Sequence of which of the followings is used to know the phylogeny?[2002]a)mRNAb)rRNAc)tRNAd)DNACorrect answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Question

Answer

Carl Woese came up with the theory of life based on his discovery that the genes encoding ribosomal RNA are ancient and distributed over all lineages of life with little or no gene transfer. Therefore, rRN A are commonly recommended as molecular clocks to the phylogeny.

Answer

The gene responsible for 16S rRNA synthesis was the basis of the domain system give by Carl woese. Hence, it helps in classifying as well as defining the phylogeny.

Answer

Knowing the phylogeny or evolutionary relationships between different species is crucial in understanding the history of life on Earth and how organisms are related to each other. One of the commonly used methods to determine phylogeny is by analyzing the genetic material of organisms. In this case, the correct answer is option 'B' - rRNA.

- rRNA and Phylogeny:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that is an essential component of the ribosome, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. rRNA is highly conserved across different species, meaning that it remains relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. This conservation allows scientists to compare the rRNA sequences of different organisms and determine their phylogenetic relationships.

- Steps involved in determining phylogeny using rRNA:
1. Collection and Isolation of rRNA: The first step in determining phylogeny using rRNA is to collect samples from different organisms and isolate their rRNA. This can be done by extracting total RNA from the cells and then specifically isolating the rRNA using techniques such as gel electrophoresis or hybridization.

2. Amplification and Sequencing: Once the rRNA has been isolated, it can be amplified using techniques like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This step allows researchers to obtain a sufficient amount of rRNA for sequencing. The amplified rRNA is then sequenced using DNA sequencing methods.

3. Sequence Alignment: The next step is to align the obtained rRNA sequences from different organisms. This alignment involves comparing the nucleotide sequences and identifying similarities and differences. Various algorithms and software tools are available to help with sequence alignment.

4. Phylogenetic Analysis: Once the sequences are aligned, phylogenetic analysis can be performed. This analysis involves constructing a phylogenetic tree, which represents the evolutionary relationships between the organisms based on their rRNA sequences. Different methods, such as maximum likelihood or Bayesian inference, can be used to construct the tree.

5. Interpretation and Conclusion: The final step is to interpret the phylogenetic tree and draw conclusions about the evolutionary relationships between the organisms. The tree can provide insights into common ancestors, divergence times, and evolutionary trends.

In summary, rRNA is used to determine phylogeny because of its high conservation across different species. By comparing the rRNA sequences of different organisms, scientists can construct phylogenetic trees that reveal the evolutionary relationships between them.

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