All questions of NCERT Tests: History for UPSC CSE Exam

C

A synagogue in Judaism community is house of worship that serves as a place for liturgical services and for assembly and study.

The treaty that was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British to end the third Anglo Mysore war is the Treaty of Srirangapatnam.

Details of the Treaty:
• The Treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed on March 22, 1792, between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company.
• The treaty ended the third Anglo-Mysore war which had started in 1789.
• As per the treaty, Tipu Sultan had to cede half of his kingdom to the British.
• He had to pay a war indemnity of three crore rupees to the British.
• Two of Tipu Sultan's sons were taken hostage by the British as a guarantee for the payment of the indemnity.
• The treaty also provided for the establishment of British factories in Mysore and granted them a free passage for their trade through Mysore.
• The British were also given control of the city of Malabar and its surrounding areas.

Significance of the Treaty:
• The Treaty of Srirangapatnam marked the end of the military career of Tipu Sultan.
• It also marked the beginning of the British domination over South India.
• The treaty paved the way for the establishment of British rule in India.
• The treaty led to the weakening of Mysore and its eventual annexation by the British in 1831.

Hence, the correct answer is option 'C'.

The first place where people learnt to grow barley and wheat and rear sheep and goats for the first time is considered to be Mehrgarh.

Mehrgarh is an archaeological site located in the Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is regarded as one of the most important Neolithic sites in South Asia and has provided valuable insights into the early development of human civilization.

Some of the key features of Mehrgarh that make it an important site for the study of early human civilization include:

1. Agriculture: Mehrgarh is believed to be one of the earliest sites where people started to cultivate crops such as barley and wheat. The discovery of grain storage pits and grinding stones indicates that agriculture was an important part of life at Mehrgarh.

2. Domestication of animals: In addition to agriculture, Mehrgarh is also believed to be one of the earliest sites where people started to domesticate animals such as sheep and goats. The discovery of animal bones and figurines suggests that these animals were an important part of life at Mehrgarh.

3. Social organization: The discovery of large, multi-room structures at Mehrgarh suggests that people were living in complex, organized societies. The presence of figurines and other artifacts also suggests that art and religion were important aspects of life at Mehrgarh.

In conclusion, Mehrgarh is considered to be the first place where people learnt to grow barley and wheat and rear sheep and goats for the first time. Its importance in the study of early human civilization cannot be overstated, and it continues to be a valuable source of information for archaeologists and historians.

(Correct Answer:- C)




The Indian National Congress (INC) party was established in 1885 and it grew to become one of the most important and prominent political parties in pre-independence India. The very first session of the Indian National Congress was held in 1885.

--(1929 Congress Session)--

In 1929 the Congress session was held at Lahore in 1929. This session was very significant because in this Lahore session the prominent party Indian National Congress, took the resolution of Poorna Swaraj or complete independence. In this the Indian tricolour flag was hoisted by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru on the bank of the Ravi river.

Highlights of this session--

The Congress convention began in Lahore in December 1929 and Pandit Nehru was the president of the convention. He mentioned in this session that “there’s only one goal ahead of us, which is full freedom.”

The declaration of Purna Swaraj was propagated at the INC on 19th December 1992. In this session, members agreed that the Congress and Indian nationalists should fight for Purna Swaraj, or that they should rule itself entirely independently.

The Congress approved a motion for complete Independence and also the President of Congress hoisted the flag of “Complete Freedom on the bank of the Ravi on the midnight of 31 December 1929, in front of huge crowds.

This was the day when for the first time the nationalists unfurled the tricolour

Congress hence decided to observe 26th January, 1930 as the total independence or Purna Swaraj Day. This day was celebrated as independence day with enthusiasm and zeal, across the nation

A)

Historical Context
Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, is renowned for his architectural achievements and significant contributions to the Mughal empire. One of his most prominent decisions was the transfer of the capital from Agra to Delhi.
Establishment of Shahjahanabad
- In 1638, Shah Jahan decided to construct a new city to serve as his capital, which he named Shahjahanabad.
- The city was strategically located on the banks of the Yamuna River, providing both a defensive advantage and a vital water source.
Reasons for the Move
- Central Location: Delhi’s geographical position made it more central within the empire, facilitating better governance over distant territories.
- Symbol of Power: Establishing a new capital was a statement of Shah Jahan’s power and vision, allowing for the construction of grand structures that reflected the glory of the Mughal dynasty.
Architectural Marvels
- Shahjahanabad is famous for its architectural masterpieces, including the Red Fort and the Jama Masjid, showcasing Mughal architecture's intricate designs and grandeur.
Conclusion
- The year 1638 marks a significant turning point in Mughal history with the establishment of Shahjahanabad, symbolizing not just a new capital but a new era of cultural and architectural flourishing in India.
- Hence, the correct answer to the question is option D (1638).

