All questions of Climatology (Part 2) for Delhi Police Constable Exam

Explanation:

1. These are low-pressure regions:
Anticyclones are actually high-pressure systems, not low-pressure systems. In an anticyclone, the air is sinking and spreading outwards from a central region, creating higher pressure at the surface. This high-pressure system is characterized by clear skies, light winds, and dry weather conditions. So, statement 1 is incorrect.

2. Their extent is always small:
Anticyclones are typically smaller in size compared to other weather systems such as cyclones. They usually span a few hundred kilometers in diameter. Due to their smaller size, they have a more localized impact on weather patterns. So, statement 2 is correct.

3. Cloudy and precipitation conditions exist along with the cyclone:
This statement is incorrect. Anticyclones are associated with clear skies and dry weather conditions. The sinking air in an anticyclone inhibits the formation of clouds and precipitation. Instead, they are characterized by stable atmospheric conditions, which result in fair weather with minimal cloud cover and low chances of rainfall.

Conclusion:
Based on the explanations above, statement 1 is incorrect, statement 2 is correct, and statement 3 is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - only statement 2 is true.

Tropical cyclones dissipate on reaching the land; extratropical cyclones do not because

Explanation:
Tropical cyclones and extratropical cyclones are both strong low-pressure weather systems that form over warm ocean waters. However, there are some key differences in their characteristics and behavior, which explain why tropical cyclones dissipate on reaching the land while extratropical cyclones do not.

Tropical Cyclones:
1. Derive their energy from the moisture of the sea:
- Tropical cyclones are fueled by the warm ocean waters, which provide abundant moisture and heat.
- As the warm air rises from the ocean's surface, it condenses and releases latent heat, which further powers the cyclone.
- The moisture-laden air in tropical cyclones helps to sustain their intensity and strength.

2. Dissipate on reaching the land:
- When a tropical cyclone moves over land, it loses its primary source of moisture and heat, as land surfaces do not provide as much moisture as the sea.
- As a result, the cyclone begins to weaken and eventually dissipates.
- The absence of moisture and heat hampers the cyclone's ability to sustain its convective activity, leading to its gradual decay.

Extratropical Cyclones:
1. Derive their energy from polar fronts:
- Extratropical cyclones form along the boundaries of contrasting air masses, often referred to as fronts.
- These cyclones derive their energy from the temperature contrasts between warm and cold air masses, rather than from moisture like tropical cyclones.
- Specifically, extratropical cyclones draw energy from the temperature gradient along polar fronts, where warm air meets cold air.

2. Do not dissipate on reaching the land:
- Unlike tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones can persist and even intensify after moving over land.
- The presence of the temperature gradient and the availability of contrasting air masses allow extratropical cyclones to maintain their energy and structure.
- They can continue to draw energy from the frontal systems and undergo complex interactions with other meteorological features, leading to their sustained existence over land.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'C' - both statements 1 and 2 are correct. Tropical cyclones dissipate on reaching the land due to the loss of their moisture source, while extratropical cyclones do not dissipate because they derive their energy from polar fronts and can maintain their structure even over land.

All the given definitions are right.

The general distribution of winds throughout the lower atmosphere is known as planetary winds. Confined within some latitudinal belts, these winds blow rather regularly throughout the year and are basically controlled by the latitudinal pressure belts.

The main planetary winds are (i) the North-east and the South-east Trade winds, (ii) the Temperate Westerlies and (iii) the Polar Easterlies, which blow from the polar high-pressure area to the temperate low-. Pressure area.

All of them are affected by Coriolis force (Earth's rotation on its axis), and migration of pressure belts apart from how heat patterns vary across the Earth (creating pressure difference).

Coriolis force is absent at the equator. Due to this, winds blowing from high-pressure sub-tropics to low-pressure tropics do not form a circulatory pattern around a low-pressure zone.

