Introduction:
The concept of development can be understood in different ways, depending on the approach adopted. Two contrasting approaches to development are the national income per capita income approach and the Human Development Index (HDI) approach.

National Income Per Capita Income Approach:
- This approach focuses primarily on economic factors and measures development based on the average income or GDP per capita of a country.
- It emphasizes economic growth and the accumulation of wealth as indicators of development.
- It assumes that increasing national income will lead to improvements in the standard of living and overall well-being of the population.
- This approach often overlooks social and environmental factors that are crucial for the overall development of a nation.
- It fails to consider factors such as income inequality, education, healthcare, and quality of life.

Human Development Index Approach:
- The HDI approach takes a broader perspective on development, considering multiple dimensions of human well-being.
- It includes indicators such as life expectancy, education level, and standard of living, in addition to economic factors.
- The HDI captures not only the economic aspect but also the social and human aspects of development.
- It recognizes that development involves not only economic growth but also the improvement of people's lives and capabilities.
- The HDI assesses the overall well-being of individuals and highlights the importance of equal opportunities and social inclusion.

Contrast between the two approaches:
1. Focus: The national income per capita income approach focuses primarily on economic factors, while the HDI approach considers multiple dimensions of development, including social and human aspects.
2. Indicators: The national income per capita income approach relies on GDP per capita as the main indicator, whereas the HDI approach incorporates indicators such as life expectancy, education level, and standard of living.
3. Inequality: The national income per capita income approach tends to overlook income inequality, whereas the HDI approach considers the distribution of resources and emphasizes equal opportunities for all individuals.
4. Holistic view: The national income per capita income approach provides a narrow view of development, whereas the HDI approach provides a more comprehensive and holistic view by considering various dimensions of well-being.
5. Policy implications: The national income per capita income approach may prioritize economic policies for growth, while the HDI approach encourages policies that address social and human development, such as investments in education and healthcare.

Conclusion:
While the national income per capita income approach focuses solely on economic factors, the HDI approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of development by considering social and human aspects. The HDI approach recognizes that development involves not only economic growth but also the improvement of people's lives and capabilities. It highlights the importance of equal opportunities and social inclusion in achieving sustainable and inclusive development.