C) Because construction of basement of Qutab minar was started by Qutbuddin Aibak , and later the construction taken over by Iltutmish . And in other hand ---
The two bands of inscriptions under the balcony of Qutab minar, are written in Arabic language. And
A large reservoir just outside Delhi-i-kuhna was constructed by Sultan Iltutmish , and named as 'Kings Reservoir ' .

A) running the secret Congress radio in the wake of quite india movement

1

D

Correct Answer:- C


After the Non-Cooperation Movement, British government itself provided an opportunity to the Indians for the revival of political agitation in the country. The British government announced the appointment of a statutory commission on November 8, 1927 and the constitution of the commission revived the political agitation in India.

The commission consisted of seven members of the British Parliament with John Simon as its Chairman. The most objectionable feature of the commission from the Indian point of view was its all British composition. Not a single Indian was considered fit to be included in the commission. The commission was to look into the functioning of the reforms introduced in India by the Act of 1919 and to enquire into the working of the growth of education in India.

Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu 

1.He was a social reformer and writer of Madras presidency British India.
2.He is considered as the father of renaissance movement in Telugu.
3.He was one of the early social reformers who encouraged a)women education,
b)remarriage of widows
c)fought against dowry system.
4.He also started a school in Dowlaiswaram  in 1874.
5.He constructed a temple as Brahmo Mandir in 1887 and the 'Hithakarini School' in 1908 in Andhra Pradesh.
6.His novel Rajasekhara Charitramu is considered to be the first novel in Telugu literature.

Khilji dynasty was the shortest ruling dynasty of the delhi sultanate.The founder of Khilji dynasty was Jalal-ud-din Khilji.He was very generous king.He adopted the policy of tolerence towards all religion. But he could rule for a very short period of 4 years as he was treacherously murdered by his nephew Alauddin Khilji. Alauddin Khalji was very harsh in his policies.He was intolerent towards other religion other than islam.During his reign, he raided and looted many temples and killed a large number of masses.His expeditions reached far till south India. After his death, his immediate successors were not so strong to keep the foundations of his kingdom intact, therefore the Khilji dynasty collapsed and it was taken over by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq who founded the Tughlaq dyanasty.

Decline of Commercial Centers during Colonial Rule

During the colonial rule, many commercial centers in India faced a decline due to various reasons such as the policies of the British, changes in the economy, and the emergence of new centers. Let's look at the three given centers and which ones faced a decline.

1. Dhaka

Dhaka was a prosperous commercial center during the Mughal period and continued to thrive during the early British rule. However, it faced a decline in the late 18th century due to the following reasons:

- The British shifted their focus to Calcutta, which became the capital of British India in 1772. This led to a decline in Dhaka's importance as a center of trade and administration.
- The British imposed heavy taxes on the textile industry of Dhaka, which led to a decline in its production and export.
- The British also encouraged the growth of other centers such as Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, which competed with Dhaka.

Therefore, statement 1 is correct as Dhaka faced a decline during the colonial rule.

2. Madras

Madras was an important commercial center during the colonial rule and continued to grow due to the following reasons:

- The British established a trading post in Madras in 1639, which led to the growth of the city as a center of trade and administration.
- Madras became an important center for textile production and export, especially for cotton goods.
- The British also established industries such as shipbuilding, leather, and tanning in Madras, which further contributed to its growth.

Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect as Madras did not face a decline during the colonial rule.

3. Surat

Surat was a prosperous commercial center during the Mughal period and continued to thrive during the early British rule. However, it faced a decline in the late 18th century due to the following reasons:

- The British shifted their focus to Bombay, which became the center of trade and administration in western India.
- Surat faced competition from other centers such as Bombay and Calcutta, which led to a decline in its importance as a center of trade.