Assertion (A): The eastern coasts of continents within the tropics have much heavier rainfall than the interiors of the west coasts.
Reason (R): All western coasts fall in the rain shadow zone.

The correct answer is option 'C', which states that Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.

Explanation:

Eastern Coasts of Continents within the Tropics have Heavier Rainfall:
- The eastern coasts of continents within the tropics, such as the eastern coast of India or the eastern coast of Africa, receive heavier rainfall compared to the interiors of the west coasts.
- This is due to the prevailing wind patterns in the tropics, specifically the trade winds.
- The trade winds blow from east to west in the tropics, carrying moist air from the oceans towards the western coasts of continents.
- As the moist air encounters the landmass, it is forced to rise, leading to the formation of clouds and subsequent rainfall along the western coasts.
- This phenomenon is known as orographic rainfall, where the moist air is lifted over a mountain or elevated terrain, resulting in enhanced precipitation.
- As a result, the western coasts of continents within the tropics receive significant rainfall.

Rain Shadow Zone:
- The rain shadow zone refers to the area that lies on the leeward side of a mountain range or elevated terrain.
- When moist air is lifted over a mountain range, it cools and condenses, leading to rainfall on the windward side of the mountain.
- However, as the air descends on the leeward side, it warms and dries up, resulting in reduced rainfall and arid conditions.
- This creates a rain shadow zone, which is characterized by low precipitation and dry climate.
- The rain shadow effect is prominent on the leeward side of mountain ranges, where the prevailing winds are blocked by the mountains, preventing the moist air from reaching the area.

Reason (R) is Incorrect:
- While it is true that western coasts often experience the rain shadow effect, it is not true that all western coasts fall in the rain shadow zone.
- There are several factors that determine the occurrence of the rain shadow effect, including the direction of prevailing winds, the height and orientation of the mountain range, and the distance from the coast.
- In some cases, the western coasts may not be affected by the rain shadow effect and may receive significant rainfall due to other atmospheric factors or geographical features.

Conclusion:
- The assertion that the eastern coasts of continents within the tropics have heavier rainfall than the interiors of the west coasts is correct.
- However, the reason that all western coasts fall in the rain shadow zone is incorrect, as it does not consider the various factors that determine the occurrence of the rain shadow effect.

Explanation:
Buttress roots in tropical rainforests serve two main purposes:

1. Aeration of the soil: The buttress roots of trees in tropical rainforests are large, wide, and above-ground extensions of the trunk. These roots help to anchor the tree in the shallow, nutrient-poor soil of the rainforest. They create a wide base and provide stability to the tree, preventing it from toppling over in the strong winds and heavy rains that are common in tropical rainforest environments. The extensive network of buttress roots also helps to distribute the weight of the tree evenly, reducing the strain on individual roots.

2. Support and stability: The buttress roots of tropical rainforest trees act as a support system, preventing the tree from falling over. The soil in tropical rainforests is often shallow and nutrient-poor, making it difficult for trees to anchor themselves securely. The buttress roots, with their large surface area, help to stabilize the tree by providing additional support and anchorage. This is especially important in the dense, crowded conditions of the rainforest, where trees compete for sunlight and space.

3. Enhanced nutrient absorption: Although not mentioned in the given options, buttress roots also play a role in gathering more nutrients from the poor rainforest soil. The extensive surface area of the buttress roots increases the absorption capacity of the tree, allowing it to extract more nutrients from the soil. This is particularly important in tropical rainforests where the soil is often nutrient-deficient due to rapid leaching and decomposition.

In conclusion, buttress roots in tropical rainforests serve the dual purpose of providing stability and support to the trees, as well as enhancing nutrient absorption from the nutrient-poor soil. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' - 2 and 3 only.

Why do rain clouds appear black in colour despite having the Sun above them?

Explanation:
Rain clouds appear black in colour despite having the Sun above them primarily because clouds scatter the light they receive. Let's understand each option given in the question to arrive at the correct answer:

1. Clouds accumulate electrostatic charge:
This option is incorrect as the accumulation of electrostatic charge in clouds does not cause them to appear black in colour.

