The Civil Disobedience Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement were two significant movements during India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. These movements were led by Mahatma Gandhi and aimed to challenge British authority through nonviolent means. Let's delve into the details of each movement:

The Non-Cooperation Movement:

- The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
- It was a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 and the oppressive Rowlatt Act imposed by the British.
- The movement aimed to unite Indians across all sections of society and boycott British institutions, including schools, colleges, courts, and government offices.
- The British administration was paralyzed as Indians withdrew their support and refused to cooperate with the colonial government.
- The movement encouraged the revival of indigenous industries and the promotion of khadi (hand-spun and hand-woven cloth) as a symbol of self-reliance and resistance to British goods.
- Peasants were urged to withhold payment of rent and taxes to the British landlords and government.
- However, the Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended in 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, where a group of protesters clashed with police, resulting in the death of several police officers. Gandhi called off the movement as he believed it had turned violent and needed to be reassessed.

The Civil Disobedience Movement:

- The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 as a follow-up to the Salt March.
- The movement aimed to challenge the British monopoly on salt production and distribution, which had a profound impact on the daily lives of Indians.
- Gandhi and his followers marched over 240 miles to the coastal village of Dandi, where they symbolically produced salt by evaporating seawater.
- This act of civil disobedience inspired millions of Indians to join the movement by boycotting British salt and making their own.
- As the movement gained momentum, Indians also refused to pay taxes, boycott British goods, participate in government functions, and engage in acts of nonviolent protest.
- The British responded with mass arrests, violence, and repression, but the movement continued to grow.
- The Salt Satyagraha and the Civil Disobedience Movement brought international attention to India's struggle for independence and put pressure on the British government to negotiate.
- The movement ended in 1931 with the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which secured the release of political prisoners and allowed Indians to freely participate in the Round Table Conferences to discuss India's future.

In conclusion, the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement were two important milestones in India's fight for independence. Both movements aimed to challenge British authority through nonviolent means and mobilize Indians across various sections of society. They brought attention to the injustices of colonial rule and played a crucial role in shaping India's path towards freedom.