Therefore, statement 3 is correct as Surat faced a decline during the colonial rule.

Conclusion

From the above analysis, we can conclude that statement 2 is incorrect as Madras did not face a decline during the colonial rule, while statements 1 and 3 are correct as Dhaka and Surat faced a decline due to various reasons.

B

The correct option is B, i.e. 2 and 3 only.

Explanation:

1. Harishena composed a prashashti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni:
This statement is incorrect. Harishena did not compose a prashashti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni. In fact, Harishena composed a prashashti in praise of Samudragupta, who was a ruler of the Gupta dynasty.

2. Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading centre. It developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples:
This statement is correct. Aihole was the capital of the Chalukyas and it was an important trading centre. It also developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples. Some of the famous temples in Aihole are the Lad Khan Temple, the Durga Temple, and the Hucchimalli Temple.

3. There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha:
This statement is also correct. Dakshinapatha was the region south of the Vindhyas and it had twelve rulers. Some of the well-known rulers of Dakshinapatha were the Satavahanas, the Chalukyas, and the Pallavas.

Hence, the correct option is B, i.e. 2 and 3 only.

Statement 1 is correct as hunter-gatherers were nomadic people who moved from place to place in search of food and animals to hunt.

Statement 2 is incorrect as Koldihwa is not a famous Megalithic site. In fact, Koldihwa is a prehistoric site in Uttar Pradesh, India, which is known for its ancient paintings and rock art, not megalithic structures.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Bakht Khan, Kunwar Singh, and Ahmadullah Shah were important leaders during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence. Let's analyze the statements given and determine which ones are correct.

1. Bakht Khan led the revolt from Bareilly.
- This statement is correct. Bakht Khan, a commander in the army of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, played a significant role in the revolt. After the rebellion broke out in Meerut, he led a contingent of soldiers and civilians from Delhi to Bareilly, where he established a rebel administration. He organized resistance against the British and fought several battles before eventually being captured and exiled.

2. Kunwar Singh, an old zamindar, joined the rebels from Lucknow.
- This statement is incorrect. Kunwar Singh was not from Lucknow. He was a zamindar (landlord) from the Jagdishpur region in Bihar. When the revolt spread to Bihar, Kunwar Singh emerged as a prominent leader. He mobilized a force of peasants and zamindars and fought against the British in various battles. His leadership and military tactics proved crucial in the rebellion's success in Bihar.

3. Ahmadullah Shah, a maulvi, came to fight the British during the revolt from Faizabad.
- This statement is correct. Ahmadullah Shah, a prominent Islamic scholar and preacher, played a significant role in the revolt. He hailed from the city of Faizabad in present-day Uttar Pradesh. Ahmadullah Shah issued a proclamation calling for a holy war against the British and mobilized a large force of soldiers and civilians. He fought against the British in several battles, particularly in the Awadh region.

In conclusion, statements 1 and 3 are correct, while statement 2 is incorrect.

Fatehpur sikri

Illusion is a psychiatric problem, it's not congenital ,it can be due to any stress,over thinking regarding any thing , any personal or social stress etc.

Late Ancient Era and Puranic Stories

Introduction:
The late ancient era marks the period between the 4th and 8th centuries AD in Indian history. During this period, many significant changes took place in Indian society and culture.

Puranic stories and local deities:
One of the most notable features of this era was the increasing popularity of Puranic stories and local deities. Puranas are ancient Hindu texts that contain stories about the gods and goddesses, as well as various aspects of Hindu mythology. These stories became very popular during this period, and many new temples were built to house the images of the gods and goddesses.

Only Upper Caste devotees can receive the grace of God:
However, it is not true that only Upper Caste devotees can receive the grace of God, as mentioned in statement 2. This is a misconception that has been propagated by some people based on a misinterpretation of certain texts. In fact, the idea of God's grace being available only to a certain section of society is contrary to the basic tenets of Hinduism, which emphasize the importance of individual effort and devotion.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, while Puranic stories and local deities did become popular during the late ancient era, it is incorrect to say that only Upper Caste devotees can receive the grace of God. It is essential to understand the nuances of Indian history and culture to avoid such misconceptions.

A 1234

All are correct except D as the Khilafat issue was raised after the end of World War I (1918). But the Lucknow pact was signed in 1916. So, technically option d is wrong.