2. Rain-bearing clouds absorb most of the solar insolation falling on them:
This option is incorrect as rain-bearing clouds do not absorb most of the solar insolation falling on them. Instead, they reflect and scatter a significant portion of the sunlight they receive.

3. Clouds scatter light received by them:
This option is correct. Clouds are made up of tiny water droplets or ice crystals, which act as scattering centers for the incoming sunlight. When sunlight passes through a cloud, the individual water droplets scatter the light in all directions. This scattering of light causes the cloud to appear white or gray to the observer on the ground. However, when rain clouds become thicker and denser, they scatter more light and absorb less, resulting in a darker appearance. The thicker the cloud, the more light it scatters, making it appear darker or even black.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - 3 only, which states that rain clouds appear black in colour because clouds scatter the light received by them.

In conclusion, rain clouds appear black in colour despite having the Sun above them because of the scattering of light by the water droplets or ice crystals present in the clouds. The thicker and denser the clouds, the more light they scatter, resulting in a darker appearance.

Explanation:

Statement 1: Wind will strike your back and continue to the sea if you are sitting on the beach facing the sea on a sunny afternoon.

This statement is incorrect. On a sunny afternoon, the land heats up faster than the sea due to the differential heating of land and water. The warm air rises over the land and creates a low-pressure area. The cool air from the sea rushes towards the land to fill this low-pressure area, creating a sea breeze. Therefore, if you are sitting on the beach facing the sea, the wind will strike your face and continue towards the land.

Statement 2: Wind will strike your face and continue to the sea if you are sitting on the beach with your back facing the sea on a cold night.

This statement is correct. During a cold night, the land cools down faster than the sea. The cool air over the land becomes denser and sinks, creating a high-pressure area. The relatively warmer air over the sea rises, creating a low-pressure area. The wind flows from the land towards the sea to fill this pressure gradient, resulting in a land breeze. Therefore, if you are sitting on the beach with your back facing the sea, the wind will strike your face and continue towards the sea.

Conclusion:

Based on the explanations above, we can conclude that Statement 2 is correct, while Statement 1 is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'B' - 2 only.

Explanation:
Rainfall patterns are influenced by various factors, including solar insolation, atmospheric circulation, and temperature gradients. When moving from the equator to the poles, there is a general trend of reducing rainfall. This can be explained by the change in solar insolation.

Change in solar insolation:
Solar insolation refers to the amount of solar radiation or sunlight received at a particular location. The intensity of solar radiation decreases as one moves away from the equator towards the poles. This is mainly due to the curvature of the Earth and the angle at which sunlight reaches the surface.

- At the equator, the Sun's rays are more direct, resulting in higher solar insolation. This leads to warmer temperatures and increased evaporation, which in turn contributes to higher rainfall.
- As one moves towards the poles, the angle at which sunlight reaches the surface becomes more oblique. This reduces the amount of solar radiation received, resulting in lower temperatures and decreased evaporation. Consequently, the amount of moisture available for condensation and rainfall decreases.

Other factors:
While solar insolation is the primary factor influencing rainfall patterns from the equator to the poles, other factors can also play a role:

- Atmospheric circulation: The movement of air masses and prevailing winds can affect rainfall patterns. However, in the context of the given options, it is not the main factor responsible for the reducing rainfall pattern.
- Formation of wavy isotherms at the equator: Isotherms are lines on a map connecting points with equal temperature. The formation of wavy isotherms at the equator can result in localized convective rainfall, but it does not explain the general trend of reducing rainfall when moving polewards.
- Movement of the jet stream along the way: The jet stream is a high-speed wind current in the upper troposphere. It can influence weather patterns, but its movement alone does not explain the reducing rainfall pattern.

