Factors of Soil Formation

Soil formation is a complex process influenced by various factors. These factors can be broadly categorized into two groups: active factors and passive factors. Active factors are those that actively participate in the soil formation process, while passive factors are those that indirectly influence soil formation.

Active Factors:
1. Climate: Climate plays a vital role in soil formation. It includes factors such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and sunlight. These climatic factors affect the rate of weathering, erosion, and the decomposition of organic matter, all of which contribute to the formation of soil.

2. Organic Matter: Organic matter, such as decaying plants and animals, is an important factor in soil formation. It provides nutrients, improves soil structure, and enhances its water-holding capacity. Organic matter also influences the activities of soil organisms, which further contribute to the formation of soil.

3. Relief: Relief refers to the shape and slope of the land surface. It affects the movement of water over the surface and the accumulation of sediments. Steep slopes result in rapid erosion, while flat or gently sloping areas promote the deposition of sediments, leading to soil formation.

4. Parent Material: Parent material is the rock or sediment from which soil is derived. It can be either bedrock or unconsolidated deposits. The mineral composition and physical properties of the parent material influence the type of soil formed.

Passive Factors:
1. Time: Time is a passive factor that plays a significant role in soil formation. It takes thousands of years for soil to develop from parent material through weathering, erosion, and the accumulation of organic matter. The longer the time, the more developed the soil becomes.

2. Biological Factors: Biological factors, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, contribute to soil formation. Plant roots penetrate the soil, promoting weathering and the breakdown of rocks. Soil organisms, such as earthworms and bacteria, enhance nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition.

The Correct Answer
The correct answer is option 'C' - All of the above. This means that all the factors mentioned in the options (organic matter, time, and soil texture) are factors of soil formation. These factors, along with the active and passive factors mentioned above, interact and influence the formation, properties, and characteristics of soil.