The enclosure movement, which caused hardship to farmers, began in the 1770s. This movement refers to the process of enclosing common land and converting it into private property through the use of fences or hedges. It was a significant development in the agricultural history of England and had far-reaching social, economic, and political consequences.

Enclosure Movement in the 1770s:
1. Introduction of Enclosure Acts: The enclosure movement gained momentum in the 18th century with the introduction of Enclosure Acts. These acts allowed landowners to consolidate their scattered holdings and enclose common land, which was previously utilized by peasants for grazing livestock, gathering fuel, and growing crops.
2. Shift from Open-field System: Prior to enclosures, agriculture in England followed the open-field system, where villagers cultivated their individual strips of land within a larger communal field. Enclosures brought an end to this system and replaced it with large privately-owned fields.
3. Impact on Farmers: Enclosure was often detrimental to small farmers and peasants who relied on common land for their livelihood. They lost access to common pastures, forests, and other resources, which severely affected their ability to sustain their families.
4. Increased Wealth for Landowners: Enclosures benefited the wealthy landowners who gained exclusive rights over the enclosed land. They could now implement more efficient farming methods, such as crop rotation and selective breeding, leading to increased agricultural productivity and profits.
5. Displacement of Peasants: As a result of enclosures, many small farmers and peasants were forced off the land and became landless laborers. They had to seek employment in emerging industries, such as textile mills, which were expanding during the Industrial Revolution.
6. Urbanization and Industrialization: Enclosures played a significant role in the process of urbanization and industrialization. As displaced peasants migrated to cities in search of work, urban populations grew rapidly, and industries flourished.
7. Social and Political Consequences: Enclosures led to increased social inequality, as the wealthy landowners consolidated their wealth and power. This uneven distribution of resources and political influence contributed to social unrest and political movements advocating for land reform and improved conditions for the working class.

In conclusion, the enclosure movement began in the 1770s and brought significant changes to the agricultural, social, and economic landscape of England. While it led to increased wealth for landowners and contributed to the industrialization of the country, it also caused hardship for small farmers and peasants who lost access to common land and were displaced from their traditional way of life.