In conclusion, the primary reason for the reducing rainfall pattern when moving from the equator to the poles is the change in solar insolation. As the angle of sunlight decreases and the amount of solar radiation received reduces, there is less evaporation and moisture available for rainfall.

Extratropical Cyclones:
Extratropical cyclones, also known as mid-latitude or frontal cyclones, are large-scale low-pressure systems that occur in the middle and high latitudes outside the tropics. These cyclones are responsible for most of the weather patterns experienced in the middle latitudes, including strong winds, rain, and snow.

Important Features of Extratropical Cyclones:
1. They originate only over the seas or oceans: This statement is incorrect. While many extratropical cyclones do form over the seas or oceans, they can also form over land. Cyclones that form over land are known as continental cyclones. Therefore, this statement is not an important feature of extratropical cyclones.

2. They require a frontal system to get activated: This statement is correct. Extratropical cyclones are typically associated with the interaction of warm and cold air masses, resulting in the formation of a frontal system. The presence of a frontal system is necessary for the development and intensification of extratropical cyclones. Fronts are boundaries between air masses with different temperatures and densities, and the interaction between these air masses leads to the formation of the cyclone.

3. Since they can move only vertically above, they must be carried laterally by jet streams to be effective: This statement is incorrect. Extratropical cyclones are not limited to moving only vertically above. They are characterized by their cyclonic circulation, which involves both vertical and horizontal movement of air. While jet streams can influence the movement and intensity of extratropical cyclones, they are not required for their effectiveness.

Conclusion:
Out of the given statements, only statement 2 is an important feature of extratropical cyclones. These cyclones require a frontal system to get activated and are associated with the interaction of warm and cold air masses. They can form over both land and seas/oceans, and their movement is not limited to vertical displacement above. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' (2 only).

Thunderstorms are formed because of intense convection on moist hot days. Convection refers to the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, such as air or water. Thunderstorms are a type of weather phenomenon that involves the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air, which eventually leads to the formation of towering cumulonimbus clouds.

Here is a detailed explanation of why thunderstorms form due to intense convection on moist hot days:

1. Introduction to Thunderstorms:
- Thunderstorms are characterized by the presence of cumulonimbus clouds, which are large, dense, and vertically towering.
- These clouds are formed due to the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air.

2. Intense Convection:
- Thunderstorms are primarily formed due to intense convection, which occurs when there is a significant temperature difference between the surface and the upper atmosphere.
- On a hot and moist day, the surface temperature rises, leading to the heating of the lower layers of the atmosphere.
- This heating causes the air near the surface to become warmer and less dense, making it rise rapidly.

3. Updrafts and Downdrafts:
- As the warm air rises, it forms updrafts, which are powerful currents of air moving upward.
- These updrafts carry moisture and heat energy with them as they ascend.
- As the air rises higher into the atmosphere, it cools and condenses, forming cumulonimbus clouds.
- Within these clouds, the rising air cools further, and water droplets and ice crystals start to form, leading to the development of precipitation.

4. Thunderstorm Characteristics:
- Thunderstorms are often associated with heavy rainfall, lightning, strong winds, and sometimes hail.
- The rapid movement of air within the storm system creates strong updrafts and downdrafts, contributing to the formation of severe weather conditions.

5. Moisture Source:
- Moisture is a crucial ingredient for thunderstorm formation.
- On hot days, there is often an abundant supply of moisture available in the lower layers of the atmosphere, which can be provided by sources such as bodies of water, evaporation, or advection from other regions.

In conclusion, thunderstorms are formed due to intense convection on hot and moist days. The rapid upward movement of warm, moist air creates powerful updrafts within cumulonimbus clouds, leading to the formation of thunderstorms. These storms are characterized by heavy rainfall, lightning, and strong winds.

The westerly winds develop within the equatorial trough when the Intertropical Convergence Zone is well north or south of the Equator. The northeasterly or southeasterly trade winds cross the Equator and, because of the reversal of the Coriolis effect, acquire a westerly component. The term is also applied to the westerlies that arc present throughout most of the year in the eastern Indian Ocean.