Ashvaghosha composed the biography of the Buddha, the Buddha Charita. He was a Buddhist philosopher and poet who lived in India during the 1st century CE.

Biography of Ashvaghosha:
Ashvaghosha was born in Saketa, a town in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. He was a Brahmin by birth and was well-educated in the Vedic scriptures. He was later attracted to Buddhism and became a monk.

Works of Ashvaghosha:
Ashvaghosha was a prolific writer and composed many works in Sanskrit. Some of his notable works include:

1. Buddha Charita: It is an epic poem that describes the life of the Buddha from his birth to his enlightenment. It is considered one of the most important works of Buddhist literature.

2. Saundarananda: It is another epic poem that describes the life of Nanda, the stepbrother of the Buddha, and his conversion to Buddhism.

3. Sutralamkara: It is a treatise on Buddhist philosophy and ethics that discusses the tenets of Buddhism in detail.

4. Vajrasuchi: It is a work on meditation that describes the stages of concentration and the attainment of enlightenment.

Legacy of Ashvaghosha:
Ashvaghosha's works were highly influential in the development of Buddhist philosophy and literature. His writings were widely read and commented upon by later Buddhist scholars. He is considered one of the greatest Buddhist philosophers and poets of all time.

Conclusion:
In summary, Ashvaghosha composed the biography of the Buddha, the Buddha Charita. He was a prominent Buddhist philosopher and poet who made significant contributions to Buddhist literature and philosophy.

The definition of citadel is a place where people go for safety and defence. A medieval castle is an example of citadel.

1903

B ) 1 only

Correctly matched tribes of the medieval period:

The correct match among the tribes mentioned in the question is:
a) 1 and 2 only

Explanation:

1. Khokhar - Punjab:
The Khokhar tribe originated in the Punjab region, which is now divided between India and Pakistan. They were a major tribe during the medieval period and played a significant role in the history of the region. The Khokhars were known for their martial skills and were often involved in conflicts with other tribes and rulers.

2. Balochis - present-day Pakistan:
The Balochis are an ethnic group primarily inhabiting the Balochistan region, which is now divided between Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. They have a rich history that dates back to the medieval period. The Balochis have traditionally been nomadic or semi-nomadic and have been involved in various tribal conflicts and migrations.

3. Kolis - Chhattisgarh:
The Kolis are a tribal community primarily found in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh. However, it is important to note that the Kolis mentioned in the question are not the same as the Kolis of Chhattisgarh. The Kolis mentioned here are believed to have been a major tribe during the medieval period, but their exact location and history are not specified. Therefore, this match is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Based on the information provided, the correct match among the tribes mentioned in the question is a) 1 and 2 only. The Khokhar tribe is correctly matched with Punjab, and the Balochis are correctly matched with present-day Pakistan. However, the mention of Kolis in Chhattisgarh is incorrect as the Kolis mentioned in the question are not associated with the Chhattisgarh region.

Chronological order of movements led by Gandhi ji

Kheda Peasant Satyagraha
- This movement took place in 1918 in the Kheda district of Gujarat, where farmers were unable to pay taxes due to a famine.
- Gandhi ji led a non-violent protest demanding relief from taxes and the British eventually granted concessions to the farmers.

Khilafat and non-Co-operation Movement
- The Khilafat Movement was launched in 1919 to protest against the British decision to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate.
- Gandhi ji joined forces with the Khilafat leaders and launched the non-cooperation movement in 1920, calling for a boycott of British goods, institutions, and titles.

Individual Civil Disobedience
- After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement due to the Chauri Chaura incident, Gandhi ji initiated the Individual Civil Disobedience campaign in 1922, urging individuals to peacefully disobey British laws.

Therefore, the correct chronological order of movements led by Gandhi ji is:
- Kheda Peasant Satyagraha
- Khilafat and non-Co-operation Movement
- Individual Civil Disobedience

Champaran Satyagraha and its Significance

Introduction:
The Champaran Satyagraha was a significant event in India's freedom struggle, led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917. It took place in the Champaran district of Bihar, where indigo plantations were forcing local farmers into oppressive conditions. The satyagraha aimed to address the grievances of the peasants and fight for their rights.

