathy, compassion, and nurturing relationships with both humans and the environment.
- Sustainability: Ecofeminism advocates for sustainable practices that promote the well-being of both people and the planet, rejecting the exploitation of natural resources for short-term gain.

Conclusion
Françoise d'Eaubonne's contribution to the development of ecofeminism has had a lasting impact on feminist and environmental movements around the world. By highlighting the connections between women's liberation and environmental justice, ecofeminism offers a powerful framework for addressing the root causes of oppression and working towards a more just and sustainable future.

The immigrating ethnic cultural groups which never get opportunity to become citizens under multiculturalism are called:
  • a)
    Metics
  • b)
    National minorities
  • c)
    Immigrant groups
  • d)
    Isolationist ethno-religious groups
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

JKL Classes answered
The term multiculturalism was initially used in Canada in 1965 to indicate a unique method of dealing with cultural diversity. 
  • In contemporary political discourse and philosophy, the concept of multiculturalism reflects a debate about how to understand and respond to the challenges of cultural diversity based on ethnic, national, and religious distinctions.
  •  A multiculturalist viewpoint suggests a positive affirmation of communal diversity, based on other cultural groups' right to acknowledgement and respect.
  • It incorporates a variety of viewpoints on the implications of expanding cultural diversity, particularly how cultural diversity can be reconciled with civic unity. 
  • The central topic of multiculturalism is diversity within unity.
  • Metics are those the immigrating ethnic cultural groups who never get the opportunity to become citizens.
  • Metics come from the Greek word Metoikos which means any resident immigrant, including liberated slaves. 
​Thus, The immigrating ethnic cultural groups which never get opportunity to become citizens under multiculturalism are called Metics.

Who among the following dismissed John Rawl's concept of social justice as a 'mirage' ?
  • a)
    Macpherson
  • b)
    Friedrich Hayek
  • c)
    Isaiah Berlin
  • d)
    Robert Nozick
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Academia Elite answered
Friedrich August von Hayek, often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Anglo-Austrian economist and philosopher best known for his defence of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena".

Who said that 'parties are the power behind the throne':
  • a)
    Grotius
  • b)
    Montesquieu
  • c)
    Rousseau
  • d)
    Finer
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
Finer said that 'parties are the power behind the throne': Professor Samuel Edward Finer was a political scientist and historian who was instrumental in advancing political studies as an academic subject in the United Kingdom, pioneering the study of UK political institutions.

Frantz Fanon's psychological analysis of colonialism shed light on how the colonized internalize colonial ideologies and develop an inferiority complex. What did he see as the basis of this 'colonial mentality' and how could it be overcome?
  • a)
    The material benefits under colonial rule conditioned the colonized to accept cultural inferiority, requiring economic development to overcome it.
  • b)
    Limitations on political rights created a sense of inadequacy that could only be addressed by anti-colonial nationalism.
  • c)
    Racial discrimination caused psychological trauma that led to imitation of the colonizer's culture and disavowal of indigenous identities.
  • d)
    Cultural suppression and loss of heritage through policies like assimilation created an enduring sense of rootlessness.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Riverdale Learning Institute answered
The correct answer is Racial discrimination caused psychological trauma that led to imitation of the colonizer's culture and disavowal of indigenous identities.
  • Racial discrimination caused psychological trauma
  • Colonized people internalized belief in their inferiority
  • They imitated the colonizers and rejected their own cultures
  • Overcome by affirming native identities and culture
  • Building pride in independence from colonial structures

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Assertion (A): Some departments are concerned not only with purely administrative work but some authority to make rules and regulations is also delegated to them by the legislature.
Reason (R): John M Pfiffner prefers single head of the department under certain circumstances.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false but (R) is true. 
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Jaidev Iyer answered
Explanation:

Assertion (A):
- The assertion is true as some departments are not only involved in administrative work but also have the authority to make rules and regulations delegated to them by the legislature.

Reason (R):
- The reason given does not directly explain assertion (A) but provides additional information about how John M Pfiffner prefers a single head of the department under certain circumstances.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer as both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not a direct explanation of the assertion.

Which among the following is the Prime Minister the chairperson of?
  • a)
    NITI Aayog
  • b)
    Union Public Service Commission
  • c)
    Finance Commission
  • d)
    Minorities Commission
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

JKL Classes answered
Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson of the Niti Aayog.
  • Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories.
  • The full-time organizational framework will comprise
  • Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by the Prime Minister.
  • Members: Full-time.
  • Part-time members: Maximum of 2 from leading universities research organizations and other relevant institutions in an ex-officio capacity. Part-time members will be on a rotational basis.
  • Ex Officio members: Maximum of 4 members of the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister.
  • Chief Executive Officer: To be appointed by the Prime Minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to the Government of India.

In a federal form of government local government derives its powers from:
  • a)
    The head of the state
  • b)
    The legislature
  • c)
    The judiciary 
  • d)
    The constitution
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

JKL Classes answered
Federalism is a compromise meant to eliminate the disadvantages of both systems. In a federal system, power is shared by the national and state governments. The Constitution designates certain powers to be the domain of a central government, and others are specifically reserved to the state governments.

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