Explanation:
The westerlies are prevailing winds that blow from west to east in the mid-latitudes. They originate from the subtropical high-pressure belts known as the horse latitudes and move towards the poles. In the Northern Hemisphere, the westerlies are strong due to the presence of large land masses, while in the Southern Hemisphere, they are weaker due to the dominance of oceans.

Therefore, the correct statements are:

1. Westerlies originate in the horse latitudes and move towards the poles.
2. Westerlies move from west to east.

Hence, the correct answer is option A (1 and 2 only).

Introduction:
Coastal places like Kolkata and Mumbai experience humid and moderate weather due to the flowing of sea and land breezes. This phenomenon is influenced by various factors such as proximity to the coast, sea surface temperatures, and prevailing wind patterns.

Sea and Land Breezes:
Sea and land breezes are the primary factors responsible for the humid and moderate weather in coastal places like Kolkata and Mumbai. These breezes occur due to the differential heating and cooling of land and water surfaces.

- Sea Breeze: During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea, causing the air above the land to rise. This creates a low-pressure zone over land. Simultaneously, the sea remains relatively cooler, leading to the formation of a high-pressure zone. As a result, cooler air from the sea moves towards the land, creating a sea breeze. This sea breeze brings moisture from the sea, leading to humid conditions.

- Land Breeze: At night, the situation reverses. The land cools down faster than the sea, causing the air above the sea to rise. This creates a low-pressure zone over the sea and a high-pressure zone over land. Consequently, cooler air from the land moves towards the sea, forming a land breeze. This land breeze carries the moisture from the land, resulting in moderate weather conditions.

Other Factors:
While sea and land breezes play a crucial role in shaping the weather patterns of coastal places like Kolkata and Mumbai, other factors also contribute to their humid and moderate weather.

- Proximity to the Coast: Being located near the coast, Kolkata and Mumbai are influenced by the maritime climate. The presence of large water bodies helps in maintaining moderate temperatures and moisture content in the atmosphere.

- Sea Surface Temperatures: The temperature of the sea surface affects the air temperature and moisture content in coastal areas. Higher sea surface temperatures contribute to the evaporation of water, leading to increased humidity.

- Prevailing Wind Patterns: The direction and strength of the prevailing winds also influence the weather conditions in coastal areas. The interaction between the sea and land breezes and the prevailing winds further enhances the humid and moderate weather experienced in places like Kolkata and Mumbai.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the flowing of sea and land breezes is the primary reason why coastal places like Kolkata and Mumbai experience humid and moderate weather. The differential heating and cooling of land and water surfaces, along with other factors like proximity to the coast, sea surface temperatures, and prevailing wind patterns, contribute to the overall weather patterns observed in these regions.

This is so because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land; water heats up and cools down more slowly than land. The movement of the sea and land breeze helps to moderate the climate. On the other hand, wherein the Northern Hemisphere there is more land, temperatures reach both extremes, for example, in Central Asia or Siberia. Photoperiodism is related to plants' reaction to light; it isn't relevant here.

Classification of Forests based on Leaf Shedding:
Forests are broadly classified based on their leaf shedding patterns. The shedding of leaves is influenced by various factors, including the availability of moisture and latitudinal variation.

1. Availability of Moisture:
The availability of moisture is a crucial factor that influences the shedding of leaves in forests. The level of moisture in the environment affects the growth and development of plants. In areas with abundant moisture, such as rainforests, the trees tend to retain their leaves throughout the year. This is because the trees have a constant supply of water and nutrients, allowing them to maintain their foliage. On the other hand, in regions with limited moisture, such as dry or arid areas, trees shed their leaves as a survival mechanism. By shedding their leaves, trees reduce their water loss through transpiration and prevent excessive moisture loss during periods of drought. Therefore, the availability of moisture plays a significant role in determining the shedding of leaves in forests.

