The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India, spanning from the 9th century to the 13th century. Under the Cholas, the region experienced significant political, economic, and cultural advancements.

One of the key achievements of the Cholas was their administrative system. They established a well-organized bureaucracy with efficient revenue collection and governance. The empire was divided into administrative units called mandalams, which were further divided into smaller administrative divisions called nadus. The Chola rulers appointed officials to manage these divisions, ensuring effective governance throughout their vast empire.

The Cholas also implemented an advanced system of taxation. Land revenue was the primary source of income for the empire, and the Cholas introduced a systematic assessment of agricultural lands to determine the taxes to be paid. They also collected taxes from trade, which flourished under their rule due to their extensive network of ports and trade routes.

During the Chola period, the region experienced significant economic growth. The Cholas encouraged agriculture and irrigation, leading to increased agricultural productivity. They also promoted trade and maritime commerce, establishing trade links with countries in Southeast Asia, China, and the Middle East. The city of Thanjavur, the capital of the Chola empire, became a major center of trade and culture.

Under the Cholas, art and architecture flourished. They built magnificent temples, which served as centers of religious, cultural, and economic activities. The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, built by King Rajaraja Chola I, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and considered a masterpiece of Chola architecture. The Cholas also patronized literature and arts, with many literary works, poems, and sculptures produced during their rule.

The Cholas were known for their military prowess and conducted successful military campaigns to expand their empire. They conquered neighboring kingdoms and established their authority over a large part of southern India. They also had a strong navy and conducted maritime expeditions, which helped them gain control over trade routes and establish diplomatic relations with foreign powers.

Overall, under the Cholas, southern India experienced a period of political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements. Their administrative and governance systems, economic policies, architectural marvels, and military achievements have left a lasting impact on the history and heritage of the region.