The Excavated Mesopotamian City:

The answer to the question is option 'B', Ur. The city of Ur was one of the most important cities in ancient Mesopotamia, located in present-day Iraq. It was a thriving city during the Sumerian period and was the birthplace of Abraham, according to the Bible. The city was excavated in the 1930s by a team of archaeologists led by Sir Leonard Woolley.

Systematic Excavation:

The excavation of Ur was conducted using a systematic approach, which involved dividing the site into grids and carefully documenting the location of each artifact and feature. The team used a combination of modern archaeological methods, such as stratigraphy and seriation, along with traditional excavation techniques, such as digging with shovels and trowels.

Discoveries:

The excavation of Ur yielded many important discoveries, including the Royal Cemetery, which contained the tombs of several Sumerian kings and queens. The cemetery was filled with treasures, including gold jewelry, weapons, and musical instruments. Another important discovery was the Ziggurat of Ur, a massive stepped pyramid that was the religious center of the city.

Importance:

The excavation of Ur was significant because it provided valuable insights into the life and culture of the ancient Mesopotamians. The artifacts and structures that were unearthed helped archaeologists to understand the religious, political, and economic systems of the Sumerian civilization. The site also provided evidence of the city's close ties to other civilizations in the region, such as Egypt and the Indus Valley.