2. Latitudinal Variation:
Latitudinal variation also influences the shedding of leaves in forests. As one moves closer to the poles from the equator, the climatic conditions change significantly. The duration and intensity of sunlight vary with latitude, affecting the growth and development of plants. In tropical regions near the equator, where there is a relatively consistent amount of sunlight throughout the year, trees tend to retain their leaves. This is because the trees can perform photosynthesis continuously, utilizing the available sunlight and producing energy. In contrast, as one moves towards higher latitudes, such as temperate or boreal regions, the duration of sunlight decreases, especially during winter. To conserve energy and survive the harsh conditions, trees in these regions shed their leaves during autumn. By shedding their leaves, trees reduce their energy expenditure and prepare for the dormant period of winter. Therefore, latitudinal variation also plays a significant role in determining the shedding of leaves in forests.

Conclusion:
Both the availability of moisture and latitudinal variation are important factors that influence the shedding of leaves in forests. The availability of moisture determines the water and nutrient supply for trees, while latitudinal variation affects the duration and intensity of sunlight. By shedding their leaves, trees adapt to their respective environmental conditions and ensure their survival. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C' - Both 1 and 2.

° and 30° latitude.

3. characterized by strong winds and heavy rainfall.

4. named based on a predetermined list of names.

5. capable of causing significant damage and loss of life.

6. often associated with storm surges and coastal flooding.

7. closely monitored and tracked by meteorological agencies.

8. typically form over warm ocean waters.

9. can last anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks.

10. can be classified into different categories based on their maximum sustained winds.

Steppe climate will have lower and irregular rainfall. North-eastern India receives either abundant rainfall or gets too cold for being called a steppe climate.

Explanation:
Cirrus clouds are formed at high altitudes, typically between 8,000 and 12,000 meters. They are thin and detached clouds that have a feathery appearance. These clouds are always white in color.

Characteristics of Cirrus clouds:
- High altitude: Cirrus clouds form at high altitudes in the troposphere, which is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere.
- Thin and detached: Cirrus clouds are thin and wispy in appearance. They are often seen as individual strands or patches rather than a continuous layer.
- Feathery appearance: Cirrus clouds have a characteristic feathery or fibrous appearance. They have a delicate and ethereal quality, resembling the tail of a horse or a mare's tail.
- White color: Cirrus clouds are always white in color. This is because they are composed of ice crystals, which scatter and reflect sunlight, giving them a bright and white appearance.

Other types of clouds:
a) Cumulus clouds: Cumulus clouds are large, puffy clouds that have a flat base and a rounded top. They are often associated with fair weather, but can also develop into cumulonimbus clouds, which are associated with thunderstorms.
c) Cumulonimbus clouds: Cumulonimbus clouds are large and vertically developed clouds that can reach high altitudes. They are associated with thunderstorms, heavy rain, lightning, and sometimes hail.
d) Stratus clouds: Stratus clouds are low-lying clouds that form in a uniform layer. They often cover the entire sky and can be gray or white in color. Stratus clouds are typically associated with overcast weather and light precipitation.

In conclusion, the description provided in the question matches the characteristics of Cirrus clouds, which are thin, detached, feathery clouds that form at high altitudes and are always white in color. Hence, the correct answer is option 'B' - Cirrus.

Tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterised by a low-pressure centre. On Earth, the pressures recorded at the centres of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level. At the centre of a mature tropical cyclone, air sinks rather than rises. For a sufficiently strong storm, air may sink over a layer deep enough to suppress cloud formation, thereby creating a clear 'eye'. If the air pressure is high at the centre and low at the edges, an anticyclone is formed.

