∆ People shifted to plough agriculture. The iron tipped ploughshare was used.
∆ In some parts of Ganga valley, production of paddy was dramatically increased by the introduction of "transplantation".
∆ Iron ploughshare led to a growth in agricultural productivity.
∆ Hoe agriculture was practised in hilly tracts of North eastern and central part of the subcontinent.
∆ Another strategy adopted to increase agricultural production was the use of irrigation works through wells and tanks and also canals.

Transformation of Agricultural Practices during the Mauryan Age

Causes:
- The Mauryan rulers encouraged agricultural expansion as it was the primary source of wealth and revenue.
- The increase in population also led to the need for more food production.
- The availability of water resources also played a crucial role in the transformation of agricultural practices.

Process:
- The Mauryan period witnessed the introduction of various new agricultural practices such as crop rotation, use of manure, and irrigation techniques.
- The use of iron plows and bullocks for farming also increased the productivity of agricultural land.
- The Mauryan rulers established numerous canals, reservoirs, and dams to facilitate irrigation.
- The state also provided loans to farmers for purchasing seeds, cattle, and agricultural equipment.

Consequences:
- The transformation of agricultural practices led to an increase in food production, which in turn, led to a rise in population.
- The surplus food production also allowed for the growth of trade and commerce.
- The revenue generated from agriculture helped the Mauryan rulers to expand their empire and undertake various developmental works.
- The development of irrigation techniques and water resources paved the way for the growth of urban centers.

In conclusion, the Mauryan rulers' emphasis on agricultural expansion and the introduction of new agricultural practices played a significant role in transforming the agricultural landscape of ancient India. This had far-reaching consequences, including an increase in population, growth of trade and commerce, and the development of urban centers.