Metabolic wastes of protein metabolism is NH3 , urea , uric acid , and creatinine

Metabolic waste of protein metabolism:

Protein metabolism involves the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and the subsequent metabolism of these amino acids. During this process, various waste products are produced as byproducts of protein metabolism. The main metabolic waste products of protein metabolism include:

1. Urea:
- Urea is a nitrogenous waste product that is formed in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids.
- It is the primary end product of protein metabolism in humans and other mammals.
- Urea is produced by the liver cells through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the urea cycle.
- It is then transported to the kidneys via the bloodstream and excreted in urine.
- Urea helps to maintain nitrogen balance in the body and prevent the toxic buildup of ammonia.

2. Ammonia (NH3):
- Ammonia is a toxic waste product that is produced during the deamination of amino acids.
- Deamination is the process by which the amino group (-NH2) is removed from an amino acid, resulting in the formation of ammonia.
- Ammonia is highly toxic to cells and needs to be converted into a less toxic form (urea) before excretion.
- The liver plays a crucial role in converting ammonia to urea through the urea cycle.

3. Creatinine:
- Creatinine is a waste product that is produced in the muscles during the breakdown of creatine phosphate, a molecule involved in energy metabolism.
- It is released into the bloodstream and filtered by the kidneys for excretion in urine.
- The production of creatinine is relatively constant and is used as a marker to estimate kidney function.

Conclusion:
The correct answer among the given options is d) urea, ammonia, creatinine. Urea and ammonia are the main metabolic waste products of protein metabolism, whereas creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism. These waste products need to be efficiently eliminated from the body to maintain proper metabolic balance and prevent toxicity.