Explanation:

To determine which of the given regions is more likely to receive more than 200 cm of annual rainfall, let's examine each option individually:

1. Western coasts of cool temperate zones:
The cool temperate zones are characterized by moderate temperatures and are located between the polar regions and the subtropics. The western coasts of these zones, such as the western coasts of North America and Europe, are influenced by oceanic currents, which bring moisture-laden air from the oceans. This results in higher levels of precipitation in these regions. Moreover, the presence of mountain ranges along the western coasts further enhances rainfall due to orographic lifting. Therefore, it is likely that the western coasts of cool temperate zones receive more than 200 cm of annual rainfall.

2. Coastal areas of monsoon land:
Monsoon land refers to regions that experience a monsoon climate. Monsoons are characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, with heavy rainfall occurring during the wet season. Coastal areas are particularly susceptible to monsoon rains due to the influence of maritime air masses. The warm and moist air from the ocean converges with landmasses, leading to the formation of convective clouds and subsequent rainfall. Therefore, coastal areas of monsoon land are also likely to receive more than 200 cm of annual rainfall.

3. Central parts of tropical land:
Tropical regions are known for their high temperatures and abundant rainfall. The central parts of tropical land are often characterized by dense rainforests, which receive a significant amount of rainfall. The convergence of trade winds and the presence of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) contribute to the high levels of precipitation in these regions. Therefore, the central parts of tropical land are also likely to receive more than 200 cm of annual rainfall.

Conclusion:
Based on the analysis above, it can be concluded that options 1 and 2 are more likely to receive more than 200 cm of annual rainfall. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - 1 and 2 only.

Answer:

Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones are two different types of weather systems that occur in different regions and have distinct characteristics. Let's analyze each statement individually:

Statement 1: Tropical storms bring rain, while extratropical storms do not.

This statement is incorrect. Both tropical storms and extratropical storms can bring rain. However, the amount and intensity of the rainfall may vary depending on various factors such as the size, strength, and location of the storm.

- Tropical storms, also known as tropical cyclones or hurricanes, are intense low-pressure systems that form over warm ocean waters near the equator. These storms are characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and thunderstorms. The warm, moist air fuels the storm's energy, resulting in heavy precipitation.

- Extratropical storms, on the other hand, are low-pressure systems that develop outside the tropics, typically in the mid-latitudes. These storms often form along weather fronts and are associated with changes in temperature and air masses. While extratropical storms may not always bring as much rainfall as tropical storms, they can still produce significant precipitation, especially in regions where warm and cold air masses collide.

Statement 2: Extratropical storms are caused due to jet streams, whereas tropical cyclones are caused due to lower atmospheric circulations.

This statement is correct. The formation and development of extratropical storms and tropical cyclones are influenced by different atmospheric circulations.

- Extratropical storms are primarily driven by the jet stream, a high-speed, meandering current of air in the upper atmosphere. The jet stream acts as a boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air, creating a favorable environment for the formation of extratropical storms. The temperature and moisture gradients associated with the jet stream contribute to the development and intensification of these storms.

- Tropical cyclones, on the other hand, are fueled by lower atmospheric circulations and the release of latent heat from warm ocean waters. These storms typically form in regions of the tropics where sea surface temperatures are above 26.5°C (80°F). As the warm, moist air rises, it creates a low-pressure system that draws in more air and moisture, leading to the formation of a tropical cyclone.

In conclusion, both statements are not correct. Tropical storms and extratropical storms can bring rain, and their formation is influenced by different atmospheric circulations. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - None of the above.

Dew point, the temperature at which the atmosphere is saturated with water vapour when it is cooled without changing its pressure or vapour content. A given volume of air containing much water vapour has a higher dew point than the same volume of drier air; thus, the dew point indicates the humidity. In meteorology, the dew point is applied, for example, in predicting the height of the base of certain types of clouds. A higher dew point means there will be more moisture in the air.

Explanation:

Capacity of air to hold moisture is measured in terms of relative humidity. Relative humidity is the percentage of moisture present in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture that the air can hold at a particular temperature. The higher the temperature, the more moisture air can hold.

