The ratio obtained is 9:3:3:1 in which parental as well as new
combinations are observed. This indicates that progeny plants have not
inherited a single whole gene set from each parent.
Every germ cell takes one chromosome from the pair of maternal and
paternal chromosomes. When two germ cells combine, segregation of
one pair of characters is independent of other pair of characters

Inheritance of Traits in Pea Plants

Introduction:
Mendel's experiments with pea plants laid the foundation for our understanding of inheritance. By carefully observing the traits of the offspring resulting from self-pollination in pea plants with round, yellow seeds, Mendel obtained a specific set of results. These results can be analyzed to understand the mechanism of inheritance that explains the observed patterns.

Analysis of Results:
The obtained results from Mendel's experiment can be categorized as follows:

1. Round, yellow seeds: 630
2. Round, green seeds: 216
3. Wrinkled, yellow seeds: 202
4. Wrinkled, green seeds: 64

Mechanism of Inheritance:
Mendel's experiments led him to propose the laws of inheritance, known as Mendelian genetics. These laws provide an explanation for the observed patterns in the results.

1. Law of Dominance:
- The trait for round seeds is dominant over the trait for wrinkled seeds.
- The trait for yellow seeds is dominant over the trait for green seeds.

2. Law of Segregation:
- Each individual carries two factors (alleles) for a trait, one from each parent.
- During gamete formation, these factors segregate randomly, so each gamete receives only one of the two factors for a given trait.

3. Law of Independent Assortment:
- The inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait.
- The alleles for seed shape (round or wrinkled) segregate independently from the alleles for seed color (yellow or green).

Explanation of Results:
Based on the laws of inheritance, we can deduce the following:

1. Round, yellow seeds (630):
- These seeds have inherited the dominant alleles for both seed shape (round) and seed color (yellow) from both parents.

2. Round, green seeds (216):
- These seeds have inherited the dominant allele for seed shape (round) but the recessive allele for seed color (green) from one parent.

3. Wrinkled, yellow seeds (202):
- These seeds have inherited the recessive allele for seed shape (wrinkled) but the dominant allele for seed color (yellow) from one parent.

4. Wrinkled, green seeds (64):
- These seeds have inherited the recessive alleles for both seed shape (wrinkled) and seed color (green) from both parents.

Conclusion:
Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the analysis of the obtained results demonstrate the mechanism of inheritance through the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. These laws explain how traits are passed on from one generation to another, allowing us to understand the patterns observed in the offspring of pea plants with different combinations of seed shape and color.