Joining of Peasant Unrest to India's National Movement:
The most significant aspect of the Champaran Satyagraha was the joining of peasant unrest to India's National Movement. Prior to this, the freedom struggle was mainly led by educated elites, lawyers, and students. However, the Champaran Satyagraha marked the beginning of mass participation by ordinary peasants in the fight for freedom.

The movement brought together people from different backgrounds, including farmers, sharecroppers, and laborers, who were suffering under the oppressive indigo plantation system. Mahatma Gandhi's involvement and his use of nonviolent resistance inspired the peasants to join the movement and fight for their rights.

Impact on the National Movement:
The Champaran Satyagraha had a profound impact on the National Movement in several ways:

1. Mass Mobilization: The participation of peasants in the Champaran Satyagraha demonstrated the power of mass mobilization. It showed that the freedom struggle was not limited to a select few but involved the entire Indian population. This led to the expansion of the National Movement, with the involvement of people from all walks of life.

2. Nonviolent Resistance: Mahatma Gandhi's strategy of nonviolent resistance, as seen in the Champaran Satyagraha, became a central aspect of the National Movement. It emphasized the power of nonviolence and peaceful protests in achieving political and social change. This approach influenced future movements and became a defining characteristic of the Indian freedom struggle.

3. Empowerment of Peasantry: The Champaran Satyagraha empowered the peasants by giving them a platform to voice their grievances and fight against their oppressors. This led to a greater sense of self-confidence and unity among the peasant community, enabling them to actively participate in the National Movement.

4. Socioeconomic Reforms: The success of the Champaran Satyagraha led to significant socioeconomic reforms in the region. It resulted in the abolition of the oppressive indigo plantation system and the introduction of fairer agricultural practices. This not only improved the lives of the peasants in Champaran but also served as an inspiration for similar movements across the country.

In conclusion, the Champaran Satyagraha was a significant aspect of India's National Movement as it marked the joining of peasant unrest to the struggle for freedom. It brought together people from different backgrounds, empowered the peasant community, and had a lasting impact on the National Movement by promoting mass mobilization and nonviolent resistance.

Incorrectly matched annexation by British:
Nagpur - 1853

Explanation:
- Nagpur was annexed by the British East India Company in 1853, not in 1853 as mentioned in the pair.
- The correct year of annexation for Nagpur by the British is 1853, making the pair incorrectly matched.
- Awadh was annexed by the British in 1856, and Sambalpur was annexed in 1850, which are correctly matched with their respective years of annexation.

Introduction:
The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the oldest urban civilizations in the world, thriving around 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE in the region of present-day Pakistan and northwest India. It was characterized by well-planned cities, advanced architecture, and sophisticated urban infrastructure. However, one statement among the given options is incorrect. Let's explore each statement to identify the incorrect one.

Evidence of some form of irrigation has been found:
- The Indus Valley Civilization had a well-developed agricultural system, and evidence of irrigation has been discovered.
- The presence of canals, reservoirs, and wells suggests that the civilization practiced irrigation to support its agricultural activities.
- This allowed the civilization to cultivate crops and sustain a large population.

Embroidered garments were unknown in Indus civilization:
- This statement is incorrect. Embroidered garments were known in the Indus Valley Civilization.
- Archaeological excavations have revealed the presence of terracotta figurines wearing embroidered or patterned clothes.
- These figurines provide evidence of the existence of embroidery and textile arts in the civilization.

Many of the cities had covered drains:
- This statement is correct. Many cities of the Indus Valley Civilization had well-planned drainage systems.
- The cities were built with a grid-like pattern of streets, and each house had its own bathroom and a covered drain connected to the main sewage system.
- The drainage system indicates the advanced urban planning and sanitation practices of the civilization.

Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Lothal had storehouses:
- This statement is correct. Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Lothal, among other cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, had storehouses.
- Archaeological evidence, such as large granaries and storage jars, suggests that these cities had dedicated storage facilities.
- These storehouses were used to store surplus agricultural produce and goods, indicating a well-organized economic system.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, among the given statements, the incorrect one is option 'B' - "Embroidered garments were unknown in Indus civilization." This is incorrect as evidence of embroidered garments has been found in the Indus Valley Civilization through archaeological excavations. The civilization had a well-developed irrigation system, cities with covered drains, and storehouses for storage purposes.