Consider the following statements regarding the village life under Mug...
• All statements are correct
Patterns of Village Life under Mughals
• It is difficult to compute the average size of the holding of the peasant. The information available to us shows that there was a great deal of inequality in the villages.
• The peasant who did not have his own ploughs and bullocks of ten tilled the land of the zamindars or the upper castes, and could eke out a bare existence.
• The landless peasants and laborers often belonged to the class of people called ‘untouchables’ or kamin.
• Whenever there was a famine and famines were frequent-it was this class of peasants and the village artisans who suffered the most.
• The peasants who owned the land they tilled were called khudkasht. They paid land revenue at customary rates. Some of them had many ploughs and bullocks which they let out to their poorer brethren, the tenants or muzarain who generally paid land revenue at a higher rate.
• These two groups were the largest section among the cultivators in the village. Thus, the village society was highly unequal.
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Consider the following statements regarding the village life under Mug...
Village Life under Mughal Rule
• The Mughal period witnessed significant changes in the agrarian system of India.
• The village was the basic unit of the agrarian economy and was governed by the Panchayat or the village council.
• The following statements regarding the village life under Mughal rule are correct:
1. Kamins were the landless peasants who often belonged to the untouchable class. They worked on the lands of the Khudkasht or the Muzarain and paid rent or a share of the produce.
2. Khudkasht were the peasants who owned the land they tilled. They were considered to be the most privileged class of peasants.
3. Muzarain were the tenants who paid land revenue at higher rates as compared to other classes of peasants. They were often in debt to the moneylenders and landlords and were vulnerable to exploitation.
• Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' as all the statements are correct.
• The Mughal period also saw the emergence of intermediaries or Zamindars who collected land revenue on behalf of the state and often exploited the peasants.
• The peasants were also affected by natural calamities, such as floods and droughts, which led to crop failures and famine.
• Despite the challenges, the village economy under Mughal rule was characterized by a high level of productivity and self-sufficiency. The peasants followed traditional methods of cultivation and irrigation and produced a variety of crops.
• The village also had a vibrant social and cultural life, with festivals, fairs, and religious ceremonies being an integral part of the community.
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