Formula Sheet for OPTICS Part 1

Reflection
- The law of reflection states that the incident angle is equal to the reflected angle with respect to the normal line.
- Angle of incidence (θi) = Angle of reflection (θr)

Refraction
- Snell's law relates the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive indices of the two media.
- Snell's Law: n1 sin(θ1) = n2 sin(θ2)
where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the two media, and θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence and refraction, respectively.

Refractive Index
- The refractive index (n) of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that medium.
- Refractive index (n) = Speed of light in vacuum / Speed of light in the medium

Prism
- Prism formula relates the angle of deviation (δ), angle of incidence (i), and angle of emergence (e) for a prism.
- Prism Formula: δ = (i + e) - A
where A is the angle of the prism.

Lens Maker's Formula
- Lens Maker's Formula relates the focal length (f), refractive index of the lens material (n), and the radii of curvature of the lens surfaces (R1 and R2).
- Lens Maker's Formula: 1/f = (n - 1) * ((1/R1) - (1/R2))

Power of a Lens
- The power of a lens (P) is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.
- Power of a Lens: P = 1/f
where f is the focal length of the lens.

Lens Combination
- For two lenses in contact, the combined focal length (F) is given by the lens combination formula.
- Lens Combination Formula: 1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2
where f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of the individual lenses.

Linear Magnification
- Linear magnification (m) is the ratio of the size of the image (h') to the size of the object (h).
- Linear Magnification: m = h' / h

Image Formation by a Lens
- The nature and position of the image formed by a lens depend on the object distance (u), focal length (f), and the lens equation.
- Lens Equation: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u
where v is the image distance.

Power of a Lens Combination
- The power of a lens combination (Pc) is the algebraic sum of the powers of the individual lenses.
- Power of Lens Combination: Pc = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...

Remember to practice using these formulas in various optical problems to solidify your understanding and problem-solving skills.