Hot subtropical deserts have high capacity of air to hold moisture because of the following reasons:

1. High temperatures: Subtropical deserts are characterized by hot and dry climate. The temperature in these regions can reach up to 50°C during the day and drop to near freezing at night. The high temperature increases the capacity of air to hold moisture.

2. Low humidity: Subtropical deserts have low humidity because of the scarcity of water. The dry air has more capacity to hold moisture.

3. High pressure: High pressure systems dominate in subtropical deserts. High pressure causes the air to sink and warm, increasing the capacity of air to hold moisture.

Coastal regions and tropical rainforests have high humidity, which means that the air is already saturated with moisture. Therefore, the capacity of air to hold moisture is lower in these regions. Cold Tundra regions have low temperatures, which means that the capacity of air to hold moisture is also low.

In conclusion, hot subtropical deserts have the highest capacity of air to hold moisture because of the high temperatures, low humidity, and high pressure systems.

Low Mb represents low pressure. As altitude increases, pressure decreases. An object at high altitude is at low pressure. So, statement 1 is wrong.

Depressions are actually a group of thunderstorms. They do not have a clear circular structure as cyclones possess. When viewed from a satellite, tropical depressions appear to have little organisation.

Its track may shift polewards and eastwards either as it moves west of the subtropical ridge axis or else if it interacts with the mid-latitude flow, such as the jet stream or an extratropical cyclone. This motion, termed 'recurvature', commonly occurs near the western edge of the major ocean basins, where the jet stream typically has a poleward component and extratropical cyclones are common. An example of tropical cyclone recurvature was Typhoon Loke in 2006.

Evergreen Equatorial forests receives the largest rainfall and experiences year-round warm temperatures which are crucial and stable conditions for the development of biodiversity.

Understanding the Assertion and Reason
The statements provided relate to atmospheric science, specifically regarding air temperature and moisture capacity.
Analysis of Assertion (A)
- Assertion (A): "Warmer air will always have more moisture than cooler air."
- This statement is misleading. While warmer air can hold more moisture due to its higher capacity, it does not necessarily mean that it always contains more moisture. For instance, a cooler air mass can be saturated with moisture (like in fog) while warmer air may be dry.
Analysis of Reason (R)
- Reason (R): "The capacity of air to hold moisture in the form of water vapour is related to air temperature."
- This statement is accurate. The capacity of air to hold water vapor increases with temperature. Warmer air can hold more moisture than cooler air, which is a fundamental principle in meteorology.
Conclusion
- Based on the analyses:
- Assertion (A) is incorrect because it implies a definitive relationship that does not account for varying humidity levels.
- Reason (R) is correct as it accurately describes how temperature influences moisture capacity.
Thus, the correct answer is option D: "A is incorrect, but R is correct." This highlights the distinction between air's moisture capacity and its actual moisture content.

Humid Subtropical climate
Europe does not experience a Humid Subtropical climate. This climate type is typically found in regions closer to the tropics, such as the southeastern United States and parts of Asia.

Climate Types in Europe
- Temperate maritime: This climate type is commonly found in Western Europe, characterized by mild temperatures and relatively high humidity due to proximity to the ocean.
- Continental Interior: This climate type is observed in parts of Eastern Europe, characterized by hot summers and cold winters with a large temperature range.
- Mediterranean Climate: This climate type is prevalent in Southern Europe, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
In conclusion, while Europe experiences a variety of climate types including Temperate maritime, Continental Interior, and Mediterranean Climate, it does not witness a Humid Subtropical climate.

Water vapour depends on both temperature and precipitation. In the warm and wet tropics, it may account for 4% of the air by volume, while in the dry and cold areas of desert and polar regions, it may be less than 1% of the air. Since polar regions have a cold climate and poor precipitation, the capacity of the air, as well as the moisture available, is lesser, leading to a